C A S E S — T E X T — M A T E R I A L S

S C H L E S I N G E R’S

COMPARATIVE LAW

S E V E N T H E D I T I O N

by

UGO A. MATTEI

Alfred and Hanna Fromm Professor ofInternational and Comparative Law,University of California, Hastings College of LawProfessore Ordinario di Diritto Civile,Universita’ di TorinoAcademic Coordinator, The International University College

TEEMU RUSKOLA

Professor of Law, Emory University School of Law

ANTONIO GIDI

Assistant Professor of Law, University of Houston Law Center

This publication was created to provide you with accurate and authoritative information concerning thesubject matter covered; however, this publication was not necessarily prepared by persons licensed topractice law in a particular jurisdiction. The publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or otherprofessional advice and this publication is not a substitute for the advice of an attorney. If you require legalor other expert advice, you should seek the services of a competent attorney or other professional.

Nothing contained herein is intended or written to be used for the purposes of 1) avoiding penalties imposedunder the federal Internal Revenue Code, or 2) promoting, marketing or recommending to another partyany transaction or matter addressed herein.

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iii

To the memory ofRUDOLF BERTHOLD SCHLESINGER

1909–1996

*

v

P R E F A C E

It is with a profound sense of both humility and pride that we writethis preface to the seventh edition of R.B. Schlesinger’s Comparative Law.This was not only the first and leading casebook on the subject in theUnited States for the past sixty years, but it is also known and citedworldwide more than any other American casebook in any field and morethan any other comparative law book published anywhere. Indeed, ‘‘theSchlesinger’’ is the almost casual product of a towering twentieth-centuryintellectual, a man of a stupendous range of knowledge, humanity, andbrilliance who, like many others before World War II, came to the UnitedStates to escape Nazi brutality.

Schlesinger left Germany in 1933 as a fully formed German lawyer andlegal scholar. Upon arriving in the United States, he taught himselfEnglish, obtained a new U.S. legal education at Columbia law School(where he was the first and quite likely the only non-native Editor in Chiefof the Columbia Law Review), and (after the usual U.S. practicing cursushonorum) he accepted a teaching job at Cornell Law School. The firstedition of this book, published in 1950, consisted of the teaching materialsof the young German comparative law professor. One of Schlesinger’scolleagues had given them to an editor at Foundation Press who wasvisiting at Cornell when Schlesinger happened to be out of town. In fact,Schlesinger came to know of the book only when, to his surprise, hereceived the proofs in the mail.1 Schlesinger attended alone to severalsubsequent editions, which were published roughly every ten years. For thefifth edition (1988), he was joined by a distinguished team of co-authors:Hans Baade (Texas), Mirjan Damaska (Yale), and Peter Herzog (Syracuse).For the sixth edition (1998), Damaska left the team and was substituted byEdward Wise (Wayne State), while Schlesinger himself still remained anactive lead author. Unfortunately, he never saw the final edition, becausein 1996 he left this world together with his beloved lifetime companion,Puti.

The honor and responsibility to keep the book alive was bestowed bySchlesinger himself on Ugo Mattei, a former student and successor to theChair of Comparative Law that Schlesinger held at the Hastings College ofthe Law at the time of his death. The project for this edition was initiatedunder the leadership of Hans Baade, early in 2000. Meanwhile, Ed Wisedied prematurely and Baade and Herzog decided not to be involved in theproject any more. Subsequently, Teemu Ruskola and Antonio Gidi (whotook care of civil procedure) joined the team. Through a process of accre-

1. The story is told in the posthumous-ly published R.B. Schlesinger, Memoir (UgoMattei & Andrea Pradi eds.2000).

vi PREFACE

tion, the Schlesinger has grown considerably over time, incorporating newwork with each edition. The new team owes their first and greatest debt totheir predecessors. Without their work, this book could never have beenkept alive.

The philosophy of this seventh edition is best described as an apparent-ly radical departure that belies a deeper intellectual continuity. The worldand the scholarly community have changed enormously not only from 1950,which is obvious, but also in the intervening years since the publication ofthe sixth edition, which have witnessed unprecedented historical andintellectual transformations worldwide. (The fifth edition was publishedone year before the fall of the Berlin Wall). When the sixth edition waswritten, self-congratulatory Western ‘‘rule of law’’ rhetoric was at its peak.The Cold War, the onset of which had coincided with the publication of thefirst edition, was finally over, and the category of ‘‘socialist law’’ was fastdisappearing from comparative legal scholarship. Questions regarding theconvergence versus divergence of civil law and common law again occupiedthe center stage. Fortunately, the Schlesinger did not go as far in thisdirection as other dominant books in the field (e.g. Zweigert & Kotz), yet ittoo reflected the intellectual climate in which it was produced. During thissame period, there emerged a younger cohort of scholars with interestsbeyond the traditional comparison between continental Europe and theUnited States. Again, it might have been because of the economic rise ofAsia and the relative decline of Europe, but there was an increasing senseof urgency that a broader perspective is needed and that non-Western legalknowledge needs to be integrated with the mainstream study of compara-tive law, rather than segregating it in Area Studies or under the notion of‘‘radically different cultures.’’

At the same time, with accelerating globalization the state was losingits centrality as the main producer and repository of law, and the structurallinkage between law, sovereignty, and statehood was questioned evenwithin the mainstream legal scholarship. Comparative lawyers were wellaware of both supranational and subnational producers of law and of theneed to incorporate them in a comparative framework. Meanwhile, post–9/11 legal transformations in the United States, Europe and the MiddleEast put tremendous stress on the rule of law in the West, yet they alsoprovoked greater scholarly interest in understanding Islam and the legalexperiences of the global South.

Some important conferences have been convened, and some importantarticles, monographs and even a few textbooks have been published thatseek to take account of these various developments and their significancefor the mainstream of comparative law. But the new editions of variouscomparative law casebooks, which remain crucial as the first introductionfor most U.S. students to the subject, have remained largely unchanged asfar as their basic organization and orientation are concerned. This is simplyno longer tenable. In adapting the Schlesinger to the new circumstances ofthe twenty-first century, we have sought to return to the book’s original

viiPREFACE

philosophy. Given that from its inception the book has tended to focus oncomparing the legal systems of various Western states, this may soundsomewhat paradoxical.

The first edition of the Schlesinger was an extraordinary reflection ofthe state of the world at the time. Most fundamentally, it was motivated bya desire to re-open a vital dialogue between Europe and the United States,in order to re-establish a notion of international legality in the aftermath ofthe catastrophe of World War II. It also provided comparative law with animportant first interpretation of legal realism, the most advanced scholarlyparadigm of the time which gave the United States a considerable world-wide advantage. In this edition we went back to the principles of theoriginal book. How would R.B Schlesinger have written his casebook today?His work always arose out of teaching which in turn focused on key legaltransformations. Today, this means paying considerable attention to theEast and the South as well to the changing sources of the law. Insofar asSchlesinger sought to open a dialogue where it was most urgent, today thatmeans turning toward China and the Islamic world, most notably. Andhonoring Schlesinger’s desire to incorporate cutting edge scholarship andnew methods translates today to the adoption of a multi-disciplinaryperspective that goes beyond the old state-centered paradigm.

We have sought to accomplish all of this, even though our intellectualcapacities fall far short of those of R.B. Schlesinger. We have adopted theoriginal three part structure of the first edition, with its first part devotedto method, its second part to sources and its third to in-depth study ofspecific issues. We have re-envisioned and ‘‘globalized’’ the first and thesecond parts of the book as much as possible. The third part now includesthe dialogue on procedure with Comparovich (not included in the firstedition) adapted by Professor Gidi. It now reflects more faithfully the earlyevolution of the case book, with some new materials on China and Islamiclaw.

In the ten-plus years during which the lead author has collectedmaterials to set up the team and follow new developments, many genera-tions of Hastings students have been involved directly or indirectly in thisproject. The lead author was a student at Hastings when the fifth editionfirst came out and he has taught for fifteen years from the fifth and sixtheditions, even as they were growing increasingly obsolete. Thanks tostudents and their feedback, various organizational issues became evident.Important contributions came from Claire Harvey, Vanina Shakutrukul,Boris Mamlyuk, Cosmos Eubani, Saki Bailey, Avi Singh, Jacob Linetsky,Brian Walsh, Regina Burch, and many others.

When the final drafting took place, a team of Hastings studentsprovided crucial assistance. Leah Price, Yuan Feng, Dong Ho Yoo, JoshuaHorowitz, Wendy Yang, James Dallal, Candice Hyton, Matthew Haluk, andMattew Watts all provided us with hours and hours of volunteer help.Without their help and friendship this edition would not have been possi-ble.

viii PREFACE

Various scholars and friends were also kind enough to read portions ofthe manuscript as well as to provide suggestions, updates, and other help(without of course bearing responsibility for the inevitable flaws of the finalproduct). Among them we thank especially Abdullahi An-na’im, DavidBederman, Luisa Antoniolli, Mauro Bussani, David L. Eng, Ahmed Feiz,Martha Fineman, Francesca Fiorentini, Elisabetta Grande, Michele Grazia-dei, Marta Infantino, Luca Pes, Mathias Reimann, Kim Lane Scheppele,and Tibor Varady. We have discussed the project with Ralph Michaels andFranz Werro whom we also wish to thank.

Antonio Gidi has edited and adapted the entire part related to civilprocedure: Chapter 6 (sections 3 and 4); Chapter 7 (section 8); Chapter 8(sections 1, 2, 3). He wishes to thank Professor Stefaan Voet for hisinvaluable suggestions. He also wishes to thank Sebastien Chain, FlorianZweifel, and Charlotte Simon.

Ugo Mattei and Teemu Ruskola share responsibility for the rest.UGO MATTEI &TEEMU RUSKOLA

Airali, (Turin)January 26, 2009

ANTONIO GIDIHoustonJanuary 28, 2009

ix

I N S T R U C T O R ’ S N O T E

A MESSAGE TO PROSPECTIVE TEACHERSUSING THE SCHLESINGER

Because comparative law is a subject in rapid transformation andbecause it has no objective canon or subject matter we need to spend a fewwords on the fundamental logic of the Shlesinger. We kept this logic thatprovides a framework within which every teacher should be able to inter-pret the discipline according to her own disposition.

The book is divided in three parts.The first has two main purposes: a) setting the scene of the ‘‘legal

world’’ that the student of comparative law has to explore in her ownhistorical time; b) offering a reliable professional toolkit that the traditionof comparative law has produced in order to offer her a way to begin the‘‘understanding’’ of such legal world. The first chapter is devoted to thefirst task and should allow the instructor to offer to the students a map ofthe current challenges that a non-formalistic and non-parochial approach tothe law must meet. The second chapter keeps insisting on the first aim butalso begins the exploration of our professional toolkit. The student will takehome a sense of complexity and relativism but also a feeling that somefundamental understanding based on problems and questions asked ispossible. The third chapter again offers a picture of how the law is in theinterconnected world and explores some special methodological develop-ments that should give to the comparative lawyer an ‘‘advantage’’ inapproaching complexity.

The second part starts from the assumption that comparative law isthe best approach to handle fundamental institutional settings, those thatare not going to be changed with the strike of a legislator’s pen. It thus hastwo main purposes: a) offering to the student a deep sense of continuitythrough time and space of that fundamental human experience called ‘‘thelaw’’; b) making him familiar with the sources of law seen as a deeplyrooted and culturally specific depository of knowledge that legal systemsaccumulate in the unfolding of their experience. This is why the chaptersare devoted to the history (Chapter 4) and to the two most fundamentalsources of the professional legal experience: legislation (Chapter 5) and caselaw (Chapter 6). The instructor should lead the student in a fascinatingintellectual journey through time and space allowing her both to experiencethe uniqueness of her own system and the fundamental cultural andintellectual debt that her system has contracted with ‘‘the other’’.

Also the third part that is devoted to topics has a foundationalambition. In picking the organization of the legal profession (Chapter 7),procedure (Chapter 8) and a selection of fundamental private law issues

x INSTRUCTOR’S NOTE

(Chapter 9), it approaches areas that could not be more central to the veryway in which lawyers think and thus contribute to developing their ownprofessional culture. All the topics are approached with a historical andcomparative method and the main purpose is, again as it was in the firstedition of this book, to give to the student that modicum of understandingof the technical peculiarities of the foreign legal experience (and of con-sciousness of her own) that will allow her to intelligently communicate withcolleagues that have been trained outside of the United States.

