Colleen Massey: "Factors influencing fecundity in the European Eel, Anguilla anguilla"

7/28/2019 Colleen Massey: "Factors influencing fecundity in the European Eel, Anguilla anguilla"

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Cdftirs hecguaefhej cafuemhty he tna Auripade Aag,

Dejuhggd dejuhggd

Figgaae Odssay

(Tuaaes Qehvarshty Bagcdst)

Vuparvhsir

Mr Mdh Ribarts

D prikaft suppirtam by tna Auripade Qehie's HE]ARRAJ HSD Prijrdooa odedjam by tna Vpafhdg AQ Prijrdooas Bimy


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!

Vtdtaoaet ic Fipyrhjnt

]na fietaet ic tna Vhta*(hefgumhej, but eit ghohtam ti dgg taxt dem drtwirl) hs pritaftam by

fipyrhjnt. ]na fipyrhjnt hs iweam by tna HBHV ir hs itnarwhsa ghfaesam crio d tnhrm pdrty cir

usa by tna pdrtears.

Xiu ody vhaw ir miwegidm dey fietaet ic tna Vhta cir prhvdta purpisas, but yiu dra eitparohttam, whtniut iur parohsshie, ti;

! stira tna Vhta, ir dey fietaet ic tna Vhta, cir dey itnar purpisa=). Ds tna aag shgvars, tna wahjnt ic tna jiedm hefradsas dem ajjs stdrt ti rhpae (]nhggdrt at dg.

2008). Zirl by Bithus dem Bithus, (48>0) rapirt tndt d Auripade aag wahjnhej 130j primufas

driuem iea ohgghie ajjs dem asthodtas tndt cafuemhty rdejas crio 0.: ti 2.3 ohgghie ajjs he odturam

aags. ]na dutnirs dgsi rapirt tndt caodga shgvar aags batwaae >00 dem 4200 j primufa driuem 0.86

2.4 ohgghie ajjs. ]nhs hs oufn giwar tnde tna Doarhfde aag (Dejuhggd ristrdtdG.) wnhfn primufa

batwaae 4.>= 48.82 ohgghie ajjs (Bdrbhe dem OfFgadva, 488:). Ds aags mha dctar spdwehej,

oadsurhej cafuemhty dt dey iea thoa, whgg jhva asthodtas ic tnahr ghcathoa cafuemhty. Vtumhas ndva

sniwe tndt tna nhjnast gaejtn/cafuemhty rdthi hs dfnhavam wnae caodga aags radfn driuem :0 fo (Murhc

at dg. 2001). Znae caodgas dra cuggy odtura, tnahr jiedm odssas odla up 30% ic tnahr titdg bimy

odss (Pdgstrd at dg. 2001). Ht nds baae privae tndt tndt Auripade aag mias hemaam ndva tna succhfhaet

aearjy suppghas ti swho ti tna Vdrjdssi Vad (Bithus dem Bithus, 48>0). De aag whgg ndva uemarjiea

shjehchfdet fndejas he bimy cuefthies dem fiopishthies (Pdelnurst dem Gytnjia, 48>6) dctar tnahr

giej ohjrdtiry swho. Iefa tnay drrhva dt tnahr masthedthie, d nuja doiuet ic accirt hs raquhram cir

suffasscug raprimufthie. Ht hs tnaracira tna jaeardg fiesaesus tndt tna jiedms odtura murhej ohjrdthie

(Bithus dem Bithus, 48>0< vde Jheealae dem Odas, 2001). Aags dra d rdtnar cdtty chsn, whtn up ti

28% titdg bimy cdt pravhiusgy rafirmam (Barthe, 4813). ]na hopirtdefa ic ghphm aearjy cir

raprimufthie ic savardg chsn spafhas nds baae pravhiusgy stumham. Cir axdopga, Gdhea dem Rdkdshgtd,

(4888) ciuem tndt tna caodga narrhejs (Fgupad ndraejusG.) whtn tna nhjnast ghphm fietaets primufam

ajjs whtn d nhjnar ndtfnhej suffass rdta. Bagpdhra at dg. (2008) stdtas tndt wnae ghphm rasarvas dra

giw, piir cafuemhty fde ba axpaftam he aags. Ghphms dra hopirtdet cir raprimufthie bafdusa tnay dra

stiram he tna ajj yigl dem privhma eutrhaets cir tna mavagiphej aobryi (Bithus dem Bithus, 4884).

Aags swho 3000 lo ti tnahr spdwehej jriuems dem tnus dra raquhram ti ndva succhfhaet aearjy stiras ti

fiopgata tna kiureay dem ndva aeiujn gact ivar cir suffasscug raprimufthie (]uflar, 4818< vde

Jheealae dem vde mae ]nhggdrt, 2000< Sde Jheealae at dg.2001).

]na odhe siurfa ic aearjy he chsn hs ghphms (vde mae ]nhggdrt at dg.2008). De aag raquhras driuem 2>%

titdg ghphm stiras ti shgvar, dgtniujn giwar parfaetdjas ndva baae ibsarvam (720%) (Vvamej dem

Zhflstro, 488:). D curtnar stumy by Pdgstrd at dg. (2003) fdgfugdtam tndt tna dvardja shgvar aag

raquhras :> j cdt/lj bimy wahjnt (ir 68% ic tna titdg ghphm stiras) ds cuag ti ohjrdta. Pdgstrd at dg.

(2003) dgsi fiefguma tndt d curtnar 1: j cdt/lj bimy wahjnt (ir 2>% ic tna titdg ghphm stiras) hs usam

iifytas primufthie. ]nhs oades tndt d titdg ic 461 j cdt/lj bimy wahjnt (ir 3:% titdg aearjy stiras)

hs tniujnt ti ba tna ohehouo raquhraoaet cir d caodga shgvar aag ti suffasscuggy ohjrdta dem


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0s whtn tna hopirtdthie ic Kdpdeasa aags,Dejuhggd kdpiehfd(Libdydsnh dem Ohydzdlh, 4883: dem wds tniujnt

ti ba ds d mhraft rasugt ic aag trdma (Lhrl, 2006). ]na doiuet ic pdrdshtas he hemhvhmudg aags wara siie

nhjn, dem fiefares wara rdhsam ie tna dbhghty ic tna aags ti radfn spdwehej jriuems, mua ti tna nhjn

aearjy maodem raquhram (Sde Bdeehej dem Ndaeae, 4880). Hecafthie whtn D.frdssus iffurs dctar

hejasthie ic tna gdrvdg stdja he hetaroamhdta ir pdrdtaehf nists (Laeeamy dem Chtfn, 4880< Lhrl, 2006)

sufn ds fipapims dem sodgg frustdfades. ]na gdrvd ohjrdtas ti tna swhobgdmmar ic tna aag dem fdusas

axtaeshva thssua mdodja (Gacabvra at dg.2002) dem d pnyshigijhfdg strass raspiesa (Vuras at dg.2004).

]naD.frdssusgdrvda dra ndaodtipndjius dem fietheua ti caam ie tna bgiim uethg ht hs saxudggy odtura

dem tnae braams he tna swhobgdmmar guoae (Jiggifl at dg.2001). Oufn ghtardtura fiefurs tndt tna aag


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hs oira vugeardbga ti D. frdssustnde tna Kdpdeasa aag (Ma Fndrgariy at dg. 4880, Ajusd, 4882). D.

frdssushecafthie fdusas bitn dedtiohfdg dem pnyshigijhfdg mdodja ti aags;

4.6.6.4 Dedtiohfdg

Vtrufturdg mdodja ti tna swhobgdmmar wdgg hs mua ti tna hevdshie ic tna pdrdshta dem tna dssifhdtam

hecgdoodthie dem naoirrndjhej. D stumy by Zrtz at dg.(4883) ciuem tndt 2>% ic aags he tna Rhvar

Rnhea hecaftam whtn D. frdssus, ndm pdtnigijhfdg dgtardthies he tnahr swhobgdmmars. Barajh at dg.

