Cologne is Germany’s Fourth-largest City

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Cologne

This article is about the German city. For the perfume,see Eau de Cologne. For other uses, see Cologne(disambiguation)andKln (disambiguation).

Cologne(English pronunciation:/klon/,German: Kln[kln] ( ), Colognian: Klle [k] ( )) is Ger-manys fourth-largest city (after Berlin, Hamburg, andMunich), and is the largest city both in the GermanFederal State ofNorth Rhine-Westphaliaand within theRhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the major Euro-

pean metropolitan areas with more than ten million in-habitants.

Cologne is located on both sides of theRhineRiver. Thecitys famousCologne Cathedral(Klner Dom) is the seatof theCatholic Archbishop of Cologne. TheUniversityof Cologne(Universitt zu Kln) is one of Europes oldestand largest universities.[2]

Cologne was founded and established in the first cen-tury AD, as theRomanColonia Claudia Ara Agrippinen-siuminUbiiterritory.[3] It was the capital of the Romanprovince of Germania Inferiorand the headquarters ofthe military in the region until occupied by theFranksin462. During theMiddle Agesit flourished as one of themost important majortrade routesbetween east and westin Europe. Cologne was one of the leading members oftheHanseatic Leagueand one of the largest cities northof theAlpsin medieval and renaissance times. Up untilWorld War II the city had undergone several other occu-pations by the French and also the British. Cologne wasone of themost heavily bombed citiesin Germany dur-ing World War II. The bombing reduced the populationby 95% and destroyed almost the entire city. With theintention of restoring as many historic buildings as possi-ble, therebuilding hasresulted in a very mixed andunique

cityscape.Cologne is a major cultural centre for the Rhineland; itis home to more than thirty museums and hundreds ofgalleries. Exhibitions range from local ancient Romanarcheological sites to contemporary graphics and sculp-ture. TheCologne Trade Fairhosts a number of tradeshowssuch asArt Cologne,imm Cologne,Gamescom,and thePhotokina.

1 History

Main article:History of CologneSee also:Timeline of Cologne

1.1 Roman Cologne

The first urban settlement on the grounds of modern-dayCologne was Oppidum Ubiorum, founded in 38 BC bytheUbii, aCisrhenian Germanic tribe. In 50 AD, theRomans founded Colonia on theRhine[3] and the city be-came the provincial capital of Germania Inferiorin 85

AD.

[4]

The city was named "Colonia Claudia Ara Agrip-pinensium" in 50 AD.[4] Considerable Roman remainscan be found in present-day Cologne, especially near thewharf area, where a notable discovery of a 1900-year-old Roman boat was made in late 2007.[5] From 260 to271 Cologne was the capital of the Gallic Empireun-der Postumus, Marius, and Victorinus. In 310 underConstantinea bridge was built over the Rhine at Cologne.Roman imperial governors resided in the city and it be-came one of the most important trade and productioncentres in the Roman Empire north of the Alps.[3]

Maternus, who was elected as bishop in 313, was the first

known bishop of Cologne. The city was the capital of aRoman province until occupied by theRipuarian Franksin 462. Parts of the original Roman sewers are preservedunderneath the city, with the new sewerage system havingopening in 1890.

1.2 Middle Ages

Early medieval Cologne was part ofAustrasiawithin theFrankish Empire. Cologne had been the seat of a bishopsince the Roman period; under Charlemagne, in 795,bishopHildeboldwas promoted toarchbishop.[3]

In 953, the archbishops of Cologne first gained notewor-thy secular power, when bishopBrunowas appointed asduke by his brother EmperorOtto I. In order to weakenthe secular nobility, who threatened his power, Otto en-dowed Bruno and his successors on the bishops see withthe prerogatives of secular princes, thus establishing theElectorate of Cologne, formed by the temporal posses-sions of the archbishopric and included in the end a stripof territory along the left Bank of the Rhine east of Jlich,as well as theDuchy of Westphaliaon the other side ofthe Rhine, beyondBergand Mark. By the end of the12th century, the Archbishop of Cologne was one of the

seven electors of the Holy Roman Emperor. Besides be-ing prince elector, he was Arch-chancellor of Italyas well,technically from 1238 and permanently from 1263 until

1
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2 1 HISTORY

1803.

Following the Battle of Worringen in 1288, Colognegained its independence from the archbishops and be-came a Free City. Archbishop Sigfried II von Westerburgwas forced into exile inBonn.[6] The archbishop never-

theless preserved the right of capital punishment. Thusthe municipal council (though in strict political opposi-tion towards the archbishop) depended upon him in allmatters concerning criminal justice. This included tor-ture, which sentence was only allowed to be handed downby the episcopal judge, the so-called Greve. This legalsituation lasted until the French conquest of Cologne.

Besides its economic and political significance Colognealso became an important centre of medieval pilgrimage,when Colognes ArchbishopRainald of Dasselgave therelics of theThree Wise Mento Colognes cathedral in1164 (after they in fact had been captured fromMilan).

Besides the three magi Cologne preserves the relics ofSaint UrsulaandAlbertus Magnus.[7]

Colognes location on the river Rhine placed it at the in-tersection of the major trade routes between east and westand was the basis of Colognes growth. By 1300 the citypopulation were 50,000.[8] Cologne was a member of theHanseatic Leaguein 1475, whenFrederick IIIconfirmedthe citys imperial immediacy.[3]

Cologne around 1411

1.3 Early modern history

The economic structures of medieval and early modernCologne were characterized by the citys status as a majorharbour and transport hub upon the Rhine. Craftsman-

ship was organized by self-administering guilds, some ofwhich were exclusive to women.

As a free city Cologne was a sovereign state within theHoly Roman Empire and as such had the right (and obli-gation) to maintain its own military force. Wearing ared uniform these troops were known as theRote Funken(red sparks). These soldiers were part of the Army ofthe Holy Roman Empire (Reichskontingent) and foughtin the wars of the 17th and 18th century, including thewars against revolutionary France, when the small forcewas almost completely wiped out in combat. The tradi-tion of these troops is preserved as a military persiflageby Colognes most outstanding carnival society, the RoteFunken.[9]

The free city of Cologne must not be confused with the

Archbishopric of Colognewhich was a state of its ownwithin theHoly Roman Empire. Since the second halfof the 16th century the archbishops were taken from theBavariandynastyWittelsbach. Due to the free status ofCologne, the archbishops were usually not allowed to en-ter the city. Thus they took up residence in Bonn and later

inBrhlon the Rhine. As members of an influential andpowerful family and supported by their outstanding statusaselectors, the archbishops of Cologne repeatedly chal-lenged and threatened the free status of Cologne duringthe 17th and 18th century, resulting in complicated af-fairs, which were handled by diplomatic means and pro-paganda as well as by the supreme courts of the Holy Ro-man Empire.

1.4 From the 19th century until WorldWar II

Cologne lost its status as afree cityduring the French pe-riod. According to the PeaceTreaty of Lunville(1801)all the territories of theHoly Roman Empireon the leftbank of the Rhine were officially incorporated into theFrench Republic(which had already occupied Cologne in1794). Thus this region later became part ofNapoleonsEmpire. Cologne was part of the FrenchDpartementRoer(named after the River Roer, German: Rur) withAachen (French: Aix-la-Chapelle) as its capital. TheFrench modernized public life, for example by introduc-ing theNapoleonic codeand removing the old elites from

power. TheNapoleonic coderemained in use on theleft bank of the Rhine until 1900, when a unified civilcode (theBrgerliches Gesetzbuch) was introduced in theGerman Empire. In 1815 at theCongress of Vienna,Cologne was made part of theKingdom of Prussia, firstin the Jlich-Cleves-Berg provinceand then the Rhineprovince.

The permanent tensions between the Roman CatholicRhineland and the overwhelmingly Protestant Prussianstate repeatedly escalated with Cologne being in the fo-cus of the conflict. In 1837 the archbishop of Cologne,Clemens August von Droste-Vischering, was arrested

and imprisoned for two years after a dispute over thelegal status of marriages between Protestants and Ro-man Catholics (Mischehenstreit). In 1874, during theKulturkampf, ArchbishopPaul Melcherswas imprisonedbefore taking refuge in the Netherlands. These conflictsalienated the Catholic population from Berlin and con-tributed to a deeply felt anti-Prussian resentment, whichwas still significant after World War II, when the formermayor of Cologne, Konrad Adenauer, became the firstWest German chancellor.