No course of comparative law can possibly cover this entire book. Ausual three-unit course on comparative law can reasonably cover withappropriate discussion approximately two-thirds of it. According to theirpersonal sensibilities, teachers can easily choose any two of the three parts,each of which consists of three chapters (as in the original). For example,more traditionally inclined colleagues may wish to skip Part I and devotetheir efforts to Parts II and III (in whole or in part). Others mightapproach Parts I and II. But any combination should work. All chapters areself-contained and can be assigned separately in whatever order the teacherprefers to proceed. Only Chapter 6 (Sections 3 and 4) and 7 (Section 8)should be assigned before Chapter 8 for colleagues that are keen on puttingprocedure at the center of the stage.

xi

S U M M A R Y O F C O N T E N T S

PREFACEMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM vTABLE OF CASES MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM xxiiiAUTHOR INDEX MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM xxxi

PART O N E. The Nature of Global Legal Problems MMMMMMMMMMMMMM 1

Chapter 1. Basic Transformations of the Global Legal Context MMMMMM 2Chapter 2. Integrative and Contrastive Comparison MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 69Chapter 3. Diffusion of Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 177

PART T W O. Comparison of History and Sources MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 281

Chapter 4. Comparison Involves HistoryMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 282Chapter 5. Codification of the LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 384Chapter 6. Case LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 477

PART THREE. A Topical Approach to Law in Global Societ-ies MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 627

Chapter 7. Legal Education and the ProfessionMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 628Chapter 8. Procedure MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 707Chapter 9. Selected Issues in Private LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 863

INDEX MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 1001

*

xiii

T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S

PREFACEMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM vTABLE OF CASES MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM xxiiiAUTHOR INDEX MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM xxxi

PART O N E. THE NATURE OF GLOBAL LEGALPROBLEMS

Chapter 1. Basic Transformations of the Global Legal Con-text MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 2

1. Comparative Law and Globalization Processes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 2

Ugo Mattei, An Opportunity not to be Missed. The Future ofComparative Law in the United States MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 3

QuestionMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 72. Comparative Law and Neighboring Disciplines: Theory and Prac-

tice MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 7(a) Comparative Law, Conflict of Laws, and International Law MMMMM 8

Mathias Reimann, Beyond National Systems: A ComparativeLaw for the International Age MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 10

(b) Comparative Law and Economics: the so-called WashingtonConsensus MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 13

The World Development Report 2002, Chapter 6. The JudicialSystem MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 15

Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 303. W.T.O. and Legal Reforms: The Case of China MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 31

Donald C. Clarke, China’s Legal System and the WTO: Prospectsfor Compliance MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 31

Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 364. Democracy and ‘‘Rule of Law’’ InitiativesMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 36

William P. Alford, Exporting the Pursuit of Happiness MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 37Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 41

5. A Caveat on Legal Orientalism MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 42(a) Problem of Legal Orientalism: Rites or Rights? MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 43

Teemu Ruskola, Legal OrientalismMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 43(b) Note on the ‘‘Ritual of Rights’’ MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 47

6. The Comparative Method as an Approach to Legal Scholarship MMMMMM 48R.B. Schlesinger, The Past and Future of Comparative Law MMMMMMMMMMM 50QuestionMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 52

7. Comparative Law in Domestic Legal PracticeMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 52Roper v. Simmons MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 57Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 63Ugo Mattei, A Theory of Imperial Law: A Study on U.S. Hegemony

and the Latin Resistance MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 66Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 68

xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 2. Integrative and Contrastive Comparison MMMMMMMMMMMM 69

Part 1. Integrative Comparison: Bridging the Differences Among

Legal Systems

1. Global Legal Integration MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 702. Regional Integration MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 73

(a) European Union Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 74Flaminio Costa v. E.N.E.L. MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 75NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend

& Loos v. Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration MMMMMMMM 76Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v. Simmenthal SpA 78Andrea Francovich and Daniela Bonifaci and others v. Italian

Republic MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 80Criminal Proceedings against Maria PupinoMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 82Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 85

(b) South America MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 89Samuel A. Arieti, Development: The Role of MERCOSUR as a

Vehicle for Latin American Integration MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 89Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 94

3. Functional Integration: Is There a Common Core of Legal Sys-tems? MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 95

(a) What should we compare? MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 95(b) The Cornell Hypothesis MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 98(c) The Common Core of European Private Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 100

M. Bussani & V.V. Palmer, Pure Economic Losses in EuropeMMMM 101Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 106Mathias Reimann, Of Products and Process: The First Six

Trento Volumes and Their Making MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 106Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 109

(d) The Common Core in Legal PracticeMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 109Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 110

(e) The Common Core in U.S. LitigationMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 113Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 117

(f) Common Core and Integrative Approaches in the CriticalTraining of Lawyers MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 117

Elisabetta Grande, Hegemonic human rights and African Re-sistance. The Issue of female circumcision in a broadercomparative perspectiveMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 118

Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 1234. Issues of Method: How Do You Ascertain What Law Is? MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 125

(a) Difficulties of Knowledge MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 125Thomas Kelley, Unintended Consequences of Legal westerniza-

tion in Niger: Harming Contemporary Slaves by Reconceptu-alizing Property MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 126

Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 130(b) Law as CultureMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 131

Leti Volpp, (Mis) Identifying Culture: Asian Women and the‘‘Cultural Defense’’ MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 132

Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 136

xvTABLE OF CONTENTS

4. Issues of Method: How Do You Ascertain What Law Is?—Contin-ued

(c) Non–State Law in the United States, or Culture as LawMMMMMMMMMM 136Walter Otto Weyrauch & Maureen Anne Bell, Autonomous

Law–Making: The Case of the ‘‘Gypsies’’ MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 136Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 141

(d) Is There Law Everywhere?MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 141W. Michael Reisman, Lining Up: The Microlegal System of

Queues MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 141Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 144

Part 2. Contrastive Comparisons: Contrasting Foreign Solutions toGain Perspective

1. The Latin Notary as a Structural DifferenceMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 145Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 149

2. Translation: Theoretical and Practical Challenges Due to Linguis-tic Diversity MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 153

Fritz Moses, International Legal Practice MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 154Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 155Michele Graziadei, Ugo Mattei and Lionel Smith, A Short Note on

TerminologyMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 160Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 161Eva–Maria Kieninger and George L. Gretton, Glossary MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 161

3. Problems of Communication and Language Interpretation MMMMMMMMMMMM 1634. Corruption Analyzed with Contrastive Ideology: Law in the Books

and Law in ActionMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 165Carl Zeiss Stiftung v. V. E. B. Carl Zeiss, JenaMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 166Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 168

Chapter 3. Diffusion of Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 177

1. Legal Systems as Open and Complex Aggregates of Laws MMMMMMMMMMMMMM 177In re Shoop MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 178Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 189

2. The Comparative Lawyer as a Geographer: Tentative Area–by–Area Survey MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 190

3. Diffusion of Law as Political Ideology MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 214Harold J. Berman, Justice in the U.S.S.R.: An Interpretation of

Soviet Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 214Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 216Tibor Varady, Notes on Ideological Precepts as Formants of Private

Law in Central–East European Countries MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 2174. Legal Formants MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 219

M. Bussani & V.V. Palmer, Preliminary Remarks of Methodology MMM 220Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 222

5. Legal Transplants MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 223(a) Transplants of Rules and Transplants of Rhetoric MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 223

Ugo Mattei, The New Ethiopian Constitution: First Thoughtson Ethnical Federalism and the Reception of Western Institu-tions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 223

(b) The Treatment of Imported Elements within a Legal SystemMMM 227

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5. Legal Transplants—Continued(c) Legal Transplants and ColonialismMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 230

Antony Anghie, Finding the Peripheries: Sovereignty and Colo-nialism MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 230

(d) Colonialism and Indigenous Groups MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 235Perry Dane, The Maps of Sovereignty: A MeditationMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 235Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 237

6. Legal Pluralism MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 248Jessica Fourneret, France: Banning Legal Pluralism by Passing a

Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 248Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 253

7. The Comparative Lawyer as a Zoologist: The Problem of Classify-ing Legal Systems MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 258

Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 2628. Law and Development MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 270

Amy L. Chua, Markets, Democracy, And Ethnicity: Toward a NewParadigm for Law and Development MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 271

Carol V. Rose, The ‘‘New’’ Law and Development Movement in thePost–Cold War Era: A Vietnam Case StudyMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 275

Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 276

PART T W O. COMPARISON OF HISTORY AND SOURCES

Chapter 4. Comparison Involves History MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 282

1. An Early Legal Tradition and Its Developments: China MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 282

(a) On the Rule of Man: Li versus FaMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 282Benjamin Schwartz, On Attitudes toward Law in China MMMMMMMMMM 283Note on Modern ‘‘Ritual’’ MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 289Herbert Fingarette, Human Community as Holy Rite MMMMMMMMMMMMM 289Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 291

(b) Imperial Chinese LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 291William C. Jones, Trying to Understand the Current Chinese

Legal SystemUnderstanding China Legal System MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 291Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 303

(c) From Republican to Maoist Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 303Albert H.Y. Chen, Introduction to the Legal System of the

People Republic of China MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 3032. At the Roots of The Western Legal Tradition MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 310

Bank of Lisbon and South Africa Ltd. v. De Ornelas and Another MMM 3113. Early Professionalism in the Western Legal Tradition. The Legacy

of JustinianMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 318Demerara Turf Club, Ltd. v. Wight MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 323Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 330H. Coing, The Roman Law as Ius Commune on the Continent MMMMMMMM 331Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 340

4. Roman Law as a Common Western Heritage MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 341Reinhard, Zimmermann, Roman Dutch Jurisprudence and its Con-

tribution to European Private LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 3435. Note on Natural Law and Its Expansion MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 3466. Note on the ‘‘Law of Castile and the Indies’’MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 348

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7. Some National Developments MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 351Deak and Rheinstein, The Development of French and German

Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 351(a) Note on Provincial Parlements and Napoleonic ReformMMMMMMMMMMM 354(b) Note on the Development of the Common Law of England MMMMMM 354(c) Notes on Additional Complexities at the Roots of the Western

Legal Tradition MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 3568. Islamic Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 362

(a) Early Foundations of Islamic Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 362S.G. Vesey–Fitzgerald, Nature and Sources of the Sharı‘aMMMMMMMM 363

(b) The Institutional Structure of Islamic Legal SystemsMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 372A. Quraishi, Interpreting the Qur’an and the Constitution:

Similarities in the Use of Text, Tradition and Reason inIslamic and American JurisprudenceMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 373

Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 376(c) Islamic Law and The Modern State MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 378

Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 379

Chapter 5. Codification of the Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 384

1. The National Codifications: The Codes’ Break with the PastMMMMMMMMMM 385

H. C. Gutteridge: Comparative LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 385The Codes’ Break with the Past MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 386

2. The Meaning of Codification in the Civil Law Tradition MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 3993. System and Organization of the Codes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 404

French Civil Code—Table of Contents MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 405Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 410German Civil Code—Detailed Synopsis MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 410German Commercial Code—Table of ContentsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 418Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 419

4. The Issue of the European Civil Code MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 4255. Change and Growth of the Law in a Code SystemMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 4286. Civil and Commercial Codes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 4337. Surviving Traces of Pre–Codification Law in the Civil Law WorldMMM 4418. Codification: A Worldwide Phenomenon? MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 444

(a) Egypt MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 445Egyptian Civil Code MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 445Nabil Saleh, Civil Codes of Arab Countries: The Sanhuri Codes 451

(b) People’s Republic of China MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 453William C. Jones, Some General Questions Regarding the

Significance of the General Provisions of Civil Law of thePeople’s Republic of China MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 453

General Provisions of Civil Law of the People’s Republic ofChinaMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 454

9. An Example of the Adaptation of a Code–Based System to Techno-logical and Economic Change: Tort Law and the Shift from Faultto Strict Liability MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 455

(a) The Basic Code Provisions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 456Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 459

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9. An Example of the Adaptation of a Code–Based System to Techno-logical and Economic Change: Tort Law and the Shift from Faultto Strict Liability—Continued

(b) Automobile Accidents MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 459Jand’heur v. Les Galeries BelfortaisesMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 460Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 461La Mutualite Industrielle v. Epoux CharlesMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 462

(c) Products Liability MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 468Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 473

Chapter 6. Case Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 477

1. The Historical Divergence in the Western Legal TraditionMMMMMMMMMMMMM 4772. Code Provisions Relating to Sources of LawMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 481

Usatorre v. The Victoria MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 484Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 488

3. The Modern Organization of Justice: The Institutional Setting ofCase Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 489

(a) Courts of First Instance MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 490(b) Commercial Courts and Commercial PanelsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 494(c) Intermediate Court of Appeals MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 496(d) Supreme Courts MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 505(e) Constitutional Courts and Judicial Review MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 523(f) Administrative Courts and Judicial Review MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 530

Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 5534. The Style of Judicial Opinions: Cultural Setting of Case Law MMMMMMMMM 554

(a) Who prepares MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 554(b) Judgment limited by claimsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 554(c) Reasoned decisionsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 555(d) Dissenting Opinions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 556(e) The Reporting of Decisions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 560

5. Between Codes and Case Law in the Civil Law Tradition—Inter-pretation, Analogy, and Related Matters MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 563

Opinion of the German Reichsgericht in the Matter of S. S. v. M. E.Corp.MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 563

Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 573The Use of Analogy: Notes and Illustrations MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 573Opinion of the German Federal Constitutional Court Concerning

the Constitutional Complaint of Building Cooperative ‘‘X’’MMMMMMMMMM 579Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 581

6. Judicial Interpretation of Codes—The Force of Precedents in aCode System MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 582

Dorothy Hebert Ardoin et al. v. Hartford Accident and IndemnityCo. et al. MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 582

Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 590Roscoe Pound: The Spirit of the Common Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 594Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 595Opinion of the German Federal Constitutional Court in the Pro-

ceeding Concerning the Constitutional Complaint of PublishingCompany ‘‘Die Welt’’ and Mr. K.–H. V. MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 596

Notes and Questions on ‘‘Customary Law’’ and ‘‘Jurisprudence’’ MMM 608

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6. Judicial Interpretation of Codes—The Force of Precedents in aCode System—Continued

Opinion of the German Federal Constitutional Court Concerningthe Constitutional Complaints of Two Trustees in Bankruptcy 610

Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 6127. Concluding Observations on Stare Decisis MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 613

PART THREE. A TOPICAL APPROACH TO LAW INGLOBAL SOCIETIES

Chapter 7. Legal Education and the Profession MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 628

1. The Education and Qualification of Western Lawyers in Historical

Perspective MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 6292. Unitary Profession in the Common Law: The United States MMMMMMMMMM 6373. Divided Profession in the Common Law: EnglandMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 6434. Unitary Profession in the Civil Law: Germany MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 6485. Divided Profession in the Civil Law: FranceMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 650

Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 654Vlassopoulou v. Ministerium fur Justiz, Bundes–und Europaange-

legenheiten Baden–WurttembergMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 654Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 658

6. Legal Education and Legal Profession in East Asia MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 663Setsuo Miyazawa, Kay–Wah Chan, and Ilhyung Lee, The Reform of

Legal Education in East Asia MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 663William P. Alford, Of Lawyers Lost and Found: Searching for

Legal Professionalism in the People’s Republic in China, inRaising the Bar: The Emerging Legal Profession in East Asia 675

7. The Americanization of the Legal Profession MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 679Wolfgang Wiegand, The Reception of American Law in Europe MMMMMMM 679Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 682

8. Lawyer’s Compensation. Beginning of a Fictional Dialogue Con-cerning a Not–Too–Fictional Case MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 684

(a) Attorneys’ Fees MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 685(b) Attorney Fee Shifting MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 691(c) Legal Aid MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 696

Chapter 8. ProcedureMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 707

1. IntroductionMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 7072. Recent Developments MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 7113. The Course of a Civil LawsuitMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 715

(a) Personal Jurisdiction (Territorial Competence) MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 716(b) Service of Process MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 736(c) Parallel Proceedings (Lis Pendens)MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 742(d) Pleadings and Formation of Issues MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 746(e) Evidence and Discovery MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 756(f) Party and Witness StatementsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 773(g) The ‘‘trial’’ (Evidentiary Hearings) MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 786(h) Expert Evidence MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 795

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3. The Course of a Civil Lawsuit—Continued(i) Discovery and Gathering of Evidence AbroadMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 809(j) Finality of Judgments: Claim Preclusion and Issue Preclusion 817

Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 8234. Criminal ProcedureMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 828

R. B. Schlesinger, Comparative Criminal Procedure: A Plea forUtilizing Foreign Experience MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 830

Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 8455. Procedural Treatment of Concurrent Criminal and Civil LiabilityMMM 855

Chapter 9. Selected Issues in Private Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 863

Duncan Kennedy, Two Globalizations of Law and Legal TheoryMMMMMMMMMM 8641. Freedom of Contract MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 872

(a) The Parties’ Freedom to Shape Their Contracts and OtherTransactions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 872

Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 873(b) Enforcement of Contracts MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 877

Vazquez v. Superior Court (San Miguel y Cıa., Intervenor) MMMMMMM 877Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 879Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 883

(c) Penalty Clauses MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 885Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 890

(d) Freedom of Contract and Disclaimer Clauses in StandardizedContractsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 898

Opinion of the German Reichsgericht in the Matter of G.,Defendant–Appellant v. St., Plaintiff–Respondent MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 899

Opinion of the German Reichsgericht in the Matter of Suedd.Transp. Vers. A.G., Plaintiff–Appellant v. W., Defendant–Respondent MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 901

Opinion of the German Bundesgerichtshof in the Matter of E.Gu. (Defendant) v. K. B. (Plaintiff) MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 902

Opinion of the European Court of Justice in the Matter of CapeSnc et al. (Plaintiff) v. Idealservice Srl (Defendant) MMMMMMMMMMMMMM 904

Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 906(e) Contract in a Planned EconomyMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 912

Lucie Cheng & Arthur Rosett, Contract with a Chinese Face:Socially Embedded Factors in the Transformation from Hi-erarchy to Market, 1978–1989 MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 912

(f) Freedom of Contract and Interest in Islamic Law MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 913Abdullah Saeed, Studies in Islamic Law and Society: Islamic

Banking and InterestMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 9132. Security of Transactions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 920

(a) The Principle of Publicity in the Transfer of LandMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 920E. J. Cohn (Assisted by W. Zdzieblo): Manual of German Law 923Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 925

(b) The Principle of Publicity in Transactions Not Relating toLand MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 933

Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 936

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3. The idea of Justice Boni Mores, Bona Fides and Abus Des Droits—No Separation of Law and EquityMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 938

Opinion of the German Reichsgericht in the Matter of G., Plaintiff–Appellant v. F., Defendant–Respondent MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 938

Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 944Opinion of the Swiss Federal Court in the Matter of Dr. Haass,

Defendant–Appellant v. Leopold Wyler, Plaintiff–RespondentMMMMMMM 947Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 951Oberlandesgericht Celle, Opinion of December 5, 1947MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 951Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 953Opinion of the German Federal Constitutional CourtMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 958Opinion of the German Federal Labor Court MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 962Opinion of the Swiss Federal Court in the Matter of Rogenmoser

Against Tiefengrund A.G. MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 964Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 968H. C. Gutteridge, Abuse of RightsMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 974Note MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 978Kirsch v. DavoustMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 980Notes MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 981Duval v. Chedot MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 983Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 984Opinion of the Swiss Federal Court in the Matter of Weber, Huber

& Cie., Defendant–Appellant, Against ‘‘Rimba,’’ Plaintiff–Re-spondentMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 995

Notes and Questions MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 999

INDEX MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM 1001

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References are to Pages.————————

Abel, Richard L., 637, 640, 641, 643, 645, 648,649

Abraham, Henry J., 524, 537Abramowitz, Morton, 58Abu–Odeh, Lama, 380Accursius, 336, 342, 347Adelman, Sammy, 38Agostini, E., 237, 985Ahmed, Feiz, 203, 240, 853Ahn, Kyong–Whan, 671, 672Ahrens, Volker, 210Ajani, Gianmaria, 207, 241, 262Akrotirianakis, Joseph N., 519Al Shafi, 377Albers, Jan, 550, 789, 792Aldisert, R. J., 261Alexandrowicz, 194Alfonso X, 184, 238Alford, William P., 37, 42, 270, 675Allen, M. C., 531Allen, Ronald J., 710, 824Allison, J. W. F., 537Allott, Anthony N., 192, 193, 196, 253Almaguer, Thomas, 46al-Najjar, Sa’ıd, 914al-Namir, ’Abd al-Mun’im, 914al-Nawawawı, 370Alou, Tidjani, 128Amadou, Keita, 49Amerasinghe, 763Amin, S. H., 202Amodio Ennio, 852Amos, Maurice S., 385, 386, 548, 875, 883Anand, R. P., 557Ancel, M., 261Andenas, Mads, 714Anderson, J. N. D., 192, 452Anderson, R. G., 741Andorra, A. H. Angelo, 401Andreev, Vladimir K., 210Andrews, D., 14Andrews, Neil, 500, 687, 691, 714, 759, 765,

798Angelesco, 619Angelici, Carlo, 432Angelo, A. H., 199, 401Anghie, Antony, 230Anglada, Vilardebo, J., 401Ankum, Hans A., 630An-na’im, Abdullahi, 378Ansay, T., 200, 438, 876, 989, 999Anton, A. E., 548, 875

Aquilius, Gallus, 311Aquinas, Thomas, 332Arazi, Roland, 510Arestis, G., 83Argentre, 338Arieti, Samuel A., 89Aristotle, 52, 332, 487Arminjon, P., 240, 259Armstrong, Jr., George M., 991Arnold, M., 244Arnoult, E., 536Arrighi, Giovanni , 66Arsel, 200, 614Arsel, 200, 614Asad, Muhammad, 914, 915Asherman, J., 203Ataturk, Kemal, 200Athulathmudali, L. W., 197Atiyah, P. S., 111, 615Atkeson, T., 170Atkins, R.D., 56Attwooll, E., 191Aubert, J.-L., 888Auby, J. B., 533Auby, Jean–Marie, 543, 544, 547Ault, H. J., 150Austin, John L., 66, 290, 336Avineri, Shlomo, 45Aybay, R., 200Ayer, D. B., 842, 843Azo, 51

Baade, Hans W., 70, 115, 183, 198, 244, 245,338, 350, 389, 621, 988

Badinter, R., 462Badr, Gamal Moursi, 204Baker, John H., 619, 643, 648Baker, Philip W., 195Baker, Richard D., 616Baker, Steward, 151Baker, W. R., 794Baldus, 343, 377Ball, Terence, 382Bamodu, G., 727Bankowski, Zenon, 253, 262Banner, Stuart, 200, 348Barak, Aharon, 198, 199, 581Barassi, Theodore, 151Barazzutti, M., 795Barbarossa, Frederich, 333, 928Barjons, E., 510,Baroody, G., 203

xxxii TABLE OF AUTHORS

Barre, Siad, 256Barry, Donald D., 212Bartolus, 51, 326, 327, 328, 329, 342, 343,

344, 347, 360, 377Barton, H., 193, 194, 203Barton, John, 341, 345, 388Basedow, Jurgen, 146, 909Bashi, Sari, 199Bassiouni, M. Cherif, 847Basten, 807Basye, P. E., 932Batacan, D. F., 188Batiza, R., 245, 246, 385, 391Bauer, J. H., 612Bauer, Karl, 270Baumbach, Adolf, 157, 158, 550, 789, 792Baumgartner, Samuel P., 816Baur, Fritz, 393, 928, 933Bautista Ponde, Eduardo, 632Bayitch, S. A., 997Bayles, Michael, 823Beale, Hugh, 12, 426, 427, 444, 874, 877, 880,

883, 884, 888, 899, 907, 910, 979, 988Beardsley, J., 622, 756, 763, 805, 883, 888Beck, A., 500Beckmann, F. von Benda, 253Beckstrom, J. H., 201, 277Bedford, Sybille, 854Beer, L. W., 199, 525Beinart, 400Bejesky, R., 879, 880Bell, D. A., 354Bell, John, 528, 534, 536, 537, 541, 548, 922Bell, Maureen A., 136, 141Beller, Elisa T., 249, 251Bello, Andres, 423ben Israel, Manasseh, 345Ben Shahar, O., 898Benabent, A., 821Benda, E., 524Bender, R., 788Benıtez, Alberto, 715Bennett, T. W., 98, 125, 261Bentham, Jeremy, 341, 401, 489, 823Bentley, 478Bentura Belana, E., 350Berger, A., 326Berger, C. J., 921Bergman, P., 946Bergman–Barrett, S., 946Bergmann, G., 155Berkeley, J., 324, 325Berkowitz, D., 242Berman, Harold J., 172, 208, 209, 214, 333,

335, 341, 342, 359, 360, 971Bermann, George A., 89, 264, 265, 544, 549,

743, 821Bernstein, Herbert L., 158, 167, 264, 509,

710, 818Berri, Fandou, 128Berwick, 329Biancalana, J., 894Bicak, Vahit, 200Biddulph, Sarah, 206Bigaut, C., 493

Biglieri, S., 471Bignell, J., 931Bigus, J., 892Bihr, Ph., 465Bilder, Richard, 272Billiau, Marc, 548Biondi, A., 714Birk, H.-J., 792Birkinshaw, P., 531, 537Birks, P., 321Birminghan, McK., 652Biwu, Dong, 307Black, 485Black, S. F., 478Blackburn, R., 956Blackmun, J., 807Blackstone, Sir William, 341, 344, 348, 359,

391, 489Blair, P. M., 263Blankenburg, E., 637, 648, 649, 697, 701Blaskovich, D., 61Blaustein, A. P., 489Blomeyer, A., 884Blondel, E., 861Bloustein, E. J., 993Blumenfeld, Lane H., 212Board, Jr., J. B., 205, 824Boddewin, J. J., 909Bodenheimer, E., 346, 403, 577Boele–Woelki, K., 850, 855Bogdan, Michael, 50, 170, 205, 208Bolgar, V., 552, 899, 980, 989Bonassies, P., 112, 389, 390, 881Bonell, Michael Joachim, 12, 426, 444Boniface VIII, 359Bonifaci, Daniela, 80Bonnecase, Julien, 634Bono, Jose, 632Booker, F. E., 759, 828Borchard, 570Borden, G. F., 203Bore, J., 508, 518, 555Borg Barthet, A., 83Born, Gary B., 813, 816Bostick, C. Dent, 932Botan, Ahmed, 226Botha, J., 318Bothe, M., 110Botiveau, B., 525Bourel, Pierre, 731, 743Bourgon, Jerome, 192Bouscaren, T., 359Boyron, Sophie, 548Bracton, 339, 356Bradley, Anthony W., 541Bradley, Craig M., 61, 63, 834, 842, 845, 847Brakel, 700Brandeis, Louis, 64, 194, 867Brandl, 576Brants, Chrisje, 847Brau del Toro, H. M., 932Bravin, M. N., 816Bremer, 239Brewer–Carias, Alan R., 213, 524Breyer, Stephen, 14, 247, 807

xxxiiiTABLE OF AUTHORS

Brickam, L., 946Brickey, Kathleen F., 55Brierley, John E. C., 50, 191, 207, 259Brietzke, Paul H., 210Brinktrine, R., 957Brinton, 203Brissaud, 354Brodley, J. F., 896Bromberg, A. R., 937Bronchorst, 329Brooks, C. W., 323, 631, 632Broun, 757Brown, J. E., 993Brown, Lionel N., 146, 184, 185, 244, 534,

536, 537, 548, 875Brown, Ronald C., 498, 617Browne, Kevin, 510Brownsword, R., 910Bruckner, 784Bruggemeier, G., 457, 471Brugger, W., 958Brundage, James A., 323, 631Brunner, Georg, 213Brunner, J. H., 990Bruzelius, 205, 708, 782, 825Brzezinski, Mark F., 213, 524Buckland, 312, 315, 880Buecker, B.,689Bueno, Cassio S., 756Bukland, W. W., 396Bull, 838Bund, E., 574Burge, 329Burge, Adolf, 386, 634Burgelin, Jean–Francois, 794Burger, C. J., 61, 838Burke, D. B., 148Busch, B., 921Bussani, Mauro, 100, 101, 106, 107, 108, 115,