(488>) eitam tndt tna swhobgdmmar viguoa hs shjehchfdetgy mapgatam dem tnus buiydefy hs

fiopriohsam dctar D. frdssus hecafthie. ]na swhobgdmmar bafioas hefradshejgy tnhflaeam dem

aegdrjam ds tna euobar icD. frdssus hefradsa (Ndaeaeat dg. 488=). Ht dgsi bafioas oira chbrisa dem

bajhes ti dmnara ti surriuemhej irjdes (Sde Bdeehej dem Ndaeae, 4880). ]na mdodja fdusam byD.

frdssushecafthie eajdthvagy dgtars swhobgdmmar cuefthie dem swhoohej parcirodefa (Vpraejag demGufntaebarj, 4884). Dgtniujn tna eafasshty ic tna swhobgdmmar murhej ohjrdthie nds eit baae

stumham he maptn, ht hs leiwe tndt aags swho ti maptns ic dt gadst :00o dem ohjrdta tiwdrms tna surcdfa

dt ehjnt (]asfn, 48>8), oadehej tndt acchfhaet buiydefy hs d frhthfdg raquhraoaet.

4.6.6.2 Pnyshigijhfdg

]nara dra savardg pnyshigijhfdg accafts fdusam byD. frdssus hecafthie. D stumy by Zurtz at dg.(4883)

ciuem tndt tnisa aags whtn hetaeshthas ic 40 ir oira pdrdshtas, ndm driuem 30% gass ixyjae he tnahr

swhobgdmmar, wnae fiopdram ti uehecaftam aags. Itnar rapirts maoiestrdta tndt swhoohej

parcirodefa hs ramufam whtnD. frdssushecafthie, whtn d swhoohej spaam ivar 4>% sgiwar he nadvhgy

hecaftam aags (ivar 40 pdrdshtas) (]niods dem Iggavhar, 4882). Hecaftam aags dra dgsi leiwe ti ba

oira vugeardbga ti strassirs sufn ds ndemghej, taopardtura fndejas (Vzalagy at dg. 4884). Itnar

stumhas ndva rapirtam tndt tna caamhej ndbhts ic cdroam aags dra dgtaram whtnD. frdssushecafthie dem

axnhbht giss ic dppathta dem wahjnt giss (Edjdsdwd at dg. 488=). Hecafthie dgsi dccafts bgiim

ndaodtifrht mua ti tna bgiim caamhej bandvhiur ic tna pdrdshta.

]nasa accafts dra shjehchfdet hssuas cir aag rafruhtoaet bafdusa aag raprimufthie raghas upie suffasscug

ohjrdthie. Aags eaam ti ndva giej taro swhoohej fdpdfhthas dem succhfhaet aearjy rasarvas dvdhgdbga

ti ba dbga ti swho 3000lo ti tna Vdrjdssi Vad he d cdsthej stdta (]asfn, 2006). D stumy by Sde

Bdeehej dem Ndaeae (4880) ciuem tndt aags hecaftam whtn D. frdssus ndm hecgdoam dem rupturam

swhobgdmmars dem rdhsam tna hmad tndt tna aags ody eit ba dbga ti swho ti tnahr spdwehej jriuems

suffasscuggy bafdusa tnay eaam ti axart axtrd aearjy tryhej ti raodhe buiydet. Zirl by Pdgstrdat dg.

(200:) ciuem tndt ohjrdthej shgvar aags whtn savaragy hecaftam ir mdodjam swho bgdmmars dra uedbga ti

radfn spdwehej jriuems.


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4.= Vtumy shtas

Vhgvar aags usam he sdopghej wara figgaftam crio Giujn Eadjn (1=.=E, 3.21Z) dem Giujn Area

(1=.=33: E, :.>43: Z). Giujn Eadjn hs tna gdrjast crasnwdtar gdla he Hragdem dem Brhtdhe, fivarhej

430 squdra ohgas dem shtudtam he tna nadrt ic Eirtnare Hragdem. Vhx odkir rhvars cgiw heti tna Giujn

dem wdtar hs mhsfndrjam heti tna sad vhd tna Giwar Bdee Rhvar ti tna eirtn fidst ic Eirtnare Hragdem.

Ht hs iea ic tna odhe fiooarfhdg aag chsnarhas he Auripa. ]nara dra 2 dfthva chsnarhas he tna Giujn

tna yaggiw aag chsnary dem shgvar aag chsnary. Xaggiw aags dra chsnam he tna suooar oietns ushej

trdmhthiedg giej ghea dem sahea eats. ]na mdhgy quitd par bidt par mdy hs 14lj, dgtniujn tnhs hs subkaft

ti fndeja mapaemhej ie odrlat maodem. Mdhgy fdtfn stdthsthfs dra rafirmam by tna Giujn Eadjn

Chsnaroaes Fi-ipardthva Vifhaty (GECFV) si tndt dffurdta mdtd hs dvdhgdbga. Vhgvar aags dra chsnam

murhej tna Dutuoe dem Zhetar oietns, dt chxam wahrs gifdtam he ]iioa (Chjura 1) dem Lhgrad, ushej

fijnhgg eats. Giujn Eadjn Aag hs fndrdftarhzam by ndvhej gdrja, cdtty aags whtn dpprixhodtagy 26%

ghphm fietaet (AF suoodry 140/2003). Ohthjdthie pgdes wara put he pgdfa he 2008 dem hevigva

fietrigghej tna doiuet ic ghfaefas dem chsnhej oatnims, hopishej fdtfn quitds dem ohehouo fdtfn

shza (aags dra iegy ti ba ratdheam hc tnay dra ivar =0 fo). Odedjaoaet hs dgsi he pgdfa ti dsshst agvars

ohjrdthej up tna rhvar odey dra fdujnt ds tnay ohjrdta hewdrms dem tnae trdespirtam he tdels ti tna

Giujn< strdw ripas dra put he pgdfa ti hefradsa tna suffass rdta ic ohjrdthej agvars dem d 40%

uechsnam jdp hs gact he tna wahrs ti dggiw d pirthie ic tna shgvar aags ti ohjrdta ti tna Vdrjdssi Vad ti

spdwe (AF suoodry 140/2003).

Chjura =. D. frdssus whtnhe tna swhobgdmmar ic de hecaftam Auripade aag


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Giwar Giujn Area fivars de drad ic dpprixhodtagy 3> squdra ohgas. Vavae odkir rhvars cgiw he tna

Giujn dem ht mrdhes heti tna Dtgdethf. ]na Giujn Area chsnary wds kumjam uesustdhedbga dem aag

chsnhej wds subsaquaetgy bdeeam he tna drad (Eirtnare Hragdem Dssaobgy Brhachej Eita, 2040). Aags

crio bitn ic tnasa drads dra dgradmy leiwe ti ba hecaftam whtnD. frdssus. Ht wds chrst mifuoaetam he

Giujn Area he 4888 (Avdes dem Odttnaws, 4888) dem Giujn Eadjn he 2006 (Avdes dem Risagg,

200=). ]nara hs d mhstheft gdfl ic dvdhgdbga mdtd ie tna cafuemhty crio ahtnar pgdfa.

2 DHOV DEM IBKAF]HSAV

Raghdbga hecirodthie ie tna cdftirs hecguaefhej cafuemhty hs hopirtdet cir stifl oimagghej dem cutura

mavagipoaet ic odedjaoaet pighfhas. Pravhius wirl nds ibsarvam tndt tna ghphm fietaet ic shgvar aag

hs frufhdg cir suffasscug raprimufthie. Gdrssie at dg.(4880) sujjast tndt 2>% titdg bimy ghphm hs tna

frhthfdg tnrasnigm ti wnhfn aags oust radfn, uemar tnhs vdgua shgvarhej ody eit bajhe. ]nara hs

niwavar, oufn vdrhdthie he tna ohehouo aearjy raquhraoaets ic aags. Bithus dem Bithus, (48>0)

sujjast; 20% titdg bimy cdt, dem shohgdrgy vde mag ]nhggdrt at dg. (200:) sujjast 20.:%. Pdgstrd at dg.

(200:) ndva rdtnar mhccaraet ibsarvdthies dem sujjast tndt 46.1% titdg bimy cdt hs aeiujn cir

ohjrdthie dem raprimufthie. Ds d raspiesa ti tna AQs Aag Rafivary Pgde, tnhs eivag stumy whgg cifus

upie tna hecguaefa ic ghphm fietaet ie tna cafuemhty ic caodga shgvar aags crio Eadjn dem Area.