During the 19th and 20th centuries, Cologne absorbednumerous surrounding towns, and by World War I had

already grown to 700,000 inhabitants. Industrializationchanged the city and spurred its growth. Vehicle andengine manufacturing were especially successful, though
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1.5 World War II 3

heavy industry was less ubiquitous than in theRuhr area.Thecathedral, started in 1248 but abandoned around1560, was eventually finished in 1880 not just as a placeof worship but also as a German national monument cele-brating the newly foundedGerman empireand the conti-nuity of the German nation since the Middle Ages. Some

of this urban growth occurred at the expense of the cityshistoric heritage with much being demolished (for exam-ple, the city walls or the area around the cathedral) andsometimes replaced by present-day buildings.

Cologne was designated as one of theFortresses of theGerman Confederation.[10] It was turned into a heav-ily armed fortress (opposing the French and Belgianfortresses ofVerdunandLige) with two fortified beltssurrounding the city, the remains of which can be seen tothis day.[11] The military demands on what became Ger-manys largest fortress presented a significant obstacle tourban development, with forts, bunkers, and wide defen-

sive dugouts completely encircling the city and prevent-ing expansion; this resulted in a very dense built-up areawithin the city itself.

DuringWorld War ICologne was the target of severalbut minor air raids and survived the hostilities withoutsignificant damage. Until 1926 Cologne was occupiedby theBritish Army of the Rhineunder the terms of thearmistice and the subsequentVersailles Peace Treaty.[12]

Contrary to the harsh measures taken by French occupa-tion troops, the British acted with more tact towards thelocal population. The mayor of Cologne from 1917 until1933 and future West German chancellor Konrad Ade-

nauer acknowledged the political impact of this approach,especially that the British had opposed French plans for apermanent Allied occupation of the Rhineland.

As part of the de-militarization of the Rhineland thefortifications had to be dismantled. This was taken asan opportunity to create two green belts (Grngrtel)around the city by converting the fortifications and theirclear fields of fire into large public parks. However,this project was not completed until 1933. In 1919 theUniversity of Cologne, closed by the French in 1798, wasrefounded. This re-foundation was considered a replace-ment for the loss of the German University of Strasbourg,

which reverted to France with therest of Alsace. Cologneprospered during theWeimar Republic (191933) andprogress was made especially with respect to public gov-ernance, city planning, housing and social affairs. Socialhousing projects were considered exemplary and copiedby other German cities. As Cologne competed for host-ing the Olympics a modern sports stadium was erectedat Mngersdorf. When the British occupation ended, theprohibition of civil aviation was removed and CologneButzweilerhof Airportsoon became a hub for nationaland international air trafficsecond in Germany only toBerlin Tempelhof Airport.

The democratic parties lost the local elections in Colognein March 1933 to the Nazi Party and other right wing par-

ties. ThereafterCommunistas well asSocial Democratsmembers of the city assembly were imprisoned andMayor Adenauer was dismissed by the new holdersof power. However, compared to other major cities,the Nazis never gained decisive support in Cologne(significantly, the number of votes cast for the Nazi

Party in Reichstag elections had always been the na-tional average.[13][14] By 1939 the population had risento 772,221 inhabitants.

1.5 World War II

The devastation of Cologne, 1945

During World War II, Cologne was a Military AreaCommand Headquarters (Militrbereichshauptkomman-

doquartier) for the Military District (Wehrkreis) VIof Mnster. Cologne was under the command ofLieutenant-General Freiherr Roeder von Diersburg,who was responsible for military operations in Bonn,Siegburg, Aachen, Jlich, Dren, and Monschau.Cologne was home to the 211th Infantry Regiment andthe 26th Artillery Regiment.

During the Bombing of Cologne in World War II,Cologne endured 262 air raids[15] by the WesternAllies,which caused approximately 20,000 civilian casualtiesand almost completely wiped out the centre of the city.During the night of 31 May 1942, Cologne was the tar-

get of "Operation Millennium", the first 1,000 bomberraid by the Royal Air Force in World War II. 1,046heavy bombers attacked their target with 1,455 tonsof explosives, approximately two-thirds of which wereincendiary.[16] This raid lasted about 75 minutes, de-stroyed 600 acres (243 ha) of built-up area, killed 486civilians and made 59,000 people homeless. By the endof the war, the population of Cologne had been reducedby 95 percent. This loss was mainly caused by a mas-sive evacuation of the people to more rural areas. Thesame happened in many other German cities in the lasttwo years of war. By the end of 1945, however, the pop-ulation had already recovered to approximately 500,000.

By the end of the war, essentially all of Colognes pre-warJewishpopulation of 11,000 had been deported or
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4 2 GEOGRAPHY

killed by the Nazis.[17] The six synagogues of the citywere destroyed. Thesynagogue on Roonstraewas re-built in 1959.[18]

1.6 Post-war Cologne until today

Cologne, seen from theInternational Space Station

Despite Colognes status as the largest city in the re-gion, nearbyDsseldorfwas chosen as the political cap-ital of the federated state ofNorth Rhine-Westphalia.WithBonnbeing chosen as the provisional capital (provi-sorische Bundeshauptstadt) and seat of the government ofthe Federal Republic of Germany (then informallyWest

Germany), Cologne benefited by being sandwiched be-tween two important political centres. The city becameand still is home to a number of federal agencies and or-ganizations. After reunification in 1990, Berlin was madethe capital of Germany.

In 1945 architect and urban planner Rudolf Schwarzcalled Cologne the worlds greatest heap of rubble.Schwarz designed the master plan of reconstruction in1947, which called for the construction of several newthoroughfares through the downtown area, especially theNord-Sd-Fahrt(North-South-Drive). The master plantook into consideration the fact that even shortly after the

war a large increase in automobile traffic could be an-ticipated. Plans for new roads had already, to a certaindegree, evolved under the Nazi administration, but the

actual construction became easier in times when the ma-jority of downtown lots were undeveloped.

The destruction of 95% of the city centre including thefamousTwelve Romanesque churcheslike St. Gereon,Great St. Martin,St. Maria im Kapitoland several other

monuments in World War II meant a tremendous loss ofcultural treasures. The rebuilding of those churches andother landmarks like the Grzenich event hall was notundisputed among leading architects and art historiansat that time, but in most cases, civil intention prevailed.The reconstruction lasted until the 1990s, when the Ro-manesque church ofSt. Kunibertwas finished.

In 1959, the citys population reached pre-war numbersagain. It then grew steadily, exceeding 1 million for aboutone year from 1975. It has remained just below that untilmid-2010, when it exceeded 1 million again.

Cologne in 2013

1.7 Post-reunification

In the 1980s and 1990s Colognes economy prospered fortwo main reasons. Firstly, a growth in the number of me-dia companies, both in the private andpublic sectors; theyare especially catered for in the newly developed MediaPark, which creates a strongly visual focal point in theCologne town centre and includes theKlnTurm, one ofColognes most prominent high-rise buildings. Secondly,a permanent improvement of the diverse traffic infras-tructure made Cologne one of the most easily accessiblemetropolitan areas in Central Europe.

Due to the economic success of theCologne Trade Fair,the city arranged a large extension to the fair site in 2005.At the same time the original buildings, which date backto the 1920s are rented out to RTL, Germanys largestprivate broadcaster, as their new corporate headquarters.

2 Geography

The metropolitan area encompasses over 405 square kilo-metres (156 square miles), extending around a centre-

point that lies at 50 56' 33 latitude and 6 57' 32 lon-gitude. The citys highest point is 118 m (387.1 ft)above sea level (the Monte Troodelh) and its lowest
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point is 37.5 m (123.0 ft) above sea level (theWorringerBruch).[19] The city of Cologne lies within the larger areaof theCologne Lowland, a cone-shaped area of south-eastern Westphalia that lies betweenBonn,AachenandDsseldorf.

2.1 Districts

Main article:Districts of Cologne

Cologne is subdivided into 9 districts (Stadtbezirke) and85 city parts (Stadtteile):[20]

2.2 Climate

Cologne is one of the warmest cities in Germany. It hasatemperateoceanicclimate with relatively mild wintersand warm summers. It is also one of the gloomiest citiesin Germany, with just 1427 hours of sun a year. Its aver-age annual temperature is 10.3 C (51 F): 14.8 C (59F) during the day and 5.8 C (42 F) at night. In January,the mean temperature is 2.6 C (37 F), while the meantemperature in July is 18.8 C (66 F). Precipitation isspread evenly throughout the year.