160, 161, 217, 220, 254, 279, 425, 426,874, 934

Buss–Tjen, 193Butler, W. E., 110, 208, 212, 238, 243, 261Butler, William J., 202Buxbaum, D. C., 168, 170, 266Buxbaum, R. M., 858Byers, M., 974, 991

Cabiedes, E. G., 708Cabrillo, F., 892Cachia, 915Cadarso Palau, J., 185Cadiet, Loıc, 492, 515, 523, 710, 743, 763,

790, 798, 805, 818, 820Cairns, B., 500, 691Cairns, John W., 7Calabresi, Guido, 229, 433Calamandrei, Piero, 826Calamari, 317Caldeira, Gregory A., 261Calleros, C., 883, 888Callimachis, 340Camargo, P. P., 191Cammack, Mark, 278

Campbell, A. H., 168Campbell, D., 471Campbell, P., 856Campos Cruz, C., 991Camproux, M.-P., 464Canivet, Guy, 710Cantril, 700Capistrano, 158Capitant, Henry, 463, 593, 979, 980Cappalli, Richard B., 522, 529, 748, 760, 795Cappelletti, M., 88, 263, 340, 357, 443, 509,

521, 522, 524, 537, 636, 642, 643, 696,700, 708, 747, 780, 788, 825, 827

Caratzas, John, 340Caravale, Mario, 432Carbonneau, Thomas E., 112Cardozo, Benjamin, 64, 145, 243, 835, 867,

945Carl, B. M., 190, 729Carothers, Thomas, 37Carozza, Paolo G., 259Carpi, Federico, 502, 503, 743, 764, 798Carpzow, 338Carranza, Mario E., 95Carrio, Genaro R., 623Carter, J., 894Carty, Anthony, 38, 272Caruso, D., 426Casad, Robert C., 487, 821, 861, 987Casman, H., 795Casper, 832Cassagne, J. C. 536Cassi, Aldo Andrea, 348Castan Tobenas, Jose, 190, 239Castel, Jean–Gabriel, 191Castellani, Luca, 154, 159Castellucci, Ignazio, 191, 194, 196Castro, F., 202, 255Catala, Pierre, 430, 980Catala–Franjou, N., 985Cecil, Joe S., 807, 808Cepl, Vojtech, 211Certoma, G. L., 524Ch’en, Paul H., 282Chabas, F., 465Chainais, Cecile, 515, 523, 708, 763, 798, 820Chalmer, D., 89Chan, Kay–Wah, 663Channock, Martin, 193Chapra, 916Chapus, Rene, 534, 536, 539, 540, 543, 548Charlemagne, 928Charles VIII, 352Charlick, Robert, 128Charmatz, 245Charmont, J., 863, 978Chartier, Y., 464Charvet, D., 849Chase, Oscar, 707, 709, 767Chavez, Hugo, 206Chayes, Abram, 530Chemtob, S. M., 652Chen, 147Chen, Albert H. Y., 195, 196, 303, 617Chen, Edward I., 269

xxxiv TABLE OF AUTHORS

Cheng, Bin, 117, 626Cheng, Lucie, 912Chenin, A., 504Cherednychenko, O. O., 962Chesterman, M., 884Chiang, Kai-shek, 302, 303, 869Chiavario, Mario, 852Chiba, Masaji, 253, 261Childs, Louisa B., 53Chiovenda, Giuseppe, 709Chirac, Jacques, 249, 250, 252, 257, 430Chloros, A. G., 389, 403Cho, Kyu–Chang, 200Choi, DK, 671Choppinus, 326Chorus, J. M. J., 422, 989, 990Chroust, A. H., 478, 638Chu, 299Chua, Amy L., 271, 276Churchill, Winston, 477Cicero, Brutus, 311, 319, 630Cicoria, C., 909Clagett, Helen L., 191, 536Clapham, C., 170Clare, J. T., 402Clark, 245Clark, David S., 66, 190, 259, 263, 268, 747Clarke, Donald C., 31, 206Clarkson, K. W., 887, 896Clement V, 359Clermont, K. M., 946Clinton, Hillary, 14Clinton, William, 163, 747Closen, Michael L., 148Clute, John, 227Coe, J. J., 472Cohen, H. K., 828Cohen, Jennifer E., 378Cohen, Jerome A., 292Cohen, N., 881Cohen, Stephen S., 210Cohen, W., 263Cohn, E. J., 394, 419, 467, 478, 519, 520, 756,

776, 788, 923, 924, 934Cohn, S. A., 835Coing, Helmut, 331, 340, 341, 360, 361, 362,

443, 576, 629, 776, 880Coke, Edward, 67, 356, 358Colazingari, Silvia, 169Cole, G. F., 831Coleman, J., 778Collinet, Paul, 630Collins, Hugh, 150, 214, 426Colneric, N., 83Coloma, G., 921Comoglio, Luigi P., 508, 763, 798Confucius, 283, 284, 286, 287, 289, 290, 292Conrad, Claire, 163Consolo, Claudio, 514, 518, 522Constantinesco, L.-J., 48, 50, 259Contis, 805Cook, C. M., 401Cooke, E., 931Cooper, 197Cooray, L. J. M., 197, 400

Cooter, R., 647, 886, 892, 893Copeland, P., 239Coquereau, G., 104Coquillette, Daniel R., 436, 478Coran, J.C., 743Cordero Moss, Giuditta, 112Cornelis, H. J., 421, 422Cornu, G., 980Cortes, I. R., 188Cortes, Valentin, 616Cossio, 487Cosway, 200Cotterrell, Roger, 268, 863Coulon, Jean–Marie, 794Coulter, L., 652Coyle, S., 191Craig, J.W., 887Craig, P., 89Crane, J. A., 937Cremades, Bernardo M., 708Crepeau, 430Cretney, Stephen, 244Crooker, Constance, 164Cross, 478, 579Croze, 523Csizmadia, A., 400Cueto–Rua, J., 991Curran, Vivian Grosswald, 97, 131, 153Currie, D. P., 958Currivan, J. D., 946Czarnota, Adam, 253, 262

Daggett, 245, 246, 618Dahrendorf, R., 557Dainow, J., 198, 246, 618, 979Daintith, Terence, 209Dale, W., 404Damaska, Mirjan, 241, 264, 481, 637, 759,

761, 824, 827, 828, 830, 831, 832, 834,837, 839, 841, 843, 844, 846, 847, 852, 854

Damhouder, 328, 329Damian, E., 205Dane, Perry, 235Danelski, D. J., 178Danilenko, G. M., 524Dannemann, Gerhard, 69Darby, J., 845Dard, H. J. B., 399Dargo, G., 244Darling, F. C., 201Davey, W. J., 89David, Rene, 50, 70, 72, 73, 201, 207, 259,

263, 399Davies, P., 997Davis, Derek H., 249Davis, K., 845Dawson, F. G., 170Dawson, John P., 146, 264, 389, 571, 592,

615, 636, 643, 874, 879, 892, 906, 970de Burca, G., 89De Funiak, 245De Las Casas, 348De Lege, 426De Luca, A., 690

xxxvTABLE OF AUTHORS

De Ly, 716Deak, 351, 356, 357, 361, 397, 479, 522, 527,

595Dean, Arthur H., 8Dean, Meryll, 832DeBula Baines, Cynthia, 249Deese Skeen, Donna, 195Dekeuwer–Defossez, Francoise, 593Del Duca, Louis F., 852Del Russo, 146Delebecque, P., 980deLisle, Jacques, 207Delmas–Marty, Mireille, 3, 63, 70, 831, 847,

849Deloukas, N. A., 989Dennis, J., 582Derrett, 192, 193Descartes, 345Dessemontet, F., 438, 876, 989, 999Deubner, K. G., 792Deutch, S., 907, 910Devolve, Pierre, 547DeVries, Henry P., 173, 399DeWitt–Arar, Keren C., 198Dezalay, Y., 665Di Mauro, C., 471di Robilant, Anna, 48, 242, 428Dicey, Albert Venn, 194, 383Diehm, James W., 832Diez–Picazo, Ignacio, 763, 798, 818, 820, 823Dignan, J., 843Dilcher, Gerhard, 635DiMatteo, L. A., 894Dinstein, Yoram, 144Djankov, Simeon, 267Djibo, Bachirou, 128Doehring, Karl, 610Dolle, H., 154, 243Domat, 246, 389, 391, 392Dondi, Angelo, 709Donellus, 345Doran, S., 848Douglas, J., 838Drago, Roland, 532, 537, 543, 544, 547Drakakis–Smith, David, 271Drexl, J., 910Dreyfous, G., 578Drobnig, Ulrich, 156, 461, 471, 509, 818, 934Drolshammer, 663Drzemczewski, A. Z., 956du Pontavice, E., 104Dubber, Marcus Dirk, 831, 845, 850, 851Dubuisson, B., 466Dudziak, Mary, 217Duerr, Charles J., 632Duguit, 864, 978Dunham, 184Dwyer, Denis, 271Dyson, H., 875

Earle, John S., 210Ebers, M., 909Eder, Phanor J., 149, 191Edlin, A. S., 896

Edward I, 238, 336, 339Eekelaar, John, 922Eells, R., 170Eger, T., 892Ehrenzweig, A., 396, 717, 946Ehrlich, 864, 869Eichendorff, 153Eidenmuller, H., 934Eisenberg, Carol, 249, 250Eisenberg, M. A., 887Ekelof, 825El–Bashir, Omar, 194El–Gemayel, Antoine Elias, 202Ellickson, Robert C., 254Elling, Martin E., 210Ellinghaus, M. P., 907Elliott, C., 848, 852Elliott, Kimberly Ann, 169Ellis, Joseph J., 67el-Morr, A., 525Elster, Jon, 209, 211Emden, A. B., 342Engelmann, Arthur, 709, 747Enlai, Zhou, 14Enneccerus, 571, 955Eorsi, G., 261Errera, R., 383Escarra, 243Esmein, 259, 831, 854Esser, 614, 615Eubel, P., 196Evans–Jones, Robin, 620Ewald, William, 240, 241Eyermann, E., 546

Fairgrieve, D., 471Falcon, Enrique M., 798Fallon, Richard H., 516Farnsworth, E. Allan, 266, 536, 777, 873, 894,

897, 907, 971, 972, 973, 999Farrar, J. H., 243, 244, 403Fassler, Lawrence J., 852Faure, M., 455Faust, F., 13Fauvarque–Cosson, Benedicte, 7, 874, 980Favali, L., 255Federer, J., 557Fedynskyi, J., 244Feenstra, R., 325, 329, 345Feldbrugge, F. J. M., 207, 209, 212, 262Feldman, Eric, 47, 63, 156, 269Feng, Hu, 307Fennell, Phil, 847Feral, T., 113Ferid, 70, 932Fernandez, J. W., 185Ferrand, Frederique, 511, 515, 523, 708, 714,

763, 798, 820Ferrer Mac–Gregor, Eduardo, 536, 715Ferrer, A., 921Ferri, Corrado, 508, 763, 798Feuerich, Wilhelm, 660Ficker, Hans G., 932Field, David Dudley, 401, 489

xxxvi TABLE OF AUTHORS

Field, Steward, 847, 849Fikentscher, W., 170, 478Fines, Barbara Glesner, 981Fingarette, Herbert, 289, 291Finnegan, 23Finnis, John, 213Fiol–Matta, Liana, 248Fisch, William B., 522, 697, 702, 789, 791,

792, 856Fischer, 571Fitzpatrick, Thomas, 169Fitzsimmons, Michael P., 385, 633, 634Fix–Zamudio, Hector, 536Fleiner, T., 949Fleming, J. G., 856Fletcher, 998Fletcher, George P., 107, 213Flood, J., 640Fockema Andreae, S. J., 329Foellmi, Reto, 169Fontaine, 716Fontbressin, P. F., 794Forder, Caroline, 87, 425Foregger, 858Forrester, I. S., 410Forte, D. F., 204Foster, Frances H., 209Fouchard, P., 653, 714Fourneret, Jessica, 248, 257Fox, E.N., 89Fox, J. K., 148Fragistas, C. N., 818Franck, T. M., 194Franco, 867Francovich, Andrea, 80, 85Frank, Jerome, 150, 155, 175, 485, 488, 578,

844, 955, 995Frankenberg, Gunther, 48, 49, 50Frankfurter, J., 65Franklin, M., 404Frankowski, S. J., 831Frase, Richard S., 830, 831, 843, 846, 850Freccero, Stephen P., 852Freedeman, C. E., 537Freedland, M., 533, 534Freeling, Nicholas, 849Freeman, Michael D. A., 578Freitas, Jose Lebre de, 763, 764, 798, 818,

820, 823Fremantle, Adam , 55Frezza, Paolo, 322, 631Friedenthal, Jack, 819Friedman, Lawrence M., 259, 648, 887Friedman, M., 973Friedmann, D., 198, 199, 487, 488, 887Friedmann, W., 241, 954Friedrich, C. J., 354Friendly, Henry J., 950Frier, B. W., 581Frier, Pierre–Laurent, 548Frison–Roche, Marie–Anne, 794Frohler, L., 546Frydman, Roman, 210Fujikura, Koichiro, 269Fujioka, Y., 991

Fujita, Y., 894Fuke, Toshiro, 541Fukushima, G. S., 652Fulda, C. H., 537, 622Funk, D. A., 208Furnish, Dale Beck, 191, 614