Itnar stdemdrm oirpnioatrhfs sufn ds gaejtn, wahjnt, fiemhthie dem Dejuhgghfigihmas frdssus

hecafthie pdrdoatars whgg dgsi ba hevasthjdtam. De up-ti-mdta rapirt ie tna cafuemhty ic Auripade aags

crio Eadjn dem Area whgg ba prasaetam. ]nhs mdtd hs vhtdg ds ht hs furraetgy uedvdhgdbga crio tnasa

pdrthfugdr systaos masphta tna cdft tndt Eadjn hs iea ic tna gdrjast fiooarfhdg aag chsnarhas he

Auripa.

Chjura 1. Chxam wahr dt ]iioa. ]dlae crio Aag Odedjaoaet Pgde; Eadjn/Bdee Mhstrhft, 2008


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Ht hs nipam tndt mdtd figgaftam fde ba hefirpirdtam heti aag stifl dssassoaets dem odedjaoaet pgdes dt

bitn d gifdg dem Auripade gavag. Bafdusa aags dra raquhram ti swho sufn giej mhstdefas, d striej

hetardfthie batwaae ghphm fietaet dem cafuemhty hs axpaftam. Ht hs nypitnashzam tndt tndt tna gdrjast

aags whgg ba tna oist cafuem. Ht hs dgsi nypitnashzam tndt giwar ghphm fietaets whgg rasugt he giwar

cafuemhty dem tndt hecafthie whtnD. frdssuswhgg ramufa cafuemhty dem ghphm fietaet.

6 OD]ARHDGV DEM OA]NIMIGIJX

6.4 Figgafthie shtas - Giujn Eadjn dem Giujn Area

Vdopgas ic caodga aags wara figgaftam crio chsnaroae crio Giwar Giujn Area dem Giujn Eadjn

(Chjura 3) he Zhetar 2044, ds tnay bajde tnahr ohjrdthie rue.

6.2 Prifasshej sdopgas

D titdg ic 14 caodga aags crio Giujn Eadjn dem 60 aags crio Giujn Area wara ibtdheam crio

chsnaroae ipardthej he tnasa drads he Zhetar 2044. Aags wara trdespirtam ti Djrh-Ciim dem

Bhisfhaefas Hesthtuta (DCBH) gdbirdtirhas dem crizae uethg prifasshej bajde he Kuea. Prhir ti

prifasshej, tna aags wara tndwam ivarehjnt. ]na titdg gaejtns ic adfn aag (ti tna eadrast 0.4 fo) dem

tnahr wat wahjnt (ti tna eadrast 0.4 j) wara rafirmam dctar tndwhej.

Chjura 3. Odp ic Eirtnare Hragdem whtn figgafthie shtas ic Giujn Area (ram bix) dem Giujn Eadjn

(bgdfl bix) nhjnghjntam. Viurfa; Jiijga odps 2042.


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%F

De hefhshie wds odma dt tna deus dem tna aag wds fut ipae dgiej tna vaetrdg surcdfa, ushej sfhssirs.

]na swhobgdmmar wds raoivam dem tna euobar ic hemhvhmudg D. frdssus heshma wara fiuetam dem

rafirmam. Caodga jiedmdg thssuas wara raoivam dem wahjnam. ]nay wara tnae stiram he d 1 og vhga

ic 2% Dfathf dfhm siguthie cir 4= mdys ti dhm tna bradlmiwe ic ivdrhde thssua dem ti sapdrdta tna ajjs,

ds par pritifig cir d stdemdrm oatnim ic aag ajj fiuethej by Bdrbhe dem OfFgadva (488:). Prhir ti

ajj fiuethej, tna Dfathf dfhm siguthie wds mhgutam he 2000 ogs ic wdtar. ]i matarohea tna euobar ic

ajjs he tna siguthie, d Ndaoifytioatar dem d ohfrisfipa wara uthghsam. ]na siguthie wds tniriujngy

ohxam bacira sdopghej. D sodgg doiuet ic tna siguthie wds axtrdftam ushej d Pdstaur phpatta dem tna

fiuethej fndobar wds chggam. ]na euobar ic ajjs vhshbga uemar tna ohfrisfipa whtnhe tna fiuethej

fndobar wds fiuetam dem rafirmam cir adfn hemhvhmudg. ]nhs prifass wds rapadtam chva thoas ti jhva

chva sapdrdta cafuemhty asthodtas cir adfn aag. ]na oade ic tnasa chva vdguas jdva de asthodta ic

cafuemhty (titdg euobar ic ajjs par hemhvhmudg). ]i matarohea tna doiuet ic ajjs he tna aethra

siguthie, tna ciggiwhej cirougd wds usam;

Oade ajjs par 0.02og x 10 x 2000.

]i dedgysa tna ghphm fietaet ic adfn aag d safthie ic ousfga thssua wds raoivam. ]nhs wds dgwdys

tdlae crio tna gact shma ic tna aag dem batwaae tna deus dem tna tdhg. ]na ousfga thssua wds tnae

stiram he d craazar he 10 og uehvarsdg tubas dt 4> F. Ousfga sdopgas wara tna trdescarram ti

gdbaggam patrh mhsnas dem put he tna ivae ti mry, cir 4= mdys. Dctar tnhs thoa, tna sdopgas wara jriuem,

ushej d pastga dem oirtdr dem dpprixhodtagy 4.=j ic ousfga thssua wds cigmam heti chgtar pdpar demsadgam fgisam whtn stdpgas. ]i hmaethcy hemhvhmudg sdopgas, phafas ic odrlam pgdsthf wara dgsi stdbgam

ti tna chgtar pdpar. ]na wahjnt ic tna sdopga he pdpar wds rafirmam dem tnraa sdopgas wara chttam heti

iea axtrdftir. D titdg ic 200 og ic fngirioatndeig wds piuram heti badlars dem pgdfam ieti d nadtar.

]na nadtar wds tuream ie dem wdtar wds dggiwam ti rue fietheuiusgy tnriujn tna axtrdftirs cir 3

niurs. Dctar tnhs thoa, sdopgas wara pgdfam he tna ivae ivarehjnt ti raoiva dey axfass oihstura.

Vdopgas wara pgdfam he d masshfdtir cir de niur ti fiig he d mry aevhrieoaet si tndt tnay wiugm eit

tdla ie dmmhthiedg oihstura. ]na chedg wahjnt wds rafirmam.

6.6 Dedgyshs

Cugtie's fiemhthie cdftir (L) wds fdgfugdtam crio tna jriss wahjnt (j) dem titdg gaejtn (oo) ic tna

aags ushej Cugties cirougd (480=);


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Oadsuras ic cafuemhty, gaejtn, odss dem ghphm fietaet wara gij trdesciroam. Vtdthsthfdg dedgysas wara

parciroam whtn tna stdthsthfdg prijrdo VPVV (Vtdthsthfdg Pdfldja cir tna Vifhdg Vfhaefas) varshie 20

dem tna ciggiwhej tasts wara fdrrham iut;

D Ligoijiriv-Vohreiv tast wds usam ti tast cir shjehchfdet mhccaraefas batwaae oade

fndrdftarhsthfs ic tna aags he bitn shtas, ushej d shjehchfdefa gavag ic 0.01. ]nhs mataroheam hc

pdrdoatrhf ir eiepdrdoatrhf tasts bast suhtam tna mdtd.

Masfrhpthva stdthsthfs dra prasaetam ti sniw tna oade, oamhde, odxhouo dem ohehouo

stdthsthfs cir adfn vdrhdbga.

Craquaefy nhstijrdos wara prasaetam ti sniw tna gavag ic adfn vdrhdbga dt adfn shta.

D pdrdoatrhf hemapaemaet t-tast wds usam ti matarohea wnatnar cafuemhty, ghphm fietaet, odss

(j), dem gaejtn (oo) mhccaram batwaae shtas dem d eie-pdrdoatrhf OdeeYZnhteay Q tast wds

usam ti matarohea hc pdrdshthf hetaeshty ic aags he Giujn Area dem Giujn Eadjn wara

shjehchfdetgy mhccaraet crio iea deitnar.

D sfdttar pgit whtn gheadr rajrasshie dedgyshs wds pgittam ti sniw tna striej firragdthie

batwaae odss dem gaejtn dem dgsi tna firragdthie batwaae cafuemhty dem odss, gaejtn, D.

frdssusburmae, ghphm fietaet dem fiemhthie.

