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what is Competition - cooperation?
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Competition and
Cooperation
Prof. Priya Unadkat
Defining Competition
A social process that occurs when rewards are given to people for
how their performance compares with the performances of
others during the same task or when participating in the same
event.
Zero sum game
Direct or Indirect
Public or Private
Competition
Defining Cooperation
A social process through which performance is evaluated and
rewarded in terms of the collective achievement of a group of
people working together to reach a particular goal.
Non zero sum game
Cooperation
Factors determining
Personality
Communication
Size of the group
Reciprocity
Competition as a Process
Martens model
(1975)
Stages of Competitive Process
A situation in which performance is compared with some
standard of excellence in the presence of at least one other
person who is aware of the comparison
Standard of comparison is identified
Another person is present
This person knows the standards and evaluates
1. Objective Competitive Situation
Stages of the Competitive Process
Variables at OCS:
Social environment Presence and attributes of others
Physical environment
Rewards
Task requirements
Objective Competitive Situation
Stages of the Competitive Process
How the person perceives, accepts, and appraises the OCS.
Influenced by
Personality traits
Importance of competition
Perception about the standard
As a result person may compete, attempt reluctantly or avoid.
2. Subjective Competitive Situation
Stages of the Competitive Process
Whether a person approaches or avoids an objective
competitive situation (at the behavioral, physiological, and
psychological levels)
3. Response
Stages of the Competitive Process
An evaluation (usually plus or minus) of ones response to
the standards of the performance comparison
4. Consequences
Psychological Studies of Competition and Cooperation
Cyclists were faster in competition than alone racing against
the clock.
Tripletts Cyclists
Competition group students were self-centered, directed efforts at beating
others, had closed communication, and exhibited group conflict and
distrust.
Cooperation group students communicated openly, shared information,
developed friendships, and solved more puzzles.
Deutschs Puzzles
Competition is not good or bad; it is neutral. Whether it
leads to aggression or cooperation depends on the social
environment and the way the performers view competition.
Competition and Aggression
Psychological Studies of Competition and Cooperation
Psychological Studies of Competition and Cooperation
Cooperation as opposed to competition produces superior performance, although results may depend on the nature of the
task.
Competition can serve as a positive source of motivation to improve and refine skills.
Competition versus cooperation and performance
Experimental Games
Psychological Studies of Competition and Cooperation
Is Competition Good or Bad?
Competition is neither inherently good nor bad. It is neither
productive nor destructive. It is a neutral process with the
environment determining its effects to a great degree.
Maximize participation.
Do not keep score of game.
Maximize opportunities for success.
Give positive feedback.
General principles of cooperative games
Enhancing Cooperation
Provide opportunities for youngsters to play different positions.
Balancing Cooperative and Competitive Efforts
Guidelines for Competition
and Cooperation
Blend competition and cooperation
Individualize instruction to meet each persons needs.
Provide positive feedback and encouragement regardless of the outcome of the competition.
Stress cooperation to produce trust and open communication.
(continued)