Gadamer, Hans–Georg, 44Gagner, Sten, 359Gaius, 296, 312, 313, 314, 315, 321, 347, 410Galabert, Jean–Michel, 534, 536, 537Galanter, Marc, 38, 253, 266, 271Galenus, 332Gall, Gerald L., 191Gallus, Aquilius, 319Gambare, Abara, 201Gandolfi, G., 427Gane, Percival, 329Ganzglass, M. R., 202Gao, L., 663Garcia Gallo, C., 349Garcia Martinez, A. L., 188Garcıa Pulles, F., 536Garcıa, C., 536Gardner, J. A., 239, 242, 275Garro, Alejandro M., 73, 95Garth, Bryant, 522, 665, 696, 825, 827Gaudemet, Eugene, 619Gaudemet, Yves, 532, 534, 539,Gaudemet–Tallon, H., 733, 735Gautama, Sudargo, 204, 205Geertz, Clifford, 253, 265Gehrke, Heinrich, 322, 631Gelsi Bidart, Adolfo, 712Gennaioli, N., 863Geny, Francois, 402, 864, 867Gerber, David J., 240, 426, 763, 816Gerhardt, R., 526Gerlis, S., 500Germain, Claire M., 561Gernstenberg, O., 426Gertz, M. G,. 831Gerver, Pie Hein M., 422, 632, 989, 990Ghestin, Jacques, 548Giannoulopoulus, D., 834Gibbs, J., 193Gidi, Antonio, 71, 522, 713, 715, 771, 818,

819Gierke, 864Gifford, D. G., 455Gilmer, W., 148Gilmore, Grant, 159, 485, 637Ginsberg, J., 174Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 205, 708, 782, 825Ginsburg, Tom, 196Ginsburgs, George., 172, 212Glaeser, Edward, 267Glashausser, Alex, 175Glasson, 259Glendon, Mary Ann, 63, 150, 259Glenn, H. Patrick, 5, 50, 62, 70, 124, 191,

216, 230, 238, 372Gluckman, M., 98Godding, Philippe, 359

xxxviiTABLE OF AUTHORS

Goebel, R. J., 89, 170, 628, 659Goetz, C. J., 896Goldberg, J. C. P., 993Goldschmidt, H. W., 578Goldschmidt, Levin, 228Goldstein, Abraham S., 838, 845, 859, 860,

861Goldstein, Stephen, 198Goldziher, 368Gomard, B., 205Gomes, Orlando, 347Gomez Lara, Cipriano, 794Gong, Gerrit W., 43, 201Gongora Pimentel, Genaro, 616Gonzales Perez, 536Goodhart, 620, 622Goodman, Carl F., 503, 510, 557, 708, 710,

751, 763, 783, 798, 820, 992Gorbachev, 209Gordillo, Agustın, 536Gordley, James, 3, 100, 108, 146, 238, 345,

386, 388, 389, 637, 642, 696, 863, 874,875, 883

Gordon, C. N., 194Goren, S. L., 410Gorla, Gino, 146, 238, 404, 479, 558, 561,

626, 637, 909Gottwald, Peter, 789, 792Gounod, 864Goutal, J. L., 625Gozaıni, Osvaldo A. 510Graham, K., 66Graham, M. H., 842Grande, Elisabetta, 3, 7, 31, 118, 123, 202,

223, 229, 241, 242, 255, 256, 837, 841,846, 853, 854, 855

Gratianus, 333Gray, Cheryl W., 147, 208, 210, 420Graziadei, Michele, 65, 100, 159, 160, 238,

242Grebert, A. S., 191Green, Stuart P., 860Greene, B. H., 70, 420Gretton, George L., 161Grevi, Vittorio, 852Grevisse, F., 81Gribbohm, G., 954Griffin J.P., 816Griffiths, John, 248, 816Grigoleit, H.-C., 971Grinover, Ada P., 715, 794Groenewegen, 318, 620Gromer–Broc, K., 947Gross, 710, 806, 807, 824Gross, Hans K., 381Gross, Samuel R., 710, 806, 807, 824Grossen, J. M., 876Grossfeld, Bernhard, 153, 243Grossi, Paolo, 361Grosskopf, 316Grotius, Hugo, 116, 329, 344, 346, 382, 389,

390, 620Grundmann, S., 892, 897, 970Gruson, Michael, 210, 938Grzybowski, K., 208

Guadagni, M., 255Gualazzini, Ugo, 322, 631Guarnieri, C., 831Guest, A. G., 111Guillemin, J.-F., 628Guinchard, Serge, 515, 523, 532, 534, 535,

536, 708, 763, 798, 820Gunderson, James L., 212Gunn, T. Jeremy, 250Gurvitch, 864Gurwitch, G., 259Gutteridge, H. G., 50, 385, 615, 974, 976, 982,

986, 989, 998Guttmann, 193Guyon, Y., 104Gwidz, A., 213

Haanappel, P. P. C., 422, 990Haas, D., 879Haas, E. F., 246Habscheid, Walter J., 707, 795, 818Hachenburg, 572Hager, G., 911Hager, L. M., 277Haile, D., 202Haile–Mariam, Yacob, 209Haimbaugh, Jr., G. D., 528Haldy, J., 949Haley, John Owen, 199, 269, 987Halperin, David M., 44Halpern, S. W., 972Hamilton, V. Lee, 269Hammelmann, 758, 805Hammes, 77Hammurabi, 238Hamson, C. J., 200, 239, 537Han, Anna M., 195Han, Binjie, 169Han, Kim Chung, 200Hand, 478Hanıfa, Abu, 368Hankins, S., 743Hansmann, H., 922, 997Harbauer, W., 688Hardberger, 239Hardin, Paul, 492Harding, Christopher S. P., 394, 847Harmenopoulos, J., 340Harms, B.C., 955Harpum, C., 931Hart, H. L. A., 203, 336, 516Hart, Henry M. 516Hartkamp, Arthur, 3, 422, 874, 877, 880, 883,

884, 888, 899, 907, 910, 979, 988Hartley, T.C., 89, 743, 765Hartmann, Peter, 550, 789, 792Hatchard, J., 831, 864Hattori, T., 269, 667, 752Hatzis, A. N., 897, 970, 989Hausmaninger, Herbert, 213Hay, Peter, 70, 145, 548, 717, 729, 970Hayek, F. A., 863Hazard, John N., 150, 172, 208, 260, 263,

266, 325, 854

xxxviii TABLE OF AUTHORS

Hazard, Jr., Geoffrey C., 71, 709, 713, 761,819, 822

Head, I. L., 170Heaton, Tim, 278Heberer, P., 955Hebert, 246, 618Hebly, J. M. 756, 763Hedemann, Justus Wilhelm, 115Heede, K., 531Hefer, 316Hegel, Georg Wilhelm, 44, 45, 46Heidenhain, M., 559Heinemann, A., 100, 900Held, David, 2Heller, K., 524Heller, M., 922Hellner, M., 956Hellwig, H.-J., 947Helmholz, R. H., 66, 238, 323, 339, 359, 631,

632Henderson, Dan Fenno, 156, 199, 269, 471,

752Hengstler, G. A., 524Henkin, Louis, 65Herman, M. Shael, 198, 229, 386, 595Hermisson, V., 751Herrmann, Joachim, 830, 831, 847, 850Hershkoff, Helen, 709Hertig, G., 997Hertz, Ellen, 49Herzog, P., 115, 470, 513, 537, 550, 708, 744,

758, 763, 862, 883Herzog, R., 526Hesen, G., 879Hess, Burkhard, 721Hesselink, M., 426, 874Hettne, Bjorn, 271Heyman, 171Highet, Gilbert, 237Hill, J., 324, 325, 329Hill, T. M., 203Hill, T. W., 439Hill, W., 558Hinteregger, Monika, 100, 476Hirakawa, O., 745Hirsch, 200Hirte, Herbert A., 697Hobsbawm, Eric J., 66, 231, 608Hodges, Christopher, 709Hodgson, J., 830, 849Hoebel, 204Hoecke, M. Van, 427Hoeflich, H.M., 66Hogue, A. R., 478Hohmann, Harold, 199Hoing, S., 816Hoke, R., 382Holdsworth, 148, 887Holly, N. E., 205Holmes, 194, 867Holmes, E. M., 908Holtman, 710Homburge, A., 643Homburger, 763Hondius, E. H., 911, 971, 989, 990

Honore, T., 103Hooker, M. B., 192, 200, 207, 253, 265Hope, Anthony, 227Hopson, D., 628Hopt, Klaus, 997Horn, Norbert, 210, 934Hornick, R. N., 205Horowitz, D. L., 254, 255, 270Hoskins, J. A., 239Hourani, Albert, 363, 379Houseman, 701Howard, A. E. Dick, 213Howard, J. B., 8Howells, G., 910, 946Hsu, Berry Fong–Chung, 195Hsu, C. Stephen, 200, 291Huang, Kuo–Chang, 763, 764Huang-di, Qin Shi, 292Huber, Barbara, 831, 850Huber, Eugen, 388, 423Hueck, Alfred, 157, 158, 569Hug, Walther, 10Hughes, Heather, 248Huo, X., 664Hurd, S., 472Hurgronje, Snouck, 368Husa, Jaakko, 205Hutter, S., 938Hutton, N., 843Huyghe de Mahenge, Yves, 716

Ikuyo Toru, 987Ilesıc, M., 83Ilgen, H. M., 410Inselbuch, E., 946Ioffe, O., 879Irnerius, 50, 342Isaac, G., 560Israel, Jerold H., 839Issa, Yaye, 128Izdebski, Hubert, 209

Jackson, Bernard S., 238Jackson, J., 396, 776, 837, 838, 842Jackson, John, 834, 847, 848Jackson, T. H., 878, 880Jacob, 648Jacob, Jack, 795Jacob–Foltzer, Valerie, 73Jacobs, Francis, 228Jacob–Steinorth, K., 937Jacoby, N. H., 170James, J., 180James, Jr., Fleming, 709, 819, 822, 768Jamin, Christophe, 548Janczyk, J. T., 931Jander, K. H. 938Janis, M. W., 53Jann, P., 83Jansen, 316, 326Jareborg, Nils, 3Jauffret, C., 891Jeantin, Michel, 104Jellinek, Walter, 929

xxxixTABLE OF AUTHORS

Jennings, 400Jensen, D. A., 887Jescheck, H. H., 152, 844Jeuland, Emmanuel, 515, 523, 743, 763, 790,

798, 805, 818, 820Jhering, 524, 864, 870Jimenez de Arechaga, E., 110, 111Joerges, C., 426Joffe, O, 208John XXII, 359Johnson, E. L., 861Johnson, Jr., Earl, 642, 696, 700Johnstone, Q., 628Joliet, R., 83Jolowicz, J. A., 190, 643, 856Jones, A. H. M., 630, 631Jones, G. H., 877Jones, H. L., 736, 738Jones, Robert, 634Jones, William C., 200, 291, 303, 453, 454Jongbloed, Antonie W., 662Jonsssen, 329Jordan, Ann D., 195Jorg, Nico, 847Jorgensen, S., 205, 387Josserand, L., 864, 978, 991Jost, 701Joubert, J., 311, 316, 326, 329Jourdain, P., 105, 978, 982, 986Joutsen, Matti, 856Juenger, Friedrich K., 112, 719, 722, 731, 998Juhasz, E., 83Jukier, R., 985, 990Justinian, 245, 296, 310, 311, 315, 318, 319,

320, 321, 322, 330, 331, 332, 333, 337,338, 340, 342, 349, 350, 353, 358, 359,361, 381, 384, 387, 391, 392, 400, 478,481, 609, 629, 630, 631

Jwaideh, 204, 484

Kadish, S. H., 839Kahn–Freund, Otto, 240, 537Kaiser, Michael, 857Kalsbach, W., 947Kanda, H., 997Kane, Mary Kay, 509, 516, 526, 819Kantorowicz, 337Kapteyn, P. J. G., 81Karam, N. H., 203Karlen, 200, 614, 842Kaser, Max, 381, 389Kato, Masanobu, 269, 795Katz, J. S., 204, 278Katz, Milton, 8, 283Katz, R. S., 204, 278Katz, Sherman, 55Kaufmann, O., 976Kavass, I. I., 213, 524Kearney, R. D., 71Kedem, A., 982Kegel, G., 157Kelemen, R. Daniel, 199, 261Kelley III, Thomas A., 15, 126, 127, 131Kelley, Donald R., 268Kelman, M., 891Kennedy, D., 639

Kennedy, David W., 49, 278, 864Kennedy, Duncan, 248, 864Kent, 65Kenyatta, 869Kenyon, A. T., 995Kerameus, Konstantinos D., 340, 989Kerr, W. K., 921Keynes, John Maynard, 870Khadduri, Majid, 363, 378Khany, R., 204Khokhlov, S. A., 212Khosla, D., 259Khoury, Lara, 103, 105Kieninger, Eva–Maria, 100, 108, 109, 161,