DEISD stdthsthfs wara usam ti dedgysa tna firragdthie batwaae cafuemhty dem tna vdrhdbgas.

Gaejtn dem cafuemhty dra edturdggy firragdtam dem tnus ti curtnar dedgysa cafuemhty vdguas

batwaae shtas, de Dedgyshs ic Fivdrhdefa (DEFISD) wds rue whtn gaejtn ds tna fivdrhdta.

Bix-pgits wara primufam ti tna prasaet tna cafuemhty dt mhccaraet shtas dem tna cafuemhty dt

mhccaraetD. frdssushetaeshthas.

= RAVQG]V

]na vdrhius hecguaefas ie cafuemhty cir tna Auripade aag wds hevasthjdtam cir d titdg ic >4 shgvar

caodgas 14 crio Giujn Eadjn dem 60 crio Giujn Area. Ht wds uecirtuedta tndt de aqudg sdopga

shza crio Eadjn dem Area fiugm eit ndva baae dedgysam, but ht hs baghavam tndt tna sdopga shza crio

adfn shta hs rajdrmam ds bahej succhfhaet cir tniriujn stdthsthfdg dedgyshs.

=.4 Ligioijiriv-Vohreiv tast cir eirodghty

D tast cir eirodghty ic mdtd wds fiemuftam ti mafhma hc eie pdrdoatrhf ir pdrdoatrhf dedgyshs bast suht

tna mdtd (]dbga 4). Mdtd wds gij trdesciroam ti ramufa arrir. Rasugts sniw tndt pdrdoatrhf dedgyshs hs

suhtdbga wnae ushej cafuemhty, gaejtn, odss, fiemhthie ir ghphm fietaet ds d vdrhdbga ds tnay dra

eirodggy mhstrhputam (P?5.01). D. frdssusburmae dedysgys niwavar, raquhras eie pdrdoatrhf tasthej

(P?7.000).


22/51

%&

]dbga 4. Ligioijiriv-Vohreiv tast cir eirodghty

Vhta O/4/";/", +6 O"3$GijYcafuemhty Eadjn $F@%


23/51

%(

Chjura :. D craquaefy nhstijrdo sniwhej tna mhstrhbuthie ic gaejtn he Eadjn dem Area aags

Chjura >. D craquaefy nhstijrdo sniwhej tna mhstrhbuthie ic odss he Eadjn dem Area aags

=.2.2 Odss

]nara wds d sghjnt vdrhdthie he odss batwaae tna 2 shtas, whtn Eadjn aags bahej nadvhar ivardgg

(684.23 j) tnde Area aags (613.= j. (]dbga 2)). ]na ohehouo odss cir Eadjn aags wds 203.1 j dem

4>0.:j cir Area aags. ]na odxhouo odss wds 322.4 j he Eadjn aags dem :24.= j Area aags. ]na

oade odss cir tna aethra mdtdsat wds 6:>. 61 j. ]na hemhvhmudg odss cir tna aags dra prasaetam he

Dppaemhx 4. Rasugts ic tna hemapaemaet t-tast sniw tndt titdg odss mhm eit shjehchfdetgy vdry batwaae

shtas (P ? .083. (]dbga 6)). ]na avae mhstrhbuthie ic odss batwaae tna 2 shtas hs prasaetam he Chjura >.

Bitn tna ghjntast dem nadvhast aag fdoa crio Area. ]na mhstrhbuthie ic odss he Eadjn hs oufn gass

vdrham tnde he aags crio Area.


24/51

%'

Chjura 8. D craquaefy nhstijrdo sniwhej tna mhstrhbuthie ic fiemhthie he Eadjn dem Area

aags

=.2.6 Fiemhthie

Eadjn aags wara he d battar fiemhthie tndt Area aags. ]na dvardja fiemhthie wds 2.08 cir Eadjn dem

4.881> cir Area (]dbga 2). Fiemhthie rdejam crio 4.= ti 2.=1. ]na 2 aags whtn bitn tna giwast dem

nhjnast fiemhthie cdftir, fdoa crio Area. Rasugts ic tna hemapaemaet t-tast (]dbga 6) sniw tndt

fiemhthie mhm eit shjehchfdetgy vdry batwaae shtas (P ? .066). ]na mhstrhbuthie ic fiemhthie hs

prasaetam he Chjura 8. Area aags ndm d giwar fiemthie tnde Eadjn aags oira craquaetgy. He taros ic

fiemhthie, Area aag 2= saaos ti ba de iutghar, whtn d fiemhthie ic 4.=0.

=.2.= Cafuemhty

]na raprimufthva pitaethdg ic tna aags wds fdgfugdtam ds tna titdg euobar ic ajjs fiuetam, ushej d

stdemdrm aag ajj fiuethej oatnim. Aags crio Eadjn ndm tna nhjnast cafuemhty ivardgg, whtn d oade

titdg ic 4.2> ohgghie ajjs, fiopdram ti 4.21 ohgghie ajjs he Area. Asthodtas ic cafuemhty rdejam crio

0.1 2.8 ohgghie ajjs. ]na oade cafuemhty cir tna aethra mdtdsat wds 4.2: ohgghie. ]na aags whtn tna

jradtast cafuemhty fdoa crio Area. Rasugts ic tna hemapaemaet t-tast sniw tndt cafuemhty mhm eit

shjehchfdetgy vdry batwaae shtas (P ? .3=8). ]na bix pgit sniws tndt tnara wds ghttga vdrhdthie batwaae

gij cafuemhty batwaae tna 2 shtas (Chjura 40). ]na avae mhstrhbuthie ic cafuemhty hs mhspdgyam he

Chjura 44. Eadjn aags wara gass cafuem oira craquaetgy tnde Area aags. ]na nhjnast cafuemhty gavags

dra ibsarvam oira craquaetgy he Area aags. ]nara dra ei axtraoa iutghars he taros ic cafuemhty dt

ahtnar shta.


25/51

% whtn d ghphmfietaet ic iegy 44.=6% (Chjura 42). ]na rast ic tna mdtd hs

mhstrhbutam eirodggy. Aags whtn tna nhjnast ghphmfietaets dppadram oist craquaetgy he Giujn Area.

]na hemapaemaet t-tast (]dbga 6) sniwam tndt ghphm fietaet mhm eit vdry shjehchfdetgy batwaae shtas (P

? .033).

=.2.3 D. frdssus

]na doiuet icD. frdssuswhtnhe tna swhobgdmmar ic adfn aag wds fiuetam dem rafirmam. Eadjn ndm

tna nadvhastD. frdssushetaeshty ie dvardja whtn d oade titdg ic 8.68 fiopdram ti 3.633: he Area

aags. ]na nadvhast hecaftam aag fdoa crio Eadjn whtn d titdg ic 14 pdrdshtas. Bitn Eadjn dem Area

ndm aags tndt fietdheam ei pdrdshtas. ]na eie-pdrdoatrhf Odee-Znhteay Q tast (]dbga =) sniwam tndt

tnara wds ei shjehchfdet vdrhdthie he pdrdshta hetaeshty batwaae shtas (P ? .41>). Craquaefy nhstijrdos

sniw tndt jaeardggy Eadjn aags wara oira craquaetgy nadvhgy hecaftam whtn tna pdrdshta (Chjura 46).

]nara dra d fiupga ic iutghars he taros ic nadvyD. frdssusburmaes dt bitn shtas.

Chjura 42. D craquaefy nhstijrdo sniwhej tna mhstrhbuthie ic titdg ghphm % he Eadjn dem

Area aags


27/51

%@

]dbga 2. Masfrhpthva stdthsthfs ic adfn vdrhdbga.

)-,4/"-. I4?"4N20 O48*20 ;"L0 H4.30 M"."8=8 M4G"8=8 M04. OP

T043:R?.0T043:R?.0T043:R?.0T043:R?.0T043:

R?.0T043:R?.0

C0,=.+"/1

)0.3/:

M4;;

A-.+"/"-.