2.3 Flood protection

The 1930 flood in Cologne

Cologne is regularly affected by flooding from theRhine and is considered the most flood-prone Euro-pean city.[22] A city agency (StadtentwsserungsbetriebeKln,[23] Cologne Urban Drainage Operations) man-ages an extensive flood control system which includesboth permanent and mobileflood walls, protection fromrising waters for buildings close to the river banks,monitoring and forecasting systems, pumping stations

and programs to create or protect floodplains, and riverembankments.[22][24] The system was redesigned after a1993 flood, which resulted in heavy damage.[22]

3 Demographics

Main article:Demographics of Cologne

In the Roman Empire the city was large and rich with an

population of 40,000 in 100200 AD.[25] The city washome to around 20,000 people in 1000 AD, growing to50,000 in 1200 AD. TheRhinelandmetropolis still had50,000 residents in 1300 AD.[8][26]

Cologne is the fourth-largest city in Germany in terms ofinhabitants afterBerlin,HamburgandMunich. As of 30June 2011, there were officially 1,010,269 residents.[27]

Cologne is the centre of theCologne/Bonn Regionwitharound 3 million inhabitants (including the neighbouringcities ofBonn,Hrth,Leverkusen, andBergisch Glad-bach).

According to local statistics, in 2006, the population den-

sity in the city was 2,528 inhabitants per square kilome-tre. 31.4 percent of the population has migrated there,and 17.2 percent of Colognes population is non-German.The largest group, comprising 6.3 percent of the totalpopulation, is Turkish.[28] As of September 2007, thereare about 120,000 Muslims living in Cologne, mostly ofTurkish origin.[29] Cologne also has the oldest and one ofthe largest Jewish communities in Germany.[30]

In the city the population was spread out with 15.5% un-der the age of 18, 67.0% from 18 to 64 and 17.4% whowere 65 years of age or older.[31]

4 Government

See also:Cologne City Hall

The citys administration is headed by themayorand thethree deputy mayors.Jrgen Rotersof theSocial Demo-cratic Partyhas been mayor since 20 October 2009.[33]

4.1 Political traditions and developments

The long tradition of a free imperial city, which longdominated an exclusively Catholic population and theage-old conflict between the church and the bourgeoisie(and within it between the patricians and craftsmen) hascreated its own political climate in Cologne. Various in-terest groups often form the basis of societal socializa-tion and therefore beyond party boundaries. The result-ing network of relationships, with political, economic,and cultural links with each other in a system of mu-tual favors, obligations and dependencies, is called theCologne coterie. This has often led to an unusual pro-

portional distribution in the city government and degen-erated at times into corruption: in 1999, a waste scandalover kickbacks and illegal campaign contributions came
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rotershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_City_Hallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbachhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergisch_Gladbachhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverkusenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne/Bonn_Regionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munichhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinelandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_wallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatenesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Lowlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worringer_Bruchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worringer_Bruch


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6 7 TOURISM

to light, which led not only to the imprisonment of the en-trepreneur Hellmut Trienekens, but also to the downfallof almost the entire leadership staff of the ruling SocialDemocrats.

4.2 Mayor

TheLord Mayor of Cologne is Jrgen Roters of the SocialDemocratic Party. As the joint candidate of the SPD andthe Greens, he received 54.67% of the vote on 30 August2009 at the municipal election. He has been Lord Mayorsince 21 October 2009.

4.3 Elections

City Councillors are elected for a five-year term and theMayor has a six-year term.[34]

4.4 Make-up of city council

5 Cityscape

Panoramic view of the city centre at night as seenfromDeutz; from left to right: Deutz Bridge, Great St.Martin Church,Cologne Cathedral,Hohenzollern Bridge

The inner city of Cologne was completely destroyed dur-ing World War II. The reconstruction of the city followedthe style of the 1950s, while respecting the old layout andnaming of the streets. Thus, the city today is character-ized by simple and modest post-war buildings, with fewinterspersed pre-war buildings which were reconstructeddue to their historical importance. Some buildings of theWiederaufbauzeit (era of reconstruction), for examplethe opera house byWilhelm Riphahn, are nowadays re-garded as classics of modern architecture. Nevertheless,the uncompromising style of theCologne Operahouseand other modern buildings has remained controversial.

Green areas account for over a quarter of Cologne whichis approximately 75 m2 (807.29 sq ft) of public greenspace for every citizen of the city.[36]

6 Wildlife

The presence of animals in Cologne is generally limitedto insects, small rodents, and several species of birds.Pigeonsare the most often seen animals in Cologne, al-though the number of birds are augmented each year by agrowing population offeralexotics, most visiblyparrotssuch as the rose-ringed Parakeet. The sheltered climate insoutheast Westphalia allowsthese birds to survive throughthe winter, and in some cases they are displacing nativespecies. The plumage of Colognesgreen parrots is highlyvisible even from a distance, andcontrasts starkly with theotherwise muted colors of the cityscape.[37]

7 Tourism

Cologne had 4.31 million overnight stays booked and2.38 million arrivals in 2008.[20] The city also has themost pubs per capita in Germany.[38] The city has 70clubs, countless bars, restaurants, and pubs.[38]

7.1 Landmarks

7.1.1 Churches

Cologne Cathedral (German: Klner Dom) is thecitys most famous monument and the Cologne res-

idents most respected landmark. It is a Gothicchurch, started in 1248, and completed in 1880. In1996, it was designated a World Heritage site; ithouses theShrine of the Three Kings, which sup-posedly contains therelicsof theThree Magi(seealso[39]). Residents of Cologne sometimes refer tothe cathedral as the eternal construction site (dieewige Baustelle).

Twelve Romanesque churches: These buildings areoutstanding examples of medieval church architec-ture. The origins of some of the churches go backas far as Roman times, for example St. Gereon,

which was originally a chapel in a Roman grave-yard. With the exception of St. Maria Lyskirchenall of these churches were very badly damaged dur-ing World War II. Reconstruction was only finishedin the 1990s.

Cologne Cathedral

Great St. Martin Church

Basilica of St. Severin

Church of the Assumption

Holy Trinity Church
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Severinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_St._Martin_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Romanesque_churches_of_Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Magihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrotshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphaliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose-ringed_Parakeethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrotshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_organismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Operahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Riphahnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenzollern_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_St._Martin_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_St._Martin_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutz,_Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Roters


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7.4 High-rise structures 7

7.1.2 Medieval houses

The Cologne City Hall (Klner Rathaus), founded in the12th century, is the oldest city hall in Germany stillin use.[40] The Renaissance style loggia and tower wereadded in the 15th century. Other famous buildings in-

clude the Grzenich, Haus Saaleck and the Overstolzen-haus.

Cologne City Hall

Grzenich

Overstolzenhaus

7.1.3 Medieval city gates

Of the once 12 medievalcity gates, only the Eigelstein-

torburg at Ebertplatz, the Hahnentor at Rudolfplatz andthe Severinstorburg at Chlodwigplatz still stand today.

Eigelsteintor

Hahnentor

Severinstor

7.2 Streets

Main article:Streets in Cologne

The Cologne Ring boulevards (such as Hohen-zollernring, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Ring, Hansaring) withtheir medieval city gates (such asHahnentorburgonRudolfplatz) are also known for their night life.

Hohe Strae (literally: High Street) is one of themain shopping areas and extends past the cathedralin an approximately southerly direction. The streetcontains many gift shops, clothing stores, fast foodrestaurants and electronic goods dealers.

Schildergasse connects the Neumarktplaza on itswest end to the southern end of the Hohe Strasseshopping street at its east end and has been namedthe busiest shopping street in Europe with 13,000people passing through every hour.

Ehrenstrae the shopping area around Apos-telnstrasse, Ehrenstrasse, and Rudolfplatzis a littlemore on the eccentric and stylish side.