934Kikawa, Tecoichireco, 822Kilbourne, R. H., 181Kilian, M., 688Kim, Chin, 196, 201, 641, 652Kim, JW., 671Kim, TJ., 670, 671Kimball, S. L., 688Kiralfy, Albert, 228Kirchheimer, Otto, 167, 171, 175Kirchhof, D. P., 573Kirchhof, P., 524, 573Kirkpatrick, Laird, C., 757Kiss, Lester W., 833Kitagawa, Z., 199Kittrie, N. H., 202Klabbers, 663Klaus Stern, 616Kleffner, J. K., 847Klein, E., 527Klein, Franz, 749, 780Kleinheisterkamp, Jan, 95, 191Kluwer, 421, 617Knapp, Victor, 262Knaup, K., 244Koch, H. 553, 740Kock, G. L., 830Kock, Stefan, 710, 824Koekkoek, A. K., 422Koetz, H., 509, 643Kohler, J., 922Koizumi, Jun’ichiro, 664Kojima, 763Kojima, Takeshi, 763Kokott, J., 83Kolaj, 207Kommers, D. P., 524Konvitz, Milton R., 196, 239, 824, 884Korman, Sharon, 232Korn, Harold L., 545Koschaker, P., 361Kotz, Hein, 3, 10, 50, 112, 153, 221, 259, 548,

818, 879, 880, 898, 899, 970, 998Koyuncu, Adem, 709Kozolchyk, B., 191, 277, 393, 930Kozyris, Phaedon John, 243, 340, 989Kraakman, R., 922, 997Kramer, Jane, 250Krapac, Davor, 847Krause, Harry D., 598Kreller, 390

xl TABLE OF AUTHORS

Kretzmer, David, 198Krieger, Joel, 209Kritz, Neil J., 211Kronman, A., 879Kropholler, J., 158Krueger, 316, 321Kruse, F. V., 922Krygier, Martin, 253, 262Kucherov, S., 243Kudriavtsev, V. N., 238, 261Kuhn, Zdenek, 207Kulzer, 402Kunikova, Jana, 169Kunkel, W., 295Kunnecke, M., 537Kury, Helmut, 857Kusumaatmadja, Mochtar, 204Kutcherov, S., 208Kutschera, M., 938Kutty, Faisal, 913

La Porta, Rafael, 27, 267Lacy, F. R., 554LaFave, Wayne R., 839Lagrange, 75, 537Lagrange, M., 75, 537Laithier, Yves–Marie, 548, 881Lali, Issafou, 128LaMaster, John C., 991Lambert, Edouard, 11, 452, 457, 864Lambert–Faivre, Y., 456Landis, E. S., 197Lando, Ole, 12, 70, 72, 107, 205, 426, 427,

444, 898, 911, 971Langbein, John, 63, 64, 710, 749, 756, 807,

809, 824, 827, 830, 831, 845, 854, 859Lange, Hermann, 340Langer, Maximo, 191, 241, 834, 848, 850, 855Langrod, 547Langum, D., 244Larguier, 856Larouche, P., 468Larroumet, Ch., 465, 470Larson, 62Larsson, G., 922Larsson, Tomas, 168Lasser, Mitchell de S.O.I’E., 49, 507, 522,

523, 556, 625Laubadere, Andre, 542, 546, 547Lauterbach, Wolfgang, 550, 789, 792Lauterpacht, Hersh, 116, 117Lawscope, 148Lawson, C. M., 261Lawson, F. H., 457, 548, 875, 880, 921Lay, J.-P., 493Layish, Aharon, 194Layton, 709Lazareff, S., 829Learned Hand, 485, 755, 955Lecourt, 75Lederman, Daniel, 169Lee, Ilhyung, 663Lee, R. W., 324, 325, 329, 360, 389, 880Lee, Seung–Hyun, 169

LeGall, J. P., 935Legrand, Pierre, 49, 144, 241, 253, 888, 891Lehmann, 571Leigh, Leonard H., 848Leipzig, Rudolph, 329, 577Lempert, Richard, 268, 833Lena, Jeffrey, 9, 421, 502, 786, 853Lenel, E., 347Lenhoff, 53, 481, 780, 873, 976Lepaulle, 242, 685Lepper, Steven J., 829Lequette, Y., 463, 979Leser, H. G., 934Leterneur, 537Leubsdorf, John, 709, 819, 822, 983Lev, S. D., 205Levasseur, Alain A., 386, 595Levasseur, G., 202,Lever, J., 468Levi, E. H., 577Levin. A. Leo, 828Levinson, L. H., 549Levitt, A. J., 741Levy, 537, 851Levy, B. H., 578Levy, E., 340Levy-Ullman, 259Lewan, K. M., 958Lewis, D. I., 192Lewis, Philip S. C., 637, 640, 641, 645, 648,

649Leyser, 148, 197, 204, 921Li, V., 193Liebesny, H. J., 202, 203, 265, 363, 775Lilkoff, L., 191Limpens, 202Linant de Bellefonds, Y, 452Lindblom, 701, 826Lindell, Bengt, 782, 785, 825Lindon, R., 515Lindsey, Tim, 204Lipson, L., 259Lipstein, Kurt, 71, 154, 614Litchfield, E. H., 954Litvinoff, S., 880, 881Llewellyn, Karl, 115, 228, 229, 242, 444, 644Lloyd, Dennis, 578Lloyd, Lord, 578Lobedanz, E., 856Lobinger, 239Lobingier, 185Locke, John, 345, 348Loeber, D., 208Loevinger, 240Loewenstein, K., 954Lombardus, 332Lopez Medina, Diego Eduardo, 191, 227, 241,

683Lopez-Ayllon, Sergio, 191Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio, 267Lord, R. A., 53, 878, 907, 942, 945Lorenz, W., 386, 390, 399, 470, 471Lorenzen, 146, 389, 778, 874Lorvellec, L., 628Loughlin, P., 500

xliTABLE OF AUTHORS

Loussouarn, Yvon, 592, 731, 743Love, L. C., 172Lowe, 834, 837, 840Lowe, Donald M., 45Lowe, S., 472Lowenfeld, Andreas, 219, 713Luban, David, 944Lubman, Stanley, 31Luchaire, F., 529Ludwigs, A., 908Luiso, Francesco P., 514, 518, 764, 798Lukic, S., 949Lund, Christian, 127Luo, Yadong, 169Lupoi, M. 625Lupoi, Michele A., 742Lusthaus, V., 910Lutter, Marcus, 66

Ma, H. H. P., 200Maasdorp, Andries, 329MacCormick, D. Neil, 336, 579MacDonald, J. W., 244MacDonald, R. St. J., 444MacDonald, R., 191Mackaay, E., 422, 990MacKinnon, F. B., 942, 945, 947Macneil, I. R., 156, 266, 578, 894MacQueen, H. L., 880Maddox, J. R., 472Madl, F., 208Maga, C. J., 189Maggs, Peter B., 172, 208, 212, 879Magro, J., 350Mahoney, R., 455Main, Thomas O., 709Maitland, 339Mak, C., 962Makovsky, A. L., 212Malavet, P. A., 146, 632Malcolm, J., 178, 188, 189, 190, 264Mallat, Chibli, 202, 204, 379, 525Malmstrom, iAke, 259Mancini, G. Federico, 12, 80, 81Mandrioli, Crisanto, 515Mansfield, 166, 356, 435, 436Mansrea, 184, 185Mao Zedong, 206, 305, 308, 309Mao, L., 664Marafioti, Luca, 852, 854Marcos, 189Marcus, M. 845Margadant, Guillermo. F., 146, 329, 349, 357,

381Marinoni, Luiz G., 794Markesinis, Basil, 10, 104, 111, 261, 426, 457,

469, 597, 599, 847, 857, 874, 906, 955,957, 958, 971, 987, 988

Markham, 244Markovits, Inga, 157, 208, 210, 211, 259, 261,

262, 267Marr, David G., 273Marsh, N. S., 168, 175, 243, 954Marshall, Donald G., 44

Marshall, J., 471Marshall, Sims, 445Marx, Karl, 45, 46, 241Masao, T., 201Masters, Brooke A., 274Matscher, F., 444Mattei, Ugo, 3, 5, 6, 9, 13, 48, 49, 66, 87, 88,

100, 101, 106, 107, 115, 131, 146, 160,161, 191, 194, 213, 217, 219, 220, 221,223, 229, 240, 248, 254, 255, 256, 257,259, 260, 261, 262, 266, 268, 279, 348,392, 405, 421, 424, 425, 426, 428, 440,502, 636, 637, 786, 853, 855, 863, 874,897, 922

Matthaeus, 327, 328, 329Maung, Maung, 193Mawdudi, 916Maxeiner, James, 240, 710, 749, 824Mayda, Jaro, 403, 484Mayer, Ann Elizabeth, 378Mayer, P., 743Mayer, Pierre, 743Mayrand A., 980Mazeaud, D., 892, 874, 888, 980McCaffrey, Stephen, 552, 709McCarthy, H. L., 989McCarthy, Joseph, 41McClurg, Andrew, 709McCormick, 757, 807, 828, 840, 844, 857McCrudden, 62McCutcheon, George Barr, 227McFarlane, J., 642McGregor, Harvey, 860McKendrick, E., 881McKenna, John J., 274McKenney, D. D., 761, 763, 816McKillop, Bron, 830McKinney, 651, 927, 986McKnight, Joseph W., 244McLaughlin, G. T., 170, 524McLaughlin, J. M., 524McLean, Ana Cecilia, 682McLendon, Timothy, 683McLeod, G., 321McLiesh, Caralee, 267McMahon, 246, 618McNair, Arnold, D., 396, 880McWhinney, E., 194, 263Meador, Daniel J., 262, 518Meadow, Menkel, 645Megarry, R., 974Meier–Hayoz, Arthur, 484Meltzer, Daniel J., 516Mengistu, 256Menski, Werner, 50, 193, 196, 231, 253, 259,

362Mercer, 709Mercier, V. 761, 763, 816Merle, P., 104Merle, R., 858Merrill, T. W., 922Merry, Sally Engle, 194, 200, 248, 253, 254,

257

xlii TABLE OF AUTHORS

Merryman, John Henry, 193, 221, 253, 254,259, 268, 276, 357, 395, 506, 532, 534,640, 774, 921

Mestre, J., 935Michaels, Ralf, 107, 144Millar, Robert W., 396, 503, 747, 748, 763,

772, 775, 819, 823Miller, Arthur, 545, 819Miller, Jeffrey J., 852Miller, L., 897Miller, P., 66Miller, R. L. R., 887, 896Miller, Richard S., 269Miller, Stuart Creighton, 46, 269Millner, 110, 111, 112Mills, John, 683Mirow, Matthew C., 424Mitchell, John D. B., 545Miterrand, Francois, 529Miyake, Hiroto, 507, 510, 557, 708, 710, 763,

782, 798, 820Miyazawa, Setsuo, 269, 663, 665, 666, 667,

669Moccia, Luigi, 238, 341, 479, 558, 637Moderne, Franck, 546, 547Modestinus, 321Moellers, T., 900Moench, C., 612Moitinho de Almeida, J. C., 81Mollers, Thomas, 100Mommsen, W. J., 261, 316, 321Monnier, F., 536Monsma, S., 62Montagnier, Gabriel, 532, 534, 535, 536, 798Montagnier, Luc, 756Montesquieu, 52Monti, Alberto, 9Moore, Sally Falk, 242, 259Morel, 523Moretti, Pierre, 103Morgan, J. D., 991Moris, G. T., 329Morton, F. L., 527Morton, R., 759, 828Moscati, Laura, 432Moses, Fritz, 154, 155, 396, 620Mosler, H., 530Motilla, Augustin, 249Motomura, H., 822Mueller, Christopher B., 757Mueller, Gerard O. W., 55, 835, 847Muller-Graff, P., 87Munday, Roderick, 144, 832Mundi, Martha, 204Mundy, Roderick, 144, 253Muniz Arguelles, L., 991Murchison, B. C., 995Muris, T. J., 887, 896Murphy, J. F., 597Murphy, Jr., E. E., 662Murray, Daniel 837Murray, Peter, 491, 494, 501, 503, 504, 507,

508, 510, 533, 687, 689, 697, 708, 723,749, 763, 766, 780, 782, 798, 805, 819,820, 821, 823, 826,

Muscheler, K., 207Mussell, G. J., 200Mustafa, Z., 193, 194Musy, Alberto, 9

Nadaraja, T., 400Nadelmann, K. H., 402, 557, 729Nader, Laura, 3, 31, 131, 213, 240, 248, 260,

278, 348Nahum, F., 202Nakazato, Minoru, 269Napoleon, 111, 183, 202, 203, 204, 240, 246,

341, 354, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 390,391, 393, 435, 477, 479, 534, 595, 626,633, 635, 710, 863, 710, 863, 864, 875,880, 891, 892, 920

Nathan, 329Naumov, Anatolyi V., 212Nazzini, Renato, 714Nehemekis, P., 170Nelken, David, 50Neumayer, K. H., 168, 424Ngouabi, Marien, 256Nicholas, Barry, 111, 264, 341, 548, 873, 875,

883, 971Nicholls, Peter, 227Nichols, 185, 238Nicola, Fernanda, 87, 428Nieva Fenol, Jorge, 511Nilles, K. M., 472Nipperdey, 955Nnaemeka, Obioma, 120Noda, Y., 199Nolde, B., 240, 259Nollkaemper, A., 847Noonan, Jr., John T., 168Nordhausen, A., 946Normand, 620Norr, K. W., 362North, Douglass C., 6Nsouli, M. M., 202Ntumy, Michael A., 196Nun, S. Y., 191Nuotio, Kimmo, 205, 909Nussbaum, Arthur, 156, 488Nyerere, 869Nygh, Peter, 713