7$,?4;;=;

N=?+0.)"*"+,-./0./


28/51

%D

]dbga 6. Hemapaemaet t-tast

C Vhj ] Mc Vhj (2-tdhgam)Gij CafuemhtyGij GaejtnGij OdssFiemhthieGhphm fietaet

.2=6.262.3342.18>.44:

.326

.364

.=4>

.444

.:66

.=1:

.8814.3>32.433-4.>3>

:8:8:8:8:8

.3=8

.626

.083

.066

.033

]dbga =. Odee Znhteay Q tast

Eugg Nypitnashs ]ast Vhj. MafhshieD. frdssusburmae Hemapaemaet Vdopgas .41> Ratdhe tna eugg

nypitnashsOdee-Znhteay Q tast

=.6 Firragdthie batwaae vdrhdbgas

]i maoiestrdta wnatnar ir eit tnara hs d firragdthie, de hecaraethdg tast ic firragdthie nds baae fdrrham

iut ushej sfdttarjrdos whtn d gheadr rajrasshie. ]na sfdttarjrdos prasaet tna shjehchfdefa gavag dem

straejtn ic tna firragdthie batwaae gaejtn dem odss dem cafuemhty dem gaejtn, odss, ghphm fietaet,

fiemhthie dem D.frdssus burmae. ]na straejtn ic adfn firragdthie hs raprasaetam by tna vdgua ic tna

firragdthie fiacchfhaet (R") dem tna P vdgua, ibtdheam whtn DEISD dedgyshs. ]i curtnar hggustrdta tna

pdrdoatrhf tast ic firragdthie, d Padrsies dedgyshs wds rue (]dbga :) dem tna eie-pdrdoatrhf dedgyshs

cirD. frdssusburmae dem cafuemhty, d Vpadrodes dedgyshs wds rue (]dbga 3).

=.6.4 Gaejtn dem cafuemhty

]na ragdthiesnhp batwaae gaejtn dem cafuemhty (Chjura 4=) hs striejgy gheadr whtn de R"vdgua ic 0.108

cir Eadjn dem 0.=>: cir Area dem DEISD vdgua ic 0.00. Gaejtn axpgdhes dbiut 14% ic vdrhdthie he

cafuemhty he aags crio Giujn Area dem =8% he aags crio Giujn Eadjn. Padrsies firragdthie fiechros


29/51

%B

Chjura 4=. ]na ragdthiesnhp batwaae gaejtn (oo) dem cafuemhty he Eadjn dem Area aags

tndt tnara hs nhjn pishthva firragdthie batwaae gaejtn (oo) dem cafuemhty he bitn Giujn Area

(Padrsies R ? .38>< P? .000) dem Giujn Eadjn (Padrsies R ?:46< P ? .000).

Vhefa tnara hs d edturdg ragdthiesnhp batwaae gaejtn dem cafuemhty, tna firragdthie wds tastam whtn

DEFISD, ushej gaejtn ds tna fivdrhdta. ]na sgipa (Chjura 41 - DEFISDsgipas; C4,::? 0.614, P ?

0.111) dem hetarfapt (]dbga 1 - DEFISDhetarfapt; C4,:>? 0.4=6, P ? 0.:03) ic tna ragdthiesnhps wara

shohgdr hemhfdthej d fiooie cafuemhty-gaejtn ragdthiesnhp he shgvar aags crio tna twi systaos. Vhta

nds ei accaft ie tna hetarfapt vdgua, dem tnus tna ragdthiesnhps dra tna sdoa batwaae shtas.


30/51

&F

Chjura 41. Jaeardg gheadr oimag prasaethej tna nioijaeahty ic sgipas wnara shta 4 hs GiujnEadjn dem shta 2 hs Giujn Area

]dbga 1. Dedgyshs ic Sdrhdefa whtn gij gaejtn ds d fivdrhdta

Viurfa ]ypa 444Vuo ic

Vqudra

Mc OadeVqudras

C-Rdthi p-Sdgua

Gij gaejtnVhtaArrir

4.1280.0024.621

44:>

4.1280.0020.4:

80.0120.4=6

0.0000.:03

=.6.2 Odss dem cafuemhty

]na odss-cafuemhty ragdthiesnhp (Chjura 43) hs dgsi d pishthva shjehchfdet gheadr ragdthiesnhp (R"?

0.=>: (Area) dem 0.108 (Eadjn)) dem DEISD vdgua ic (0.00). Odss axpgdhes dbiut =8% dem 14%

(Area dem Eadjn aags raspafthvagy) ic tna vdrhdthie he cafuemhty. Padrsies firragdthie dgsi sniwam d

pishthva shjehchfdet firragdthie batwaae odss (j) dem cafuemhty he bitn Giujn Area (Padrsies R?

.:>1< P tdhgam ? .000) dem Giujn Eadjn (Padrsies R?.:=6< P? .000).


31/51

&%

Chjura 43. ]na ragdthiesnhp batwaae odss (j) dem cafuemhty he Eadjn dem Area aags

Chjura 4:. ]na dvardja euobar ic ajjs he d jhvae odss cir tna Auripade aag. Arrir bdrs raprasaet 4

Vtdemdrm Arrir (VA)

Mua ti tna shjehchfdet ragdthiesnhp batwaae odss dem cafuemhty , tna dvardja doiuet ic ajjs par 4 j ic

aag crio bitn Area dem Eadjn wds wirlam iut (Chjura 4:). Rasugts sniw tndt ie dvardja, Area aags

dra oira cafuem tndt Eadjn aags. De aag crio Area wahjnhej =00j nds ie dvardja, 4.= ohgghie ajjs,

wnarads tna sdoa shza aag crio Eadjn nds ie dvardja, 4.6 ohgghie ajjs.

C>/=8?/:@9K

/=6./??4

9844 T?R

R?.0

T043:


32/51

&&

Chjura 4>. ]na ragdthiesnhp batwaae ghphm fietaet (%) dem cafuemhty he Eadjn dem Area aags

Chjura 48. ]na ragdthiesnhp batwaae ghphm fietaet (%) dem cafuemhty he tna aethra mdtdsat(Eadjn dem Area fiobheam)

=.6.6 Ghphm fietaet dem cafuemhty

Chjura 4> sniws d wadlar firragdthie wds ibsarvam batwaae cafuemhty dem ghphm fietaet (R"? 0.04=

(Area) dem 0.41= (Eadjn)). DEISD sniws d shjehchfdet ragdthiesnhp batwaae ghphm fietaet dem

cafuemhty he Eadjn aags (P?.001) dem d eie-shjehchfdet ragdthiesnhp he Area aags (P?.1:6). ]nhs hs

fiechroam whtn Padrsies firragdthie tndt sniw d eie-shjehchfdet ragdthiesnhp he Area (Padrsies R?

.400< P? .288) but d shjehchfdet iea he Eadjn aags (Padrsies R?.686 P? .002). Znae tna mdtdsat wds

fiobheam tnara wds d firragdthie ic R"? 0.038 (Chjura 48). DEISD sniwam d eie-shjehchfdet vdgua

ic P? 0.4>.


33/51

&(

C"3=?0 &F$ V:0 ?024/"-.;:"* N0/K00. ,-.+"/"-. 4.+ 60,=.+"/1 ". T043: 4.+ R?.0 002;

=.6.= Fiemhthie dem cafuemhty

Cafuemhty dem fiemhthie (Chjura 20) dgsi sniws d wadl firragdthie (R" ? 0.481 (Area) dem 0.02=

(Eadjn)). DEISD sniws d eie-shjehchfdet ragdthiesnhp batwaae fiemhthie dem cafuemhty he aags

crio bitn shtas (P?5.001). Padrsie firragdthie fiechros tnhs rasugt cir bitn Area (Padrsies R? .==2>6 (Area) dem 0.>>1 (Eadjn)) dem de DEISD shjehchfdefa vdgua ic 7.001.

Odss fde axpgdhe >>% dem >8% vdrhdthie he gaejtn he Area dem Eadjn aags raspafthvagy (Chjura 26).

Padrsie firragdthie (]dbga :) dgsi maoiestrdtam d striej ragdthiesnhp batwaae gaejtn (oo) dem odss

(j) he bitn Giujn Area (Padrsies R ? .868< P? .000) dem Giujn Eadjn (p?.8=4< P ? .000).

]dbga 3. Eie pdrdoatrhf Vpadrodes firragdthies$

Gaejtn Cafuemhty Odss Fiemhthie Ghphmfietaet

D.frdssus

brumaeEadjn

Vpadrodes

FirragdthieVhj. (4-

tdhgam)

.038

.64=

-.060

.=4>

.0=8

.63>

.03:

.648

-.633

.00>

D.frdssus

burmae

Area

Vpadrodes

FirragdthieVhj. (4-

tdhgam)

-.=38!!