7.3 Bridges

Several bridges cross the Rhine in Cologne. Theyare (from South to North): theCologne RodenkirchenBridge, South Bridge(railway), Severin Bridge, Deutz

Bridge, Hohenzollern Bridge, Zoo Bridge (Zoobrcke)andCologne Mlheim Bridge. In particular the irontiedarch Hohenzollern Bridge (Hohenzollernbrcke)isadom-inant landmark along the river embankment. A Rhineriver crossing of a special kind is provided by the CologneCable Car(German: Klner Seilbahn), a cableway that

runs across the Rhine between the Cologne ZoologicalGardenin Riehl and theRheinparkin Deutz.

7.4 High-rise structures

Colognes tallest structure is theColonius telecommuni-cation tower at 266 m or 873 ft. The observation deckhas been closed since 1992. A selection of the tallestbuildings in Cologne are listed below. Other tall struc-tures include the Hansahochhaus (designed by architectJacob Koerfer and completed in 1925it was at one timeEuropes tallest office building), the Kranhaus buildingsatRheinauhafen, and the Messeturm Kln(trade fairtower).

8 Culture

Courtyard of theKolumbamuseum in 2007, designed by Peter

Zumthor

Cologne has several museums. The famous Roman-Germanic Museumfeatures art and architecture from thecitys distant past; the Museum Ludwig houses one of

the most important collections ofmodern artin Europe,including aPicassocollection matched only by the mu-seums inBarcelonaandParis. TheMuseum Schntgenof religious art is partly housed in St. Cecilia, one ofColognesTwelve Romanesque churches.

Several orchestras are active in the city, among them theGrzenich Orchestraand theWDR Symphony Orches-tra Cologne, both based at the Cologne Philharmonic Or-chestra Building.[42] Other orchestras are theMusica An-tiqua Klnand the WDR Rundfunkorchester Kln, aswell as the Cologne Opera and several choirs, includ-ing theWDR Rundfunkchor Kln. Cologne was also an

important centre of electronic music in the 1950s (Stu-dio fr elektronische Musik,Karlheinz Stockhausen) andagain from the 1990s onward. The public radio and TV
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDR_Rundfunkchor_K%C3%B6lnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Operahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDR_Rundfunkorchester_K%C3%B6lnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_Antiqua_K%C3%B6lnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_Antiqua_K%C3%B6lnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDR_Symphony_Orchestra_Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDR_Symphony_Orchestra_Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCrzenich_Orchestrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Romanesque_churches_of_Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Schn%C3%BCtgenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Picassohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu_Picassohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picassohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Ludwighttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman-Germanic_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman-Germanic_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Zumthorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Zumthorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messeturm_K%C3%B6lnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinauhafenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloniushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinparkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Zoological_Gardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Zoological_Gardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cable_Carhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cable_Carhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tied_arch_bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tied_arch_bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_M%C3%BClheim_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenzollern_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bridge_(Cologne)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Rodenkirchen_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Rodenkirchen_Bridgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schildergassehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohe_Stra%C3%9Fehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Ringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets_in_Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_gatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_City_Hallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_hall


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stationWDRwas involved in promoting musical move-ments such asKrautrockin the 1970s; the influentialCanwas formed there in 1968. There are several centres ofnightlife, among them the Kwartier Latng(the studentquarter around the Zlpicher Strae) and the nightclub-studded areas aroundHohenzollernring, Friesenplatz and

Rudolfplatz.The large annual literary festival Lit. Cologne features re-gional and international authors. The main literary figureconnected with Cologne is writerHeinrich Bll, winnerof theNobel Prize for Literature.

Cologne is well known for its beer, calledKlsch.Klschis also the name of the local dialect. This has led to thecommon joke of Klsch being the only language one candrink.

Cologne is also famous for Eau de Cologne(German:Klnisch Wasser; lit: Water of Cologne), a perfume

created by Italian expatriateJohann Maria Farinaat thebeginning of the 18th century. During the 18th centurythis perfume became increasingly popular, was exportedall over Europe by the Farina family andFarinabecamea household name for Eau de Cologne. In 1803 WilhelmMlhens entered into a contract with an unrelated personfrom Italy named Carlo Francesco Farina who grantedhim the right to use his family name and Mhlens openeda small factory at Colognes Glockengasse. In later yearsand after various court battles his grandson FerdinandMlhenshad to abandon the name Farinafor the com-pany andtheir product. He decidedto use the house num-ber given to the factory at Glockengasse during Frenchoccupation in the early 19th century,4711. Today, orig-inal Eau de Cologne is still produced in Cologne by boththeFarina family, currently in the eighth generation, andbyMurer & Wirtzwho bought the 4711 brand in 2006.

8.1 Carnival

TheCologne carnival is one of the largest street festi-vals in Europe. In Cologne, the carnival season offi-cially starts on 11 November at 11 minutes past 11 a.m.with the proclamation of the new Carnival Season, andcontinues untilAsh Wednesday. However, the so-calledTolle Tage(crazydays)don't start until Weiberfastnacht(Womens Carnival) or, in dialect,Wieverfastelovend, theThursday before Ash Wednesday, which is the beginningof the street carnival. Zlpicher Strasse and its surround-ings, Neumarkt square, Heumarkt and all bars and pubsin the city are crowded with people in costumes dancingand drinking in the streets. Hundreds of thousands of vis-

itors flock to Cologne during this time. Generally, arounda million people celebrate in the streets on the Thursdaybefore Ash Wednesday.[43]

8.2 Rivalry with Dsseldorf

Cologne and Dsseldorf have a fierce regionalrivalry,[44] which includes carnival parades, football,and beer.[44] People in Cologne preferKlschwhile peo-ple in Dsseldorf prefer Alt.[44] Waiters and patrons will

scorn and make a mockery of people who order Altbeer in Cologne and Klsch in Dsseldorf.[44] The rivalryhas been described as a lovehate relationship.[44]

8.3 Museums

The Museum Ludwig housesone ofthe most importantcollections

ofmodern art.

Roman excavation in Cologne: DionysusMosaic on display at

Rmisch-Germanisches Museum

Main article:List of museums in Cologne

Farina Fragrance Museum birthplace ofEau deCologne

Rmisch-Germanisches Museum (Roman-Germanic Museum) ancient Roman andGermanic culture

Wallraf-Richartz Museum European painting

from the 13th to the early 20th century

Museum Ludwig modern art
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Ludwighttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallraf-Richartz_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_de_Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_de_Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragrance_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misch-Germanisches_Museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Ludwighttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_(beer)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_footballhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_in_Germany,_Switzerland_and_Austriahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Wednesdayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_carnivalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4urer_&_Wirtzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Maria_Farina_gegen%C3%BCber_dem_J%C3%BClichs-Platzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4711_(brand)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_M%C3%BClhenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_M%C3%BClhenshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Maria_Farinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_de_Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_dialecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_(beer)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6llhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenzollernringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_(band)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krautrockhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDR


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9

Museum Schntgen medieval art

Museum fr Angewandte Kunstapplied art

Kolumba Kunstmuseum des Erzbistums Kln(artmuseum of theArchbishopric of Cologne) modernart museum built around medieval ruins, completed2007

Cathedral Treasury Domschatzkammer historicunderground vaults of the Cathedral

EL-DE Haus, former local headquarters of theGestapohouses a museum documenting Nazirulein Cologne with a special focus on the persecutionof political dissenters and minorities

German Sports and Olympic Museum exhibitionsabout sports from antiquity until the present

Imhoff-Schokoladenmuseum Chocolate Museum Forum for Internet Technology in Contemporary

Art collections of Internet-based art, corporatepart of (NewMediaArtProjectNetwork):cologne,the experimental platform for art and New Media

Flora und Botanischer Garten Kln, thecitys formalpark and mainbotanical garden

Forstbotanischer Garten Kln, an arboretum andwoodlandbotanical garden

8.4 Music fairs and festivals

The city was home to the internationally famous Ringfest,and now to the C/o pop festival.[45]

In addition, Cologne is enjoying a thriving ChristmasMarket Weihnachtsmarkt presence with several locationsin the city.

9 Economy

North entrance toKoelnmesse, 2008

As the largest city in the Rhine-Ruhrmetropolitan re-gion, Cologne benefits from a largemarket structure.[46]

In competition for location factors withDsseldorf, theeconomy of Cologne is primarily based oninsuranceand

media industries,[47] while the city is also an importantcultural and research centre and home to a number ofcorporate headquarters.