O’Connor, P., 931O’Connor, Sandra Day, 14, 59, 65, 568O’Hare, John, 510Oba, Abdulmumini A., 123Octavius, Lucius, 314Oda, Hiroshi, 196, 199, 269, 987Oechslin, Manuel, 169Ogawa, Ichiro, 196Ogus, Anthony, 244Oh, Kyeun-grae Kenny, 169Oliva, Andres de la, 763, 798, 818, 820, 823Olmstead, C., 55Oppenheim, Lassa, 233, 235Orden, Stewart, 132, 135Orfield, 825Ortega Torres, J., 991

xliiiTABLE OF AUTHORS

Ortells Ramos, Manuel, 503, 510, 820lOrucu, Esin, 50, 191Oser, 969Ost, F., 427Oster, J. S., 537Ota, S., 639, 648Oteiza, Eduardo, 991Otsuka, H., 665Ott, G., 892Ottenberg, Simon, 168, 266Owen, DG, 103

Pahl, Michael R., 853Paisant, G., 979Palandt, O., 411, 421, 468, 543, 575, 576, 577,

581, 599, 889, 891, 902, 925Paliwala, Abdul, 38Palmer, Vernon V., 100, 101, 108, 165, 191,

220, 254, 390, 461Pancrazi, M.-E., 935Pandekten, 329Pantle, N., 503Papinianus, 321Parisi, Francesco, 920, 922Parkerson, John E., 829Parry, D., 946Pascal, Rober A., 246, 247Pashukanis, E. B., 214, 215, 306Pasley, 545Pasternak, Burton , 132, 133, 134, 135Patchett, 400Patterden, R., 835Patterson, E., 150, 403, 404, 863, 971Paul, J. C. N., 201Paulus, 321Pause, 808Pechota, Vratislov, 210Peden, E., 894Peerenboom, Randall, 31, 206Peifer, Karl–Nikolaus, 598Pekelis, Alexander H., 776, 824, 884Penvern, 805Perez-Perdomo, Rogelio, 259, 532, 534, 774Perillo, J. M., 150, 317, 357, 537, 708, 747,

778, 974, 978, 990, 993, 994Perlin, M. L., 228Perron, Walter, 856, 857Perrot, Roger, 532, 534, 535, 536Perry–Kessaris, A., 864Perset Reig, M., 350Pes, Luca, 261Pescatore, 78Petchsiri, Apirat, 201, 239Peters, E., E., 751Petersen, Hanne, 253Peterson, Courtland H., 174, 691, 821Petren, S., 205Petronio, Ugo, 432Petzold, H., 444Peyrot, M., 707Pfeifer, 663Pfeiffer, Thomas, 721Pfennigstorf, W., 455, 468, 641, 688Pfund, Peter H., 70, 71, 72

Philastre, 294Philipp, David, 922Phillimore, Sir Walker, 324Photinopoulos, Michael, 340Picker, Colin B., 259Pieck, M., 758, 842Pihlajamaki, Heikki, 205, 909Pincus, Edward, 132, 135Pinto Monteiro, A., 894Pisani, R.L., 56Pistor, Katharina, 14, 242Pizzi, William T., 845, 846, 852, 856, 857Pizzorusso, Alessandro, 524, 852Planel, Philippe G., 95, 127, 253Planiol, Marcel 111, 593, 620, 779, 888, 976Plato, 52Plender, Richard, 228Ploscowe, 808, 831Plotkin, I. H., 931Plotzgen, A. F. M., 615Pocar, Fausto, 713Pocock, John G. A., 382Podgorecki, A., 259Pogany, Istran, 213Polakiewicz, Jorg, 73, 956Polanyi, Michael, 222Polinsky, A. Mitchell, 165Pollaud–Dulian, F. 978Pompidou, 995Pomponius, 319Poole–Griffiths, Fre Le, 835Porrata–Doria Jr., Rafael A., 94Portalis, 386, 595Portemer, Jeau, 382Posner, Richard A., 826, 835, 863, 896Pothier, 246, 361, 387, 389Pound, Roscoe, 41, 65, 237, 594, 595, 618,

685, 863, 867, 868, 869, 974Powell, 926, 927, 932, 974Powell, R. R., 245, 926, 927, 933, 974Powicke, M., 342Pozzo, Barbara, 100Pradi, Andrea, 219Preuı, U., 957Preuss, Ulrich K, 210Pringsheim, 396, 480Pritchard, H. R. S., 695Pritsch, 207Prosser, 993Puchta, 329Pufendorf, Samuel, 116Pugh, G. W., 762, 830, 845Pugsley, D., 321Pupeschi, A., 471Pye, K. A., 55, 829

Qayyim, Ibn, 915Qin, Julia Ya, 31, 36Quaere, 157Queen, Frances, 848, 852Quigley, John, 216, 217, 261Quint, Peter E., 210, 211, 262, 955, 958Quraishi, A., 373

xliv TABLE OF AUTHORS

Rabel, 238, 426Rabelais, 343Rabello, Alfredo M., 400, 480, 991Rabie, 316Radcliffe, 478, 652Radding, Charles M., 322, 631Radin, Max, 185, 238Raffarin, Jean–Pierre, 250Raffi, R., 465Ragland, 776Rahman, Fazlur, 914, 915Raiser, T., 393, 613Rait, Robert S., 383Rajneri, E., 471Raley, G. B., 739Ramseyer, Mark, 269Rancent, Leon, 146Ranger, Terence, 608Rapaczynski, Andrzej, 210Rashba, 571Rashdall, H., 342Rayner, Stephen A., 210Raz, Joseph, 213, 336Razi, 620Re, E. D., 239, 341Redding, Jeffrey A., 378Redman, G. Moreland, 991Reese, W. L. M., 174Regan, 696Rehnquist, JJ., 62, 839Reich, Pauline C., 507, 510, 557, 708, 710,

763, 782, 798, 820Reichel, 965Reichenberg, Kurt, 710, 824Reid, C. J., 359Reid, E., 985, 991Reid, J. P., 244Reid, Kennet, 197Reimann, Mathias, 7, 8, 10, 48, 66, 69, 70, 97,

98, 106, 124, 125, 144, 153, 191, 207, 228,238, 242, 261, 265, 268, 410, 863, 922

Reinicke, G., 988Reinke, 338Reischl, 78Reisman, W. Michael, 141, 144Reitz, J. C., 278, 710, 756, 824Remington, M. J., 537Rengifo Garcıa, E. 991Reske, J., 455Ress, G., 110Reymond, J.-M., 949Reyntjens, F., 264Rheinstein, M., 50, 146, 150, 265, 266, 351,

357, 361, 397, 479, 522, 527, 595, 920, 921Rhode, Deborah L., 696, 946Rice, Condoleezza, 14Richard, J. F., 242Richardson, Grant, 169Richardson, M., 995Riegert, R. A., 361, 688Ries, Peter, 210Riesenfeld, Stefan, 229, 479, 829Riesenfeld, Stefan, 229, 479, 829Riezler, 574, 575

Rigby, Arthur, 135Ripert, George, 111, 593, 620, 779, 863, 888,

976, 978Ristau, B. A., 736Ritterspach, T., 524Rivero, Jean, 539, 540, 542, 543Roberts, C. H., 322Roberts, P., 829, 834, 841Robertson, D. W., 562Robinson, 485Rochemont, R. Du Mesnil de, 938Rock, E., 997Rodiere, R., 239, 462, 474Rodota, Stefano, 429Rodrigues, J. N. Cunha, 83Rodriguez Iglesias, G. C., 81Roebuck, Derek, 195Roemer, 77Rohde, G., 662Rokumoto, K., 639, 648, 653Romano, C. P. R., 847Rosas, A., 83Rose, Carol V., 275Rose–Ackerman, Susan, 168, 169Rosen, D. Toby, 710, 824Rosenberg, 834, 837, 840Rosenn, Keith S., 169, 277, 616, 747Rosenzweig, 196Rosett, Arthur, 912Rosler, H., 957Ross, Jacqueline, 849Rotondi, M., 208, 420, 989Rouhette, G., 707Rouland, Nobert, 71, 95, 127, 253Rover, J.-H., 934Rowell, M. S., 394Royer, Jean Pierre, 323, 631Rudden, 537Rudden, Bernard, 238, 537, 559, 884, 922Rueschemeyer, D., 944Runciman, 848Runciman, Lord, 848Rupp, H. G., 958Rupp-von Brunneck, Wiltraut, 558Ruskola, Teemu, 43, 49, 201, 217Russell, F. F., 201, 202Rutledge, Peter B., 813

Sacco, Rodolfo, 5, 49, 50, 154, 159, 202, 220,221, 222, 227, 237, 241, 254, 261, 637

Sachs, Albie, 197Sachs, Michael, 611Saeed, Abdullah, 913Sah, Monica, 209Sajo, A., 648, 957Saleh, Nabil, 451Saleilles, 864, 978Salgado de Samoza, 338Salmonte, A. B., 178Saltzman, 701Samuels, A., 931Sand, P. H., 239Sandeep, Gopalan , 72Sanders, Joseph, 268, 269

xlvTABLE OF AUTHORS

Sandholtz, Wayne, 168Sandrock, O., 908Sanhuri, 451, 868Santos, B., 253, 683Sarcevic, P., 956Sardan, Jean–Pierre Olivier de, 128, 129, 130Sarfatti, 98, 259Sarkozy, Nicolas, 849Sassani, Bruno, 514, 518Saumarez Smith, Richarda, 204Sauser–Hall, 259Saussy, Haun, 46Sauvel, T., 555, 625Sauveplanne, J. G., 393Savatier, J., 864Savigny, Friedrich Karl von, 66, 361, 405,

608, 869Sawyer, G., 842Saxena, 193Scalia, Antonin, 59, 60, 63, 99, 176Scarman, L., 244Schaar, M., 196Schabas, William A., 73Schack, H., 648, 649Schauer, M., 897Schenck, Perry C., 120Scherer, 476Schervier, Joachim, 158Schick, B. C., 931Schiller, 204Schippel, H. H., 150, 937Schlechtriem, P., 877, 898, 908, 911Schlesinger, Rudolf B., 4, 8, 50, 54, 65, 69, 98,

99, 110, 112, 115, 117, 146, 150, 151, 152,174, 193, 197, 208, 219, 220, 228, 386,390, 397, 420, 435, 484, 554, 561, 578,623, 626, 637, 648, 687, 702, 717, 757,824, 830, 845, 855, 863, 875, 881, 897,898, 906, 908, 970

Schlosser, Peter, 721Schmid, Christoph U., 427Schmidt, F., 624, 625Schmidt, K., 568Schmidt, Reimer, 938Schmitthoff, 72, 242Schneider, C., 62Schneider, E., 751Schnitzer, A. F., 239, 259Schnur, Roman, 381Schoch, M. M., 174Schockweiler, F. A., 81Schoenenberger, 969Schoenrich, Otto, 486, 876Schrage, E. J. H., 359Schroeder, O., 66Schroth, P. W., 228Schubert, G., 178Schulman, S. H., 998Schulte–Nolke, H., 909Schultz, U., 944Schulz, F., 389Schuster, E. J., 874Schwab, D., 954Schwander, I., 743Schwartz, A., 210, 879, 892, 896

Schwartz, Benjamin, 202, 283, 354, 537Schwartz, Herman, 213Schwartz, I., 900Schwarze, Jurgen, 382Schwarzer, W. W., 493, 524Schwebel, S. M., 970Schwenk, 829, 854Schwenzer, Ingeborg, 7, 911Scoles, E., 729Scott, 185Scott, C. A., 976Scott, Joan W., 455, 993Scott, R. E., 892, 896Scupin, Hans U., 382Seat, T. C., 322Sebok, A. J., 455, 993Sedler, R. A., 201, 202Seerden, R. J. G. H., 537Sefton–Green, Ruth, 100, 108, 430Seidman, 266Selassie, Haile, 201, 202, 254Sellers, 663Selvaggi, Eugenio, 852Sen, Sun Yat, 869Sendler, 805Seneca, 245Seneviratne, M., 531Senghor, 869Sepulveda, 348Serini, 858Serra Dominguez, Manuel, 482, 616Serra, Antonio T., 345, 616Serrano, Antonio, 616Sessarego, C.F., 991Setalvad, M. C., 240Sfeir, George N., 203Shahabuddeen, M., 325Shakespeare, William, 154Shaley, G., 198Shanhuri, Al, 429Shaoqi, Liu, 309Shapira, Amos, 198Shapiro, David L., 516Shapiro, I., 167Shapiro, Martin, 107, 955Sharlet, R., 172Sharma, K. M., 194Shattuck, 200Shavell, Steven, 165, 879Sheehan, A. V., 830, 856, 858Shick, R. P., 872Shimin, Li, 296Shingleton, A. Bradley, 210Shirley, Mary M., 274Shleifer, Andrei, 267, 863Shmid, Christoph, 152Shultz, U., 637, 648, 649Sibbitt, Eric C., 199Sibree, J., 44Siches, Recasens, 191, 487Sicure, Regole, 146Siddiqi, 916Sidel, Mark, 273Sidhu, K. S., 193Siegrist, Hannes, 633

xlvi TABLE OF AUTHORS

Siehr, K., 394, 910Siemer, S., 652Siklova, Jirina, 211Silberman, Linda, 709, 713Silva de Lapuerta, R., 83Silvestri, Elisabetta, 756Silving, H., 758, 775, 854Simon, R., 61Simons, William B., 212Sin, King-kui, 195Singh, M. P., 537Sirat, A. S., 203Sisneros, E. Z., 741Skouris, V., 83Slobogin, C., 61Slynn, Gordon, 81Smit, Hans, 786, 828, 970Smith, D. G., 472Smith, D. N., 194Smith, Gordon B., 212Smith, H. E., 922Smith, Lionel, 100, 160Smith, Malcolm D. H., 199Smith, T. B., 197, 229, 400, 402, 620Smits, J., 879, 909Smout, T. C., 345Smythe, D. J., 971, 972Snee, J. M., 829Sneed, J., 64Snijders, H. J., 662, 663Snyder, F., 245, 254, 264Snyder, J., 877Soell, H., 622Solender, E. K., 455Sommerich, O. C., 921Song, Sang Hyun, 196, 200, 671Song, SH, 671Sonnen, B. R., 955Sonnenberger, H. J., 932Sono, K., 991Soper, J., 62Southern, D. B., 211Spada, Paolo, 432Spencer, J., 63, 831Spinosi, 881Spinoza, 345Spiret, J. E., 741Sprovieri, Luis E., 709Stadler, A., 909Stammler, 286Stamphli, Berne, 390Starck, B., 475Staudinger, 574, 575, 576Steadman, J. M., 420Stebbins, Chantal, 619Stecher, K., 921Steefel, E. C., 564Steifel, Ernst C., 66, 710, 749, 824, 938Stein, Eric, 240, 243, 244, 391, 524Stein, Peter G., 66, 238, 323, 631, 880Steiner, J., 89Stelling–Michaud, 334Stephen III, Paul B., 209Stephens, Thomas, 43Stern, Rachel, 194