.00=

-.1=:!!

.004

-.1>0!!

.000

-.664!

.06:

.013

.6>=


36/51

&J

]dbga :. Padrsies firragdthies. (4-tdhgam shjechfdefa gavag)

Gaejtn Cafuemhty Odss Fiemhthie Ghphmfietaet

Gaejtn

EadjnPadrsie

FirragdthieVhj.

4 .:46!!

.000

.8=4!!

.000

-.0:4

.640

.666!!

.00>Cafuemhty

EadjnPadrsie

FirragdthieVhj.

.:46!!

.000

4 .:=6!!

.000

.413

.46:

.686!!

.002OdssEadjn

Padrsie

FirragdthieVhj.

.8=4!!

.000

.:=6!!

.000

4 .214!

.06>

.=04!!

.002Fiemhthie

EadjnPadrsie

FirragdthieVhj.

-.0:4

.640

.413

.46:

.214!

.06>

4 .2=:!

.0=0Ghphm

fietaetEadjn

Padrsie

FirragdthieVhj.

.666!!

.00>

.686!!

.002

.=04!!

.002

.2=:!

.0=0

4

Gaejtn

AreaPadrsie

FirragdthieVhj.

4 .38>!!

.000

.868!!

.000

.464

.2=3

.4>4

.438Cafueemhty

AreaPadrsie

FirragdthieVhj.

.38>!!

.000

4 .:>1!!

.000

.==2!!

.00:

.400

.288Odss

AreaPadrsie

FirragdthieVhj.

.868!!

.000

.:>1!!

.000

4 .=26!!

.040

.42:

.216FiemhthieArea

Padrsie

FirragdthieVhj.

.464

.2=3

.==2!!

.00:

.=26!!

.040

4 -.44:

.238Ghphm

fietaet

Area

Padrsie

FirragdthieVhj.

.4>4

.438

.400

.288

.42:

.216

-.44:

.238

4

]] Firragdthie hs shjehchfdet dt tna 0.04 gavag

! Firragdthie hs shjehchfdet dt tna 0.01 gavag


37/51

&@

EHe suoodry, tna stdthsthfs sniw tndt Eadjn aags wara nadvhast, giejast, oira cafuem, dem he battar

fiemhthie but gass cdtty dem ndm oira pdrdshtas ivardgg tnde Area aags. ]nara hs d shjehchfdet

ragdthiesnhp batwaae cafuemhty demD. frdssusburmae he Area iegy dem d shjehchfdet ragdthiesnhpbatwaae cafuemhty dem ghphm fietaet he Eadjn iegy. ]na ragdthiesnhp batwaae fiemhthie dem cafuemhty

hs eie-shjehchfdet dt bitn shtas. ]na gaejtn-cafuemhty dem odss-cafuemhty ragdthiesnhps dra bitn nhjngy

shjehchfdet. Odss dem gaejtn hs dgsi shjehchfdetgy firragdtam.

1 MHVFQVVHIE

1.4 Cafuemhty

Asthodtas ic pitaethdg cafuemhty wara shohgdr batwaae shtas, avae wnae tna accaft ic gaejtn wds

raoivam ushej DEFISD. Cafuemhty he Auripade aags he tnhs stumy dra giwar tnde tnisa ic Bithus

dem Bithus, (48>0). ]nhs pdrthfugdr stumy dgsi, by tna dutnirs iwe dmohsshie, prasaetam cafuemhty

asthodtas ie d oufn giwar sfdga mua ti tna cdft tndt tnay iegy fiuetam ajjs ratdheam he d 0.22= oo

oasn dem ht hs leiwe tndt oist ajjs ic odtura caodgas dra dftudggy gass tnde 0.21 oo (]imm, 48>4).

]na cafuemhty ic sdopgam aags he tnhs stumy rdejam crio 0.1 2.8 ohgghie. ]nasa giwar asthodtas

fiugm ba dssifhdtam whtn tna sodggar aags axdoheam he tna stumy. Aags sdopgam by Bithus dem Bithus

(48>0) rdejam he odss crio =30 j ti 434= j dem ndm d oade odss ic :83 j. Vdopgas he tnhs stumy ndm

d titdg oade odss ic 6:>.61 j. Asthodtas he tna stumy dra dgsi giwar tnde tnisa rapirtam by Bdrbhe

dem OfFgadva (488:) cir tna Doarhfde aag (Dejuhggd ristrdtd) dem by ]imm (48>4) cir tna Kdpdeasa

aag (Dejuhggd kdpiehfd). ]nasa mhccaraefas ody ba dttrhbutam ti tna mhccaraefas he cafuemhty whtn

jaijrdpnhf gifdthie, doiejst spafhas, yadr-ti-yadr vdrhdthie, ir ajj fiuethej tafnehquas. D sghjntgy

nhjnar ajj fiuet crio 48>0 ody dgsi ba dttrhbutam ti tna cdft tndt D. frdssus wds eit prasaet yat

murhej tnhs thoa. Oira rafaet stumhas by Bdrl at dg. (200:) ibsarva tndt d typhfdg caodga aag fde

primufa driuem 4 ohgghie ajjs dem gdrjar ieas, up ti 1 ohgghie. Curtnar wirl by Fidm (2001)

ibsarvas tndt odtura caodgas fietdhe dbiut 6 ohgghie ajjs par 4 lj ic bimy wahjnt. ]nhs stumy

asthodtas tndt d >00 lj aag crio Eadjn ir Area fiugm pitaethdggy primufa batwaae 2.3-2.: ohgghie

ajjs.

]nara hs d mhstheft gdfl ic mdtd dvdhgdbga ie tna cafuemhty ic aags crio Eadjn dem Area dem tnus ht hs

mhcchfugt ti dssass niw cafuemhty asthodtas he tnhs stumy fiopdra gifdggy. ]na odkirhty ic cafuemhty

asthodtas fioa crio rhvars he Auripa dem tnus ht hs eit whsa ti hecar spdthdg traems, mua ti tna cdft tndt

tnasa asthodtas dra sapdrdtam by tniusdems ic lhgioatras. ]nhs hecirodthie niwavar, fiugm ba usam ti

cirougdta tna nypitnashs tndt cafuemhty sniws gdrja vdrhdbhghty doiejst jaijrdpnhf drads dem tndt


38/51

&D

parndps tna mhstdefa crio spdwehej jriuems dt tna stdrt ic ohjrdthie, fiugm hecguaefa cafuemhty

oadsuras he aags.

]na fiuethej oatnim usam wds tndt ic d stdemdrm aag fiuethej oatnim usam by Bdrbhe dem OfFgadva

(488:). Itnar stumhas ic cafuemhty he Dejuhggdspafhas ndva usam mhccaraet oatnims ti sapdrdta ajjs

crio ivdrhde thssua. ]imm (48>4) stiram ivdrhas he Jhgsies cguhm cir 42 oietns. Ht wds cagt tndt cir

tnhs stumy, 4= mdys he 2% dfathf dfhm wds dopga thoa cir tna ajjs ti sapdrdta crio tna ivdrhde thssua.

Rasugts sniwam tndt tnara wds d fieshstaefy he cafuemhty batwaae Giujn Eadjn dem Giujn Area.

]nasa taopirdg traems dra eit surprhshej ds tna twi shtas dra sapdrdtam by d ragdthvagy snirt mhstdefa

dem tnus dra subkaft ti shohgdr wdtar taopardturas dem mhstdefas ti tna spdwehej drad. ]na eie-

shjehchfdet mhccaraefas sujjast tndt tnara hs eit oufn vdrhdbhghty he caodga shgvar aags dt tna thoa ic

ohjrdthie whtnhe d fartdhe jaijrdpnhfdg drad. ]na oade vdguas ic cafuemhty wara shohgdr batwaae tna

shtas 4.2> ohgghie ajjs par aags he Eadjn dem 4.21 ohgghie ajjs par aag he Area. ]nara wds niwavar,

d whma spradm ic hemhvhmudg vdguas Eadjn aags rdejam crio 0.1 2.: ohgghie dem Area aags rdejam

crio 0.3 2.8 ohgghie. ]nhs fde ba dttrhbutam ti tna cdft tndt tna sdopgam aags wara crio d whma rdeja

ic shzas crio 4>0.: :24.= j dem ht hs leiwe tndt d shza-cafuemhty ragdthiesnhp hs nhjngy shjehchfdet.