Modern office building atRheinauhafen

Among the largest media companies based in CologneareWestdeutscher Rundfunk,RTL Television(with sub-sidiaries), n-tv, Deutschlandradio, Brainpool TV and

publishing houses like J. P. Bachem, Taschen,TandemVerlag, andM. DuMont Schauberg. Several clusters ofmedia, arts and communications agencies, TV productionstudios, and state agencies work partly with private andgovernment funded cultural institutions. Among the in-surance companies based in Cologne are Central, DEVK,DKV,Generali Deutschland, Gothaer, HDI Gerling andnational headquarters ofAXAInsurance andZurich Fi-nancial Services.

The German flag carrier Lufthansa and its subsidiaryLufthansa CityLinehave their main corporate headquar-ters in Cologne.[48] The largest employer in Cologne is

Ford Europe, which has its European headquarters and afactory in Niehl (Ford-Werke GmbH).[49] Toyota Motor-sport GmbH(TMG),Toyota's official motorsports team,responsible for Toyota rally cars, and thenFormula Onecars, has headquarters and workshops in Cologne. Otherlarge companies based in Cologne include the REWEGroup, TV Rheinland, Deutz AGand a number ofKlschbreweries. Cologne has the countrys highest den-sity of pubs per capita.[38] The largest three Klsch brew-eries are Reissdorf, Gaffel, and Frh.

Historically, Cologne has always been an important tradecity, with land, air, and sea connections.[2] The cityhas five Rhine ports,[2] the second largestinland portinGermany and one of the largest in Europe. Cologne-Bonn Airport is the second largest freight terminal inGermany.[2] Today, theCologne trade fair(Koelnmesse)ranks as a major European trade fair location with over50 trade fairs[2] and other large cultural and sports events.In 2008 Cologne had 4.31 million overnight accommo-dations booked and 2.38 million arrivals.[20] Cologneslargest daily newspaper is theKlner Stadt-Anzeiger.

10 Transport

Main article:Transport in Cologne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Colognehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Stadt-Anzeigerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_trade_fairhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne-Bonn_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne-Bonn_Airporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_porthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lsch_(beer)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutz_AGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9CV_Rheinlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REWE_Grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REWE_Grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Onehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motorsport_GmbHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Motorsport_GmbHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansa_CityLinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufthansahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_Financial_Serviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurich_Financial_Serviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generali_Deutschlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DKVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._DuMont_Schauberghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem_Verlaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem_Verlaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taschenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainpool_TVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandradiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-tvhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL_Televisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinauhafenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_headquartershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_industryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance_industryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_structurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-Ruhrhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koelnmessehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringfesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_gardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboretumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forstbotanischer_Garten_K%C3%B6lnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_gardenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_und_Botanischer_Garten_K%C3%B6lnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imhoff-Schokoladenmuseumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EL-DE_Haushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_museumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Angewandte_Kunst_(Cologne)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Schn%C3%BCtgen


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10 10 TRANSPORT

10.1 Road transport

Majorroads through and around Cologne.

Road building had been a major issue in the 1920s un-der the leadership of mayor Konrad Adenauer. Thefirst German limited access road was constructed af-ter 1929 between Cologne and Bonn. Today, this isthe Bundesautobahn 555. In 1965, Cologne becamethe first German city to be fully encircled by a free-waybelt. Roughly at the same time a downtown by-

pass freeway (Stadtautobahn) was planned, but only par-tially put into effect, due to opposition by environmen-tal groups. The completed section became Bundesstrae(Federal Road) B 55a which begins at the Zoobrcke(Zoo Bridge) and meets withA 4and A 3at the in-terchange Cologne East. Nevertheless, it is referred toas Stadtautobahn by most locals. In contrast to thisthe Nord-Sd-Fahrt(North-South-Drive) was actuallycompleted, a new four/six-lane downtown thoroughfare,which had already been anticipated by planners likeFritzSchumacher in the1920s. The last section south of Ebert-

platzwas completed in 1972.

In 2005, the first stretch of an eight-lane freewayin North Rhine-Westphalia was opened to traffic onBundesautobahn 3, part of the eastern section of theCologne Beltwaybetween the interchanges Cologne Eastand Heumar.

10.2 Cycling

Like most German cities, Cologne has a traffic layout de-signed to bebicycle-friendly. There is an extensive cyclenetwork, featuring pavement-edge cycle lanes linked by

cycle priority crossings. In some of the narrow one-waycentral streets, cyclists are explicitly allowed to cycle bothways.

Cologne StadtbahnatBensberg station

Train atKln Hbf (Cologne Central Station)

10.3 Rail transport

Cologne has a railway service with Deutsche BahnInterCityand ICE-trains stopping at Kln Hauptbahn-hof (Cologne Central Station), Kln Messe/Deutz andCologne/Bonn Airport. ICE andTGV Thalyshigh-speedtrains link Cologne withAmsterdam, Brussels (in 1h47,6 departures/day) and Paris (in 3h14, 6 departures/day).There are frequent ICE trains to other German cities, in-cludingFrankfurt am Mainand Berlin. ICE Trains toLondon via theChannel Tunnelwere to be planned for

2013.

[50]

Channel Tunnel liberalisation is now not ex-pected until 2014 and maybe a Deutsche Bahn service in2015 if the rolling stock meets the revised requirementsof Eurotunnel.

TheCologne city railwayoperated byKlner Verkehrs-betriebe(KVB)[51] is anextensive light railsystem that ispartially underground (referred to asU-Bahn) and servesCologne and a number of neighbouring cities. NearbyBonnis linked by both the city railway and DeutscheBahn trains, and occasional recreational boats on theRhine. Dsseldorfis also linked byS-Bahntrains whichare operated by Deutsche Bahn.

There are also frequent buses covering most of the cityand surrounding suburbs, andEurolinescoaches to Lon-don viaBrussels.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusselshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurolineshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-Bahnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit_in_Germany#U-Bahnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_railhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cologne_KVB_stationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Verkehrs-Betriebehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lner_Verkehrs-Betriebehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Stadtbahnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Mainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalyshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne/Bonn_Airport_stationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln_Messe/Deutz_stationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln_Hauptbahnhofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln_Hauptbahnhofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterCityExpresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterCityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bahnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ln_Hauptbahnhofhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bensberg_(KVB)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Stadtbahnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle-friendlyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Beltwayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphaliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Schumacher_(architect)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Schumacher_(architect)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltwayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn_555https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_streets_in_Cologne


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12/18

12 14 NOTABLE RESIDENTS

Heinrich Birnbaum(140373), a Catholic monk

Heinrich Boigk(19122003)Knights Crosswinner

Robert Blum(180748), politician and martyr ofthe 19th century democratic movement in Germany

Heinrich Bll(191785), writer and winner of theNobel prize for literaturein 1972

Max Bruch(18381920) composer

lex Calatrava (born 1973), Spanish professionaltennis player

Heribert Calleen(born 1924), sculptor

Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck (born 1973),Academy Award-winning director and screenwriter

Max Ernst(18911976), artist

Angela Gossow(born 1974), former lead vocalist ofSwedish melodic death metal bandArch Enemy

Amos Grunebaum (born 1950), obstetrician and gy-necologist

Britta Heidemann (born 1982), pe fencer andOlympic medalist

de:Trude Herr(192791), actress and singer

de:Stefanie Hner(born 1969), actress

Udo Kier(born 1944), actor

Lukas Podolski(born 1985), German footballer

Jutta Kleinschmidt(born 1962), off-road automo-tive racingcompetitor

Werner Klemperer (19202000), Emmy Award-winning comedy actor

Erich Klibansky(19001942), Jewish headmasterand teacher

Adolf Kober (18701958), Jewish rabbi and me-dievalist

Gaby Kster(born 1961), German actress and co-median

Hildegard Krekel(19522013), actress

de:Lotti Krekel(born 1941), actress and singer

Uwe Krupp(born 1965), professional (ice)hockeyplayer

Heinz Khn (191292), Minister-President ofNorth Rhine-Westphalia(196678)

Heiner Lauterbach(1953), actor

Julia Leischik(born 1970), German editor-in-chief,television presenter and television producer.