Stevens, C. R., 199Stevens, J., 57Stewart, J., 842Stiefel, Ernst. C., 66, 710, 749, 824, 938Stoehr, Carolyn S., 829Stolleis, Michael, 382Stoller, Paul, 127Stollmann, F., 555Stone, A., 528Stone, Bailey, 633Stone, H. F., 578Stone, J., 577Storme, M. E., 873Storme, Marcel, 712, 713, 764, 794, 795Storme, Matthias E., 873Story, Joseph, 65, 66, 396Stotzky, I. P., 55Stourzh, Gerald, 382Strange, Susan, 3Straus, M., 774Strauss, Gerald, 632Street, Harry, 541 545Stromholm, 701Strong, J. W., 757, 807, 828, 840, 857Stults, R., 208Sturm, F., 932Sturner, Rolf, 71, 491, 494, 501, 503, 504,

507, 508, 510, 530, 532, 533, 687, 689,697, 707, 708, 713, 723, 749, 763, 766,780, 782, 798, 805, 819, 820, 821, 823,826,

Sugarman, S., 641, 642Suleyman, Ezra N., 632Summers, C. W., 244Summers, Robert S., 116, 151, 228, 437, 579,

615, 907Sun, Yat-sen, 301, 302Sundberg, J. W. F., 205Sunstein, Cass, 557, 579Swain, F., 439Swan, A. C., 55Swart, Bert 847Sweet, J., 578, 887, 897, 906Swenson, 245Symeonides, Symeon, 246, 743Sypnowich, Christine, 213Szabo, I., 208Szladits, Charles, 160, 381, 561, 878, 880

Taagepera, Rein, 168Taelman, Piet, 708Taggart, M., 974Takaishi, Y., 745Takayanagi, 199Tallon, D., 874, 877, 880, 883, 884, 888, 899,

907, 910, 979, 988Tamanaha, Brian Z., 38, 213, 254, 272Tambiah, 400Tamm, Ditlev, 146Tan, Carol G. S., 192Tanaka, Hideo, 199, 666Taniguchi, Yasuhei, 507, 510, 557, 708, 709,

710, 763, 782, 798, 820Tanner, R. E. S., 156, 266

xlviiTABLE OF AUTHORS

Tappy, D., 949Taruffo, Michele, 71, 502, 503, 508, 555, 709,

713, 743, 763, 764, 786, 798, 819, 991Tata C., 843Tedeschi, G., 198, 400Teitel, Ruti G., 6Teitz, Louise E., 743Temin, Peter, 146Ter Haar, 204Terre, F., 463, 979Teske, Jr., Raymond, 857Tetley, William, 247Teubner, Gunther, 254, 264Thaman, Stephen C., 243, 832, 847, 849, 850Thayer, Carlye A., 273Thayer, J. B., 827Theodoro Jr., Humberto, 798Thery, P., 533Thibaut, Anton Friedrich Justus, 405Thieffry, P., 472Thieme, Hans, 481, 635Thomann, F. H., 758Thome, J. R., 169Thompson, Winfred Lee, 196Thurman, D., 908Tille, A. A., 208Tillema, A. J. P., 421, 422Tiller, 758Tillers, Peter, 834Timmermans, C. W. A., 83Tindall, 318Tocqueville, Alexis de, 52, 67, 671Todd, S., 455Tomatsu, F., 745Tomatsu, H., 199Tomlinson, Edward A., 461, 830Torello, Luis, 712Torr, Dona, 45Torsello, M., 880, 881,Toyohisa Isobe, 822Trakman, L. E., 196, 971Traynor, Roger J., 578, 842Trebilcock, M., 892Tremml, B., 689Trias Monge, Jose, 247Tribonianus, 311, 321, 330, 343Tricot, M., 994Triomphe, 805Tripathi, Pradyumna K., 194Trocker, Nicolo, 501, 505, 508, 510, 712, 714,

763, 769Trouille, Helen, 849Trubek, David M., 38, 40, 271, 275, 276, 683Tschani, R., 420Tucker, 246Tumanov, V. A., 261Tunc, Andre, 462, 465, 466, 473, 474, 477,

507, 557, 620Tunc, Suzanne, 620Turpin, C. C., 545Twigg–Flesner, C., 89, 946Twining, William, 3, 228

Uitz, R., 957Ujejski, Tomasz, 195

Ulen, T. S., 648, 879, 886, 892Ulpian, 245, 310, 313, 319, 321, 381, 630Unberath, H., 457, 906, 955, 957, 958, 971,

987, 988Upham, Frank K., 31, 199, 269, 648Uzair, 916, 917

Vacarius, 342Van Alystyne, 403Van Boom, W. H., 455Van Caenegem, R. C., 238, 339, 709Van Dam, C., 457, 461, 468Van de Kerchov, Michel, 359Van Den Horst, M. H. J., 197Van den Wyngaert, C., 831Van der Graef, I. P. F., 382Van der Keessel, 620Van Der Linden, Jacques, 5, 201, 202, 329Van der Merwe, C., 921Van Doorn, Ph., 472Van Ee, D., 401Van Erp, S., 850, 855Van Gerven, 468Van Kessel, G., 843, 846Van Leeuwen, 329, 620Van Patten, J. K., 981Van Reenen, T. P., 259, 400Van Rhee, C. H., 709, 773Van Voorhis, J., 172Van Warmelo, 315Vance, 185Varady, Tibor, 164, 217Varano, Vincenzo, 501, 502, 505, 508, 510,

690, 709, 712, 714, 763, 769Vargas, Jorge A., 191, 867, 873Varinard, Andre, 532, 534, 535, 536, 798Vassopoulou, V., 649Vaughn, 245, 748Vazquez Alfaro, J. L., 536Vazquez Bote, E., 932Veljanovski, C. G., 896Vescovi, Enrique, 712, 747Vesey–Fitzgerald, S. G., 363Vidal, D., 104Vidmar, Neil, 832, 833Vigoriti, Vincenzo, 506, 524, 701, 702Villamor, J. J., 189Vincent Heuze, 743Vincent, Jean, 532, 534, 535, 536, 798Viney, G., 105, 456, 978, 982, 986Vinnius, 329, 350, 620Vishny, Robert, 267Visser, D., 197, 344, 345Vitu, A., 858Vliet, R. Dale, 401Voet, Johannes, 318, 329, 620Vogenauer, Stefan, 709Vogler, R., 830, 831Volken, P., 956Volpp, Leti, 46, 132, 136, 141Von Bahr, S., 83Von Bar, Ch., 457, 461, 468, 471, 954, 957,

977

xlviii TABLE OF AUTHORS

Von Borries, R., 50von Buren, 755Von Eyben, 205von Falkenhausen, B., 564Von Hulsen, H. V., 110Von Mehren, Arthur T., 823, 875, 879, 883Von Overbeck, A. E., 484, 998Von Planta, A., 420Von Repgow, Eike, 352Von Szladits, 400Von Wangenheim, G., 892Vyshinsky, 215, 216, 306

Waal, C. J. D., 329Wacks, Raymond, 195, 995Wade, H. W. R., 974Waelde, Thomas W., 212Wagner, Gerhard, 72Wagner, W. J., 150, 207, 208, 597Wahl, E., 98, 622Waibl, K., 170Walder, H. U., 438Waline, Jean, 539, 540, 542, 543Waline, Marcel, 542, 543Wallace, D., 200Wallach, Kate, 246Walter, Gerhard, 501, 505, 510, 763Walter, S., 856Walton, Frederick P., 386, 548, 875, 883, 978Wang, Z., 663Warburg, Gabriel R., 194Ward, P., 993Warren, C., 638Warren, J., 176, 830, 842Watanabe, Kazuo, 715Watson, Alan, 38, 153, 223, 237, 238, 240,

241, 248, 254, 314, 316, 319, 321, 392, 400Watt, Horatia Muir, 8, 97Weatherill, S., 89Weber, Max, 45, 46, 241, 264, 275, 276, 288,

380Wechsler, Herbert, 516Weeks, J. K., 995Weeramantry, L. G., 400, 577Weigend, Thomas, 831, 845, 846, 852Weinberger, O., 336Weinreb, L. L., 845Weinsheimer, Joel, 44Weinstein, Jack B., 545, 759, 828,Weintraub, R., 717Weir, J. A., 980Weir, Tony, 10, 50, 112, 153, 205, 221, 243,

259, 361, 390, 879, 934Weisbrot, D., 194Weiskopf, N. R., 971Weissbrodt, David, 64Welch, 915Welchman, Lynn, 203Welser, 105Wendler, M., 689Wenger, L., 555Werro, Franz, 100, 108, 390, 461Wesley–Smith, Peter, 194, 195

Wessels, J. W., 197West, Andrew, 849Westlake, John, 234Weston, Burns H. , 117Wetter, J.G., 554, 624Weyrauch, Walter Otto, 136, 141, 554, 953Wheeler, S., 259Whelan, C. J., 244, 259White, James J., 151, 437, 838White, Stephen, 209Whitman, James Q., 229, 343, 353, 846Whittaker, Simon, 100, 107, 115, 548, 970Whittington, Keith E., 261Wickersham, W. G., 202Wieacker, Franz, 205, 268, 361, 390, 864Wiegand, Wolfgang, 68, 679Wieland, 997Wierzbowsky, M., 552Wigmore, John Henry, 175, 783, 758, 807Wilhelm, 106Wilhelmsson, T., 427, 910Will, M., 468, 470Willard, R. E., 981Willging, Thomas E., 807, 808Williams, Glanville, 644, 646Williams, J. H., 829Williston, 53, 878, 907, 942, 945Wilner, G. M., 203Winship, Peter, 71, 151, 877, 897Wisdom, J., 65, 390, 391, 554, 578Wise, Edward M., 55, 71, 115, 240, 244, 519,

619, 842, 847Witte, Bruno De, 87, 425Wittfogel, Karl A., 45Wittman, R., 955Wohl, R. H., 652Wolf, Eric, 64Wolff, J., 56Wolff, M., 240, 259, 393, 926, 974Wolfram, C. W., 636, 638, 646, 942, 946, 947Woodley, S., 471Woodman, Gordon R., 253Woods, L., 89Woodside, Alexander, 282Woolf, Lord, 803, 804, 806, 808Wright, Charles A., 509, 516, 526Wurfel, J., 503Wyduckel, Dietev, 381

Xu, Wang, 34

Yadin, U., 198, 897Yale, W., 265Yang, Kun, 525Yaocan, Jingji, 34Yessiou–Faltsi, Pelaya, 503, 504, 506, 514,

523, 686, 708, 764, 798, 820Yiannopoulos, A. N., 229, 246, 247, 340, 431,

588, 921, 990, 991Yntema, Hessel E., 154Ynzonides, M., 662, 663Yoon, Dae–Kyu, 269Yoshida, I., 894Young, Lawrence A., 278

xlixTABLE OF AUTHORS

Young, M. K., 199, 269, 991, 992Ypsilantis, Alexander, 340Yuille, 696, 701Yusuf, Abu, 368

Zagaris, B., 55Zahle, Henrik, 253Zajtay, I., 202, 239, 400, 625, 796Zaphiriou, George A., 70, 244Zarin, Don, 55Zart, I.W., 3Zedillo, Ernesto, 191Zedner, Lucia, 848Zeisel, 832Zekoll, Joachim, 410, 419, 922Zemach, Y. S., 198Zemans, F. H., 642, 696, 701Zepos. 70, 238, 424

Zeuner, A., 818Zevenbergen, J., 932Zhang, Yong, 541Zhiltsoy, A. N., 212Ziadeh. F. J., 204Zietz, Hedwig, 921Zile, Z. L., 172Zimmermann, Reinhard, 7, 8, 10, 66, 69, 70,

87, 97, 98, 100, 107, 115, 124, 125, 144,146, 153, 191, 197, 207, 228, 238, 242,261, 265, 268, 325, 326, 343, 344, 400,425, 426, 444, 620, 863, 880, 910, 970, 971

Zipursky, B. C., 993Zollers, F., 472Zuckerman, Adrian, 687, 691, 709, 712Zunz, Olivier, 66Zweigert, K., 10, 50, 112, 153, 221, 259, 509,

548, 818, 879, 880, 898, 899, 970, 998

*