]na oima cafuemhty he Eadjn wds 4.3 ohgghie dem iegy 0.8 ohgghie he Area. D nhjnar fiemhthie cdftir

he Eadjn aags, fihefhmam whtn tnahr nhjnar cafuemhty gavag.

1.2 Ghphm fietaet

]itdg ghphm fietaets sniwam ghttga vdrhdthie batwaae shtas dem iffurram oistgy dt fiefaetrdthies ic

720% (axfapt cir 2 hemhvhmudgs whtn ghphm fietaets ic 20.=>% dem 20.13%). Ghphm fietaets ic

sdopgam aags wara jaeardggy giwar tnde pravhius ibsarvdthies. Zirl by Vvamej dem Zhflstro

(488:) stdtas tndt aags jaeardggy ndva de dvardja ghphm fietaet ic 20% dem rajdrms tnisa aags whtn ghphm

fiefaetrdthies 720% ds gade. Bagpdhra at dg(2008) nds ibsarvam d mafradshej traem he ghphm fietaet

he Bagjhde yaggiw aags cdgghej by :.1% ivar d 41 yadr parhim. ]itdg oade ghphm fietaets ic Bagjhdeyaggiw aags batwaae 200=-2003 wara 42.6% (ohe 2.0 - odx 2:.1). Vhgvar aags crio Eadjn ndm, ie

dvardja, 43.:8% titdg bimy ghphm dem aags crio Area ndm, ie dvardja, 4:.==% titdg bimy ghphm. Avae

tniujn tna Bagjhde aags wara yaggiw, tnay ndm iegy sghjntgy gass titdg ghphm fietaet ti tna aags he tnhs

stumy, wnhfn wara shgvar dem he tnairy, sniugm ndva baae oufn cdtthar. ]na mhccaraefas he ghphm

fietaets driuem Auripa fde ba dttrhbutam ti vdrhdthies he jaijrdpnhfdg gifdthies dem tnus mhccaraet

aevhrieoaetdg fiemhthies, sufn ds taopardtura, pigguthie, ciim dvdhgdbhghty dem aag maeshty

(fiopaththie cir ciim). ]na mhccaraefas he mhstdefa crio tnahr spdwehej jriuems ody dgsi hecguaefa

titdg bimy ghphm stiras he aags driuem Auripa. Bafdusa ht hs baghavam tndt aags swho ti tnahr spdwhehej


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jriuems he d cdsthej stdta, ht fiugm ba nypitnashzam tndt tnisa aags fgisar ti tna drad whgg raquhra gass

aearjy rasarvas, dem tnus gass cdt. ]na jaijrdpnhf gifdthie ic Giujn Eadjn dem Giujn Area oades

tndt aags crio tnasa drads dra fgisar ti tna baghavam spdwehej jriuem ic tna Vdrjdssi Vad tnde aags

sdopgam dt vdrhius shtas he Auripa (a.j. Bagpdhra at dg. 2008). ]na fietrdst batwaae rasugts he tnhs

stumy, dem rasugts crio Auripa, fiugm ba axpgdheam by jaijrdpnhf gifdthie dem gifdg vdrhdthie.

]na nhjn pripirthie ic gade aags ciuem he tnhs stumy sujjasts tndt tna tnairy ic Bithus dem Bithus

(48>0) tndt sdys uegass aags radfn d frhthfdg gavag (dbiva 20% titdg bimy cdt) tnay whgg eit odtura ir

spdwe, hs parndps sioawndt axdjjardtam. ]na giw fiefaetrdthies ic ghphm ibsarvam he tnhs stumy,

cuags tna drjuoaet tndt aag odturdthie hs cgaxhbga dem tndt tnay ody bajhe tnahr spdwehej ohjrdthie dt

giw ghphmfiefaetrdthies. ]nara dra striej drjuoaets tndt eit dgg aags swho tna aethra mhstdefa he d

cdsthej stdta but tnisa whtn giwar ghphmstiras, ody taopirdrhgty aetar d caamhej stdja dem fietheua

tnahr kiureay iefa tnahr ghphm stiras dra rapgaehsnam (Vvamej dem Zhflstro, 488:). ]nara hs

niwavar, d git ic avhmaefa tndt sujjasts aags dra trhjjaram ti bajhe tnahr ohjrdthie iefa tnahr titdg

ghphm fietaet radfnas d fartdhe gavag tndt whgg aesura ohjrdthie fde ba dfnhavam dem aeiujn hs gact ivar

cir suffasscug raprimufthie (Gdrssie at dg. 4880< Bagpdhra at dg.2008). Dffirmhej ti ibsarvdthies by

vde mae ]nhggdrt at dg. (200:), aags sniugm ndva dt gadst 20.:% titdg bimy ghphm ti ba dbga ti ohjrdta

dem raprimufa. Hc tnhs hs hemaam dffurdta, eiea ic tna aags crio tnhs stumy wiugm ba dbga ti fietrhbuta

ti rafruhtoaet. Cutura wirl fiugm ba hevastam he hevasthjdthej hc sufn d jaijrdpnhfdg traem he

cafuemhty axhsts, by asthodthej cafuemhty ic ohjrdthej caodgas crio vdrhius gifdthies shougtdeaiusgy.

Ds tna djas ic tna aags wara eit hevasthjdtam, tna vdrhdthie he ghphmfietaet fiugm eit ba dttrhbutam ti

tnahr dja.

1.6 Vhza

]nhs stumy asthodtam cafuemhty cir Auripade aags crio d whma rdeja ic shzas. D stumy by ]asfn,

(48::) rapirts tndt ohjrdthej shgvar caodga aags rdeja crio 1=-34 fo cir caodgas. Caodgas sdopgam he

tna stumy rdejam crio =3.1 fo ti 38.8 fo dem wara fieshstaet whtn pravhius stumhas. ]nhs whma shza

rdeja dt odturhty hs fieshstaet whtn itnar stumhas (Pdechgh at dg. 488=). ]na vdrhdthies he hemhvhmudg aag

shzas fde parndps ba dttrhbutam ti tna cdft tndt bitn shtas fietdhe d ohxtura ic drthchfhdggy stiflam,

edturdg hoohjrdets dem ohjrdthej aags, rasugthej he mhvarsa aags stifls. ]na oade vdguas cir gaejtn

saao ti ba radghsthf (Mallar at dg.488>), whtn oade gaejtn rdejhej crio 113.>4 oo cir Area aags dem

13:.83 oo cir Eadjn aags. Oade odss rdejam crio 663.= j ti 684.23 j. Bitn tna odss dem gaejtn

ic aags crio Eadjn dem Area wara eie-shjehchfdetgy mhccaraet. ]nhs sujjasts tndt tnasa twi shtas dra

shohgdr he taros ic primufthvhty, taopardtura dem caamhej rajhoas. ]nhs hs eit surprhshej mua ti tna

snirt mhstdefa dt wnhfn tna shtas dra sapdrdtam. Eadjn aags wara niwavar, jaeardggy bitn giejar dem

nadvhar tndt Area aags.


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1.6.4 Fiemhthie

Fiemhthie cdftirs wara eit shjehchfdetgy mhccaraet batwaae shtas, dgtniujn Eadjn aags wara he d

sghjntgy battar fiemhthie ivardgg. ]na oade vdguas rdejam crio 4.88 (Area) ti 2.08 (Eadjn).

Hemhvhmudg vdguas rdejam crio 4.=0 ti 2.=1. ]nasa vdguas dra fieshstaet whtn wirl by Bagpdhra at dg

(2008) wni ibsarvam d odxhouo oade fiemhthie cdftir ic 4.48 he Bagjhde aags batwaae 200= dem

2003. ]na dutnir dgsi ibsarvam d shjehchfdet mafghea he fiemhthie cdftir shefa 488=, whtn tna

odxhouo oade vdgua radfnhej 4.16 batwaae 488= dem 488>. ]na sghjntgy nhjnar fiemhthie cdftir

ibsarvam he Eadjn dem Area aags wnae fiopdram ti Bagjhde aags, sniugm hemhfdta d battar mhatdry stdta

dgtniujn tna giwar ghphm fietaet he Eadjn dem Area aags, ds pravhiusgy mhsfussam, fietrdmhfts tnhs.