Ottmar Liebert(born 1961), musician

de:Mariele Millowitsch(born 1955), actress

de:Peter Millowitsch(born 1949), actor, playwrightand theatre director

Willy Millowitsch(19091999), actor, playwrightand theatre director

Wolfgang Niedecken(born 1951), singer, musician,artist and bandleader ofBAP

Theodore of Corsica (16941756), briefly KingTheodore of Corsica

Jacques Offenbach(181980), composer

de:Willi Ostermann(18761936) composer

Nikolaus Otto(18321891) inventor, 4 cycle inter-nal combustion engine

Kim Petras(born 1992), singer

Frederik Prausnitz (19202004), American con-ductor and teacher

Christa Pffgen akaNico(19381988), model, ac-tress, singer, and songwriter inVelvet UndergroundandWarhol Superstar

Hedwig Potthast (19121997), secretary and mis-tress ofHeinrich Himmler

Stefan Raab(born 1966), German entertainer andhost ofEurovision Song Contest 2011

Jrgen Rttgers(born 1951), Minister-President ofNorth Rhine-Westphalia (20052010)

Jrgen Fritz(born 1953), musician and composer

Markus Stockhausen (born 1957), musician andcomposer

Wolfgang von Trips (192861), FormulaOne racingdriver

Joost van den Vondel(15871679), Dutch poet andplaywright

Moshe Wallach(18661957), founder and directorofShaare Zedek Hospital,Jerusalem

Robert Weimar (19322013), legal scientist andpsychologist

de:Christoph Watrin(born 1988), singer,US5

Carl Wyland(18861972), German blacksmith
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wylandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US5https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph%2520Watrinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Weimarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaare_Zedek_Medical_Centerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Wallachhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joost_van_den_Vondelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_von_Tripshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Stockhausenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Fritzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_R%C3%BCttgershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2011https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Raabhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmlerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_Potthasthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warhol_Superstarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_Undergroundhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Prausnitzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Petrashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Ottohttps://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi%2520Ostermannhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Offenbachhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_of_Corsicahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAP_(German_band)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Niedeckenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Millowitschhttps://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%2520Millowitschhttps://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariele%2520Millowitschhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottmar_Lieberthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Leischikhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiner_Lauterbachhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphaliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister-Presidenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_K%C3%BChnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Krupphttps://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotti%2520Krekelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_Krekelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaby_K%C3%B6sterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Koberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Klibanskyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Awardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Klempererhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-road_racinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-road_racinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutta_Kleinschmidthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas_Podolskihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo_Kierhttps://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanie%2520H%C3%B6nerhttps://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trude%2520Herrhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_medalisthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%A9ehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britta_Heidemannhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Grunebaumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_Enemyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Gossowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Ernsthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Henckel_von_Donnersmarckhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heribert_Calleenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lex_Calatravahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Bruchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_prize_for_literaturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6llhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Blumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%2527s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Crosshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Boigkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Birnbaum


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13

15 See also

History of the Jews in Cologne

List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany

Stadtwerke Kln, the municipal infrastructure com-pany, operator of the citys railways, ports, and util-ities.

16 References

[1] Amtliche Bevlkerungszahlen. Landesbetrieb Informa-tion und Technik NRW(in German). 4 September 2014.

[2] Economy. KlnTourismus. Retrieved 18 April 2011.

[3] From Ubii village to metropolis. City of Cologne. Re-trieved 16 April 2011.

[4] Facts and figures. City of Cologne. Retrieved 17 April2011.

[5] C.Michael Hogan, ''Cologne Wharf'', The MegalithicPortal, editor Andy Burnham, 2007. Megalithic.co.uk.Retrieved 24 July 2009.

[6] Harry de Quetteville. "History of Cologne". The CatholicEncyclopedia, 28 November 2009.

[7] Joseph P. Huffman, Family, Commerce, and Religion inLondon and Cologne(1998) covers from 1000 to 1300.

[8] Bruce, S.G. (2010). Ecologies and Economies in Medievaland Early Modern Europe: Studies in Environmental His-

tory for Richard C. Hoffmann. Brill. p. 48. ISBN9789004180079. Retrieved 5 October 2014.

[9] Rote Funken Klsche Funke rut-wie vun 1823 e.V. Rote Funken Koeln. Rote-funken.de. Retrieved 5 May2009.

[10] United Services Magazine, December 1835

[11] Festung Kln. Retrieved 1 April 2011.

[12] Cologne Evacuated,TIME Magazine, 15 February 1926

[13] Weimarer Wahlen. Web.archive.org. 11 February

2008. Archived fromthe originalon 11 February 2008.Retrieved 24 July 2009.

[14] Voting results 19191933 Cologne-Aachen. Wahlen-in-deutschland.de. Retrieved 8 August 2010.

[15] koelnarchitektur (15 July 2003).on the reconstruction ofCologne. Koelnarchitektur.de. Retrieved 24 July 2009.

[16] Tourtellot, Arthur B. et al.Lifes Picture History of WorldWar II, p. 237. Time Incorporated, New York, 1950.

[17] Kirsten Serup-Bilfeld, Zwischen Dom und Davidstern.Jdisches Leben in Kln von den Anfngen bis heute.Kln 2001, page 193

[18] Synagogen-Gemeinde Kln. Sgk.de. 26 June 1931.Retrieved 8 August 2010.

[19] Bezirksregierung Kln: Topografische Karte 1:50.000(TK 50), Blatt L 5108 Kln-Mlheim. Kln 2012,ISBN978-3-89439-422-6.

[20] Cologne at a glance. City of Cologne. Retrieved 17April 2011.

[21] Ausgabe der Klimadaten: Monatswerte.

[22] Martin Gocht; Reinhard Vogt. Flood Forecasting andFlood Defence in Cologne. Mitigation of Climate In-duced Natural Hazards (MITCH). Retrieved 20 March2009.

[23] Stadtentwsserungsbetriebe Kln : Flood Management.Steb-koeln.de. Retrieved 7 July 2009.

[24] Flood Defence Scheme City of Cologne. Retrieved 20March 2009.

[25] van Tilburg, C. (2007). Traffic and Congestion in the

Roman Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 42. ISBN9781134129751. Retrieved 5 October 2014.

[26] Diego Puga & Daniel Trefler (30 November 2009).International trade and institutional change: A death inVenice. Retrieved 5 October 2014.

[27] Information und Technik Nordrhein-Westfalen(IT.NRW) Amtliche Bevlkerungszahlen. It.nrw.de.Retrieved 16 September 2011.

[28] 2007 Einwohnerdaten im berblick Zahlen + Statis-tik Bevlkerung Stadt Kln. Web.archive.org. 28January 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 28 January2008. Retrieved 24 July 2009.

[29] WDR Article of 15.08.2007. Wdr.de. Retrieved 24July 2009.

[30] Serup-Bilfeldt, Kirsten (19 August 2005). Cologne:Germanys Oldest Jewish Community. Deutsche Welle.Retrieved 6 September 2011.

[31] City of Cologne -> Figures Statistics Population (Ger-man)". Web.archive.org. 8 February 2008. Archivedfromthe originalon 8 February 2008. Retrieved 24 July2009.

[32] Statistisches Jahrbuch Kln 2011. Amt fr Stadten-

twicklung und Statistik. Retrieved 13 July 2014.

[33] Der Oberbrgermeister (in German). Retrieved 15April 2011.

[34] Wahlperiode(in German). City of Cologne. Retrieved15 April 2011.

[35] Alle Ratsmitglieder(in German). City of Cologne. Re-trieved 22 June 2014.

[36] Green Cologne. KlnTourismus. Retrieved 17 April2011.

[37] In NRW behaupten sich immer mehr exotische Vgel.RP Online. Retrieved 16 January 2013.

[38] Nightlife. KlnTourismus. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
http://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/nightlifehttp://www.rp-online.de/wissen/leben/in-nrw-behaupten-sich-immer-mehr-exotische-voegel-1.2313710http://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/exploring_city/green_colognehttp://www.stadt-koeln.de/1/stadtrat/ratsmitglieder/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/1/wahlen/abisz/03612/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/1/oberbuergermeister/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/mediaasset/content/pdf15/statistisches_jahrbuch_k__ln_2011.pdfhttp://www.stadt-koeln.de/zahlen/bevoelkerung/artikel/04600/index.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20080208023326/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/zahlen/bevoelkerung/artikel/04600/index.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20080208023326/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/zahlen/bevoelkerung/artikel/04600/index.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Wellehttp://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1684525,00.htmlhttp://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1684525,00.htmlhttp://www.wdr.de/studio/koeln/lokalzeit/hintergrund/moschee.jhtmlhttp://www.stadt-koeln.de/zahlen/bevoelkerung/artikel/04600/http://web.archive.org/web/20080128135300/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/zahlen/bevoelkerung/artikel/04600/http://web.archive.org/web/20080128135300/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/zahlen/bevoelkerung/artikel/04600/http://www.it.nrw.de/statistik/a/daten/amtlichebevoelkerungszahlen/index.htmlhttp://www.it.nrw.de/statistik/a/daten/amtlichebevoelkerungszahlen/index.htmlhttp://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic599385.files/venice_seminar_MIT_R1a.pdfhttp://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic599385.files/venice_seminar_MIT_R1a.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134129751https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.dk/books?id=0i5LHy4b6kgChttp://books.google.dk/books?id=0i5LHy4b6kgChttp://www.hochwasserschutz.de/en/pdf/IBS_Koeln_Rhein.pdfhttp://www.steb-koeln.de/management0.html?&L=1http://www.hrwallingford.co.uk/Mitch/Workshop2/Papers/Gocth_Vogt.pdfhttp://www.hrwallingford.co.uk/Mitch/Workshop2/Papers/Gocth_Vogt.pdfhttp://www.dwd.de/bvbw/appmanager/bvbw/dwdwwwDesktop?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=_dwdwww_klima_umwelt_klimadaten_deutschland&T82002gsbDocumentPath=Navigation%252FOeffentlichkeit%252FKlima__Umwelt%252FKlimadaten%252Fkldaten__kostenfrei%252Fausgabe__monatswerte__node.html%253F__nnn%253Dtruehttp://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/cologne_a_glancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783894394226https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783894394226http://www.sgk.de/index.php/historie.htmlhttp://www.koelnarchitektur.de/pages/de/home/news_archiv/823.htmhttp://www.koelnarchitektur.de/pages/de/home/news_archiv/823.htmhttp://www.wahlen-in-deutschland.de/wrtwkoelnaachen.htmhttp://weimarer-wahlen.de/de/index.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20080211085633/http://weimarer-wahlen.de/de/index.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIME_Magazinehttp://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,721598,00.htmlhttp://www.altearmee.de/zwischenwerk/index.htmhttp://books.google.com/books?dq=%2522Federal+Fortress+on+the+Upper+Rhine%2522&pg=PA254&id=B77POH6Wgk4Chttp://www.rote-funken.de/http://www.rote-funken.de/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004180079https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.dk/books?id=9aoklkGrf-8Chttp://books.google.dk/books?id=9aoklkGrf-8Chttp://books.google.dk/books?id=9aoklkGrf-8Chttp://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04116a.htmhttp://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18208http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18208http://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/history/facts_and_figureshttp://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/history/from_ubii_village_metropolishttp://www.koeln.de/cologne_tourist_information/economyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesbetrieb_Information_und_Technik_NRWhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landesbetrieb_Information_und_Technik_NRWhttp://www.it.nrw.de/statistik/a/daten/bevoelkerungszahlen_zensus/index.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtwerke_K%C3%B6lnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cologne


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14 17 EXTERNAL LINKS

[39] Offizielle Webseite des Klner Doms | BedeutendeWerke. Koelner-dom.de. Retrieved 5 May 2009.

[40] Strategic Management Society CologneConference Cologne Information.Cologne.strategicmanagement.net. 14 October 2008.Retrieved 26 July 2010.

[41] Homepage of the Uni-Center. Unicenterkoeln.de. Re-trieved 8 August 2010.

[42] Klner Philharmonie. Web.archive.org. 11 December2007. Archived fromthe originalon 11 December 2007.Retrieved 8 August 2010.

[43] Carnival Colognes fifth season Cologne Sights &Events Stadt Kln. Web.archive.org. 26 January 2008.Archived from the original on 25 January 2008. Retrieved24 July 2009.

[44] Giving Beer A Home in the Rhineland. The Local. 28

July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2011.

[45] C/o Pop Official Website.

[46] stadt-koeln.de Cologne Business Guide (German) (En-glish)

[47] CologneonEncyclopdia Britannica Online

[48] Directory: World Airlines.Flight International. 3 April2007. p. 107.

[49] "ber Ford Standorte. Ford Germany. Retrieved 20June 2009. (German)

[50] High-speed trains to link England and Germany. Bris-banetimes.com.au. 16 October 2011. Retrieved 26 Jan-uary 2012.

[51] Klner Verkehrsbetriebe (KVB)". Kvb-koeln.de. Re-trieved 24 July 2009.

[52] Hfen und Gterverkehr Kln AG. Hgk.de. Retrieved8 August 2010.

[53] Hochschulen Wissensdurst Kln Das Klner Wis-senschaftsportal. Wissensdurst-koeln.de. Retrieved 26July 2010.

[54] Forschungsschwerpunkte. Wissensdurst-koeln.de.

[55] goethe.de. goethe.de. Retrieved 8 August 2010.

[56] Cologne Adult Education Centre City of Cologne.Stadt-koeln.de. Retrieved 16 November 2012.

[57] Productions made in Cologne"". Cologne Tourism. Re-trieved 22 April 2011.

[58] Cologne Comedy Festival website. Koeln-comedy.de.21 October 2007.

[59] Sport and relaxation. Cologne Tourist Information. Re-trieved 13 March 2013.

[60] The RheinEnergie Stadium.1. FC Kln. Retrieved 20April 2011.

17 External links

City of Cologne, official City of Cologne page (Ger-man)
http://www.stadt-koeln.de/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_K%C3%B6lnhttp://www.fc-koeln.de/en/club/stadium/http://www.cologne.de/what-to-do/sport-and-relaxation.htmlhttp://www.koeln-comedy.de/koelncomedy/index_en.html/http://www.cologne-tourism.com/city-experience/media-capital/production-made-in-cologne.html#c4883http://www.stadt-koeln.de/en/5/00215/http://www.goethe.de/Ins/th/prj/nbc/edu/sch/enindex.htmhttp://wissensdurst-koeln.de/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/flyer-spitzenforschung.pdfhttp://wissensdurst-koeln.de/category/wissenschaft-forschung/hochschulen/http://wissensdurst-koeln.de/category/wissenschaft-forschung/hochschulen/http://www.hgk.de/neu/english/contents/HGK_ports_cargo-handling-points.htmlhttp://www.kvb-koeln.de/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/travel/travel-news/highspeed-trains-to-link-england-and-germany-20111013-1lmq8.htmlhttp://www.ford.de/UeberFordhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Internationalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Onlinehttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/125964/Cologne/61370/Economyhttp://www.stadt-koeln.de/mediaasset/content/pdf80/cbg_2009_bfrei_deutsch.pdfhttp://www.c-o-pop.de/home.4.en.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Localhttp://www.thelocal.de/society/20110728-36597.htmlhttp://www.stadt-koeln.de/en/koelntourismus/karneval/http://web.archive.org/web/20080125230206/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/en/koelntourismus/karneval/http://web.archive.org/web/20080125230206/http://www.stadt-koeln.de/en/koelntourismus/karneval/http://www.koelner-philharmonie.de/en/00_home/00_home.php?Style=eb281b060898acfab42beae0870f44f6http://web.archive.org/web/20071211142559/http://www.koelner-philharmonie.de/en/00_home/00_home.php?Style=eb281b060898acfab42beae0870f44f6http://www.unicenterkoeln.de/site/unser_haus/index.phphttp://cologne.strategicmanagement.net/tuesday.phphttp://cologne.strategicmanagement.net/tuesday.phphttp://www.koelner-dom.de/index.php?id=dreikoenigenschreinhttp://www.koelner-dom.de/index.php?id=dreikoenigenschrein