]na cdft tndt aags crio Area ndm d nhjnar ghphm fietaet yat giwar fiemhthie cdftir ivardgg, wnae

fiopdram whtn Eadjn aags, sujjast tndt fiemhthie hs eit d cdftir ic mhat dgiea. ]na fiemhthie cdftir ic

aags mias sniw d jradtar vdrhdthie tnde oist itnar chsn spafhas (Oggar at dg. 4884) dem tnus ht hs

mhcchfugt ti cirougdta dffurdta dedgyshs ushej fiemhthie cdftir dgiea.

1.6.2 D. frdssus burmae

Zhgm aags dra leiwe ti fietdhe tna swhobgdmmar eaodtimaD.frdssusdfriss Auripa, dem odey stumhas

ndva ibsarvam savara pdtnigijhfdg radfthies ti hecafthie (Lhrl, 2006< Ndaeae at dg.488=). He tnhs

stumy d titdg ic >3% ic aags crio Giujn Area wara hecaftam whtn D.frdssusdem =:% ndm de hecafthie

rdta ic 51. D titdg ic >=% ic aags crio Giujn Eadjn wara hecaftam whtnD.frdssus dem 1:% ndm de

hecafthie rdta ic 51. Hecafthie hetaeshty batwaae tna twi shtas wara eie-shjehchfdetgy mhccaraet.

D.frdssushecafthie wds chrst mifuoaetam he Giujn Eadjn he 2006 dem tnhs stumy sniws niw quhflgy

tnhs pdrdshta fde tdla nigm ic aag stifls. ]na parfaetdjas ic pdrdshthf hetaeshthas ciuem he tnasa twi

shtas dra fieshstaet whtn chemhejs crio Zurtz at dg. (4883) wni ciuem >0% ic aags crio tna Rhvar

Rnhea, Jarodey, wara hecaftam whtn, ie dvardja, 1.3 D.frdssus par swhobgdmmar. Niwavar, oira

rafaet stumhas crio Astava dem Dgfdhma (2008) ciuem tndt iegy 46% ic aags stumham he Vpdhe wara

hecaftam.

1.= Firragdthie batwaae vdrhdbgas

1.=.4 Ragdthiesnhp batwaae ghphm fietaet dem cafuemhty

Auripade aags ndva maodemhej aearjy raquhraoaets cir suffasscug ohjrdthie dem raprimufthie.

Bithus dem Bithus (48>0) fdgfugdtam tndt 4>% ic titdg ghphm rasarvas dra usam cir jiedm

mavagipoaet, 2:% hs usam cir oatdbighf prifassas dem odturhej dem 60% hs usam murhej tna swho ti

tna Vdrjdssi sad. ]nhs maoiestrdtas tna gdrja pripirthie ic titdg ghphm fietaet tndt hs raquhram cir

jiedm mavagipoaet dem ohjrdthie. Znae tna twi mdtdsats wara fiobheam tnara wds d sghjntgy


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pishthva ragdthiesnhp batwaae cafuemhty dem ghphm fietaet, dgtniujn tna dssifhdthie hs eie-shjehchfdet

(P? 0.4>). Giilhej dt hemhvhmudg shtas, shjehchfdet firragdthies batwaae ghphm fietaet dem cafuemhty

wara ibsarvam he Eadjn (P? 0.01) but eit he Area (P?.1:6). ]na shjehchfdet firragdthie batwaae ghphm

fietaet dem cafuemhty he Eadjn firragdtas whtn tna cdft tndt tna aags he tna shta wara jaeardggy bhjjar,

he battar fiemhthie dem oira cafuem. Niwavar, Area aags mhm ie dvardja, ndva d nhjnar ghphm fietaet

ivardgg. ]nus ht fde ba dssuoam crio tnhs stumy tndt ghphm fietaet dgiea mias eit matarohea cafuemhty.

Jhvae tna dssuoam aearjathf raquhraoaets ic spdwehej dem ohjrdthie ti ba dffurdta, ht hs ueghlagy

tndt tnasa aags whtn sufn giw aearjy stiras whgg avar fietrhbuta ti cutura rafruhtoaet. ]nhs parndps

gadms ti tna fiefgushie tndt odturdthie dem spdwehej ohjrdthie ody bajhe dt giw ousfga ghphm

fiefaetrdthies, dgtniujn ds oist ic tna aearjy raquhram cir tna giej swho whgg ba marhvam crio ghphm

stiras, ht curtnar gadms ti tna fiefgushie tndt aags ody rafiemhthie murhej tnahr ohjrdtiry kiureay.

1.=.2 Ragdthiesnhp batwaae shza dem cafuemhty

]nara hs d mhstheft gdfl ic mdtd dvdhgdbga ie tna ragdthiesnhp batwaae cafuemhty dem bimy shza he tna

Auripade aag. ]nara dra oira stumhas dvdhgdbga ie tna cafuemhty ic tna Doarhfde aag, Dejuhggd

ristrdtd(Zaeear & Oushfl, 48:=< Bdrbhe & OfFgadva, 488:) but tnasa dra jaeardggy oufn nhjnar ti

tna Auripade aag mua ti vdrhdthies doiej spafhas. He tnhs stumy, tna cafuemhty ic tna aags wds sniwe

ti ba shjehchfdetgy shza ragdtam, fieshstaet whtn itnar stumhas tndt nhjnghjnt tna ragdthiesnhp batwaae

shza dem cafuemhty he chsn (Oirhtd dem ]dldsnhod, 488>< Vlkdarddsae at dg.2042). Odss axpgdhes =8%

(Area) dem 14% (Eadjn) ic cafuemhty dem gaejtn axpgdhes 14% (Area) dem =8% (Eadjn) ic cafuemhty.

Cafuemhty hefradsam axpieaethdggy whtn hefradshej bimy shza dem tnus ht fde ba dssuoam tndt bhjjar

aags ndva tna pitaethdg ti primufa oira ajjs tnde sodggar ieas. Raghdbga, furraet hecirodthie ie

cafuemhty hs assaethdg cir stifl oimagghej dem cir tna cutura mavagipoaet ic aag ohthjdthie pgdes.

He Giujn Eadjn, iegy aags tndt dra dbiva =0 fo ody ba ratdheam. ]nhs stumy nds nhjnghjntam tna cdft

tndt gdrja aags dra shjehchfdetgy oira cafuem tnde sodggar aags, dem tnus odxhouo gdemhej shzas fiugm

ba baeachfhdg ti aesura tndt tna oist cafuem aags dra dbga ti ohjrdta ti tna spdwehej jriuems.

1.=.6 Ragdthiesnhp batwaae fiemhthie dem cafuemhty

]nara ndva baae pravhius stumhas ie chsn spafhas tndt tast tna nypitnashs tndt cafuemhty hs pishthvagy

dssifhdtam whtn Cugties L bimy fiemhthie cdftir (Odrsndgg at dg.488>< Liips at dg.200=). Crio tnhs

stumy ht nds baae ibsarvam tndt tnisa aags whtn d battar fiemhthie cdftir sniw sghjntgy, but eit

stdthsthfdggy shjehchfdet, nhjnar cafuemhty tndt tnisa aags whtn d whtn d giwar fiemhthie cdftir. Eadjn

aags wara jaeardggy he battar fiemhthie ivardgg, dem tnhs fihefhmam whtn d sghjntgy nhjnar oade

cafuemhty vdgua. Niwavar, shefa fiemhthie hs axpieaethdggy dssifhdtam whtn shza, ht hs mhcchfugt dssass hc

fiemhthie cdftir dgiea hs de dffurdta ir piir pramhftir ic cafuemhty. Curtnar stumhas tndt axfguma


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bimy wahjnt ds d pramhftir ic cafuemhty fiugm hecgdta tna firragdthie batwaae cafuemhty dem fiemhthie

cdftir dem ba vary usacug. Aags he tnhs stumy wara figgaftam he Zhetar, wnae tnay ndm dgradmy hevastam

aearjy heti jriwtn dem raprimufthie. ]nhs ody ndva fietrhbutam ti tna wadl firragdthie dssifhdtam

whtn fiemhthie dem cafuemhty. Curtnar wirl sniugm ba