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15

18 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

18.1 Text

CologneSource:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne?oldid=632152577Contributors:AxelBoldt, Magnus Manske, MichaelTinkler, TheEpopt, WojPob, Vulture, Sodium, David Parker, Mav, Koyaanis Qatsi, Jeronimo, Mark, Andre Engels, Gianfranco, Marian, William Av-ery, Hannes Hirzel, Zoe, Panairjdde, Sfdan, Tzartzam, Olivier, Renata, JohnOwens, Michael Hardy, BrianHansen, CORNELIUSSEON,Ixfd64, AlexR, SebastianHelm, Looxix, Ihcoyc, Ahoerstemeier, KAMiKAZOW, Docu, Snoyes, Nanobug, Bogdangiusca, Nikai, Efghij,Lancevortex, Jonik, Adam Bishop, Boson, Reddi, Lfh, Toph99, WhisperToMe, Tpbradbury, Ed g2s, Morn, Shizhao, Elya, Joy, Mackensen,Jeffq, Donarreiskoffer, Nufy8, Robbot, Dale Arnett, Earl Andrew, PBS, Chris 73, Naddy, Ianb, Der Eberswalder, Ojigiri, JB82, Halibutt,Hadal, Wereon, Cautious, Jor, GreatWhiteNortherner, Ramorosi, DocWatson42, Holger I., MeirM, Peruvianllama, Everyking, Varlaam,Gilgamesh, Mboverload, Edcolins, Quadell, Bhuck, OwenBlacker, Sfoskett, Neutrality, Paradoxian, DMG413, Trevor MacInnis, TobiasWolter, Mike Rosoft, Kingal86, D6, Dbach, PZFUN, DanielCD, Chris j wood, CoppBob, Rich Farmbrough, Dbachmann, Panoramas-titcher, Atchernev, Bender235, S.K., Geoking66, Violetriga, Doron, El C, Kwamikagami, Kross, Triona, Markussep, CeeGee, Jpgordon,Sharkxtrem, Sicherlich, Che090572, Dapete, Notyetlost, Jojit fb, Darwinek, Slambo, MPerel, Hagerman, Pearle, Jumbuck, Alansohn, An-thony Appleyard, Davidl, Arminia, Ncik, Jeltz, Babajobu, Andrew Gray, SlimVirgin, Lightdarkness, Jvano, Fasten, S4ndp4pper, Kusma,Marcello, BDD, HGB, Pixie, Saxifrage, RyanGerbil10, Cosal, TShilo12, Trentjohnson, Stemonitis, Angr, Kelly Martin, FeanorStar7,

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Hiccup, Joao Xavier, Imperium Europeum, Tenterollen, Rambler24, DragonBot, Turkstud, Untitled0, Canis Lupus, Estirabot, NuclearWar-fare, Gnickett1, 7, DerBorg, DoctorEric, Midnight Hour, DumZiBoT, Hartheiser, XLinkBot, Colors99, Pichpich, Entrophie, Novid3000,ProfDEH, Avoided, Ariconte, Kbdankbot, FactStraight, Addbot, Aikclaes, Atethnekos, AlexWangombe, CanadianLinuxUser, Daicaregos,Sulmues, Paris 16, LinkFA-Bot, Peti610botH, AgadaUrbanit, Numbo3-bot, Lightbot, Romaioi, Avono, Zorrobot, Bermicourt, Gavincato,Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Hohenloh, FAURA, Meraser, ArchonMagnus, Nallimbot, Reenem, KamikazeBot, MacTire02, MrBurns,AnomieBOT, Rudolf.hellmuth, Jubustin, Materialscientist, Beerockxs, Hixteilchen, Turco85, Croatian creation, Bob Burkhardt, Arthur-Bot, DirlBot, Dutch773, LilHelpa, CologneGer, Xqbot, JimVC3, Ulf Heinsohn, Lcncrew150, Elideb, Almabot, Petropoxy (LithodermProxy), Omnipaedista, Corbys, Ukaab, Hornymanatee, Haldraper, Eltitomac, MSacerdoti, Aleksa Lukic, Unapiedra, Haeinous, M2545,Biker Biker, Abductive, Jonesey95, GreenEco, Mekeretrig, Ilovetrain, RedBot, Tim1357, Gerda Arendt, Elekhh, Nw77, TobeBot, Teddy-com, Nemesis of Reason, Fayedizard, Elementree, Dbba, IRISZOOM, Innotata, Wikiperson1234, Appforleave, Hoops gza, Steve03Mills,Maxollendorff, EmausBot, Juergenk59, WikitanvirBot, Milkunderwood, Carlotm, Franjklogos, Dewritech, Gbvu, Marrante, CGN2010,Periodonike, Umumu, AvicBot, ZroBot, Dolovis, Olz2110, Romni, Sf5xeplus, Subtropical-man, Moto53, H3llBot, ZH2010, IIIraute,Otto Flottmann, 23matthias, Railpedia, KCP88, ChuispastonBot, Crown Prince, Whoop whoop pull up, ClueBot NG, Peter James, Pogwal-she, Arthurcox, Realraj, Satellizer, Dfarrell07, RJFF, Frietjes, Roreo123eurovision, Alphasinus, Stodtmeister, Widr, Traveletti, Bioscor-peration, Prawn in the game, Raymond415, Szylla2011, Awesomedude32, Hallows AG, KB9813, =, Militaryartist, Tomatojuicepotato,

RenePaula, Surtalnar, OPolkruikenz, Ruwier, Ldaniel77, ManuManoloManue, Florine Calleen, DarafshBot, Irascheibe, Khazar2, Schel-mentraum, JYBot, Dexbot, Webclient101, RJay (official), Frosty, Eliza von Waldbrl, Erciveil, Hulohulohhhhhhhhhh, Igorslipknot, HenryAllison, Urs Enke, Lactasamir, , Quenhitran, Rswiggs, Yumenosi, Skr15081997, Chrissperl, Antezedenz, Sutonkop, Vmdobrev,Claradlepore, Rabz&Riri and Anonymous: 761
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne?oldid=632152577


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16 18 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

18.2 Images

File:2013-08-10_07-18-55_Ballonfahrt_ber_Kln_EH_0626.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/2013-08-10_07-18-55_Ballonfahrt_%C3%BCber_K%C3%B6ln_EH_0626.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0-de Contributors: Own workOriginal artist:Eckhard Henkel

File:4517Bensberg.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/4517Bensberg.jpg License:Public domain Con-tributors:Own workOriginal artist:Mike Stephan

File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10776,_Kln,_Hochwasser.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10776%2C_K%C3%B6ln%2C_Hochwasser.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0-de Contributors: This image wasprovided to Wikimedia Commons by theGerman Federal Archive(Deutsches Bundesarchiv) as part of acooperation project. The GermanFederal Archive guarantees an authentic representation only using the originals (negative and/or positive), resp. the digitalization of theoriginals as provided by theDigital Image Archive. Original artist:Unknown

File:Cologn1411.jpg Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Cologn1411.jpg License:Public domain Contribu-tors:Martyrdom of St Ursula at Cologne.jpgOriginal artist:

File:Cologne_-_Panoramic_Image_of_the_old_town_at_dusk.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Cologne_-_Panoramic_Image_of_the_old_town_at_dusk.jpgLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors:Own workOriginal artist:Ahgee

File:Cologne_montage.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Cologne_montage.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: All CC/PD sources: File:Koeln hohenzollernbruecke.jpg, File:Gross Sankt Martin, Koeln, from SE.jpg, File:Colonius 0458.JPG, File:Klner Dom nachts.jpg, File:Rheinauhafen - Kranhaus Sd und Mitte - Rheinseite (1759-61).jpg, File:2009-04-26-Cologne-Mediapark-01.JPGOriginal artist:Jonipoon

File:Colonia-Haus.jpg Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Colonia-Haus.jpg License:CC-BY-SA-3.0 Con-tributors:Own workOriginal artist:Thomas Wolf (Der Wolf im Wald)

File:Commons-logo.svgSource:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svgLicense:? Contributors:? Originalartist:?

File:Compass_rose_pale.svg Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Compass_rose_pale.svg License:CC-BY-SA-3.0Contributors:svg version of Image:Compass-rose-pale.png, made to look similar toImage:Reinel compass rose.svg. Original artist:Fibonacci

File:DEU_Koeln_COA.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg License: Publicdomain Contributors:This image is taken from www.ngw.nl-

Heraldry of the World an international civic Heraldry site by Ralf Hartemink.[1]

Original artist:Unknown fr die StadtKln

File:Deutschland_Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Deutschland_

Lage_von_Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg License:CC-BY-SA-2.0-deContributors:Erstellt aus Material des gemeinsamen Datenangebotes ausdem gemeinsamen Portal der statistischen mter des Bundes und der Lnder (DeStatis).[1]Original artist:David Liuzzo

File:Dionysusmozaek_17-02-2009_10-51-23.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Dionysusm

Documents

Cologne is Germany’s Fourth-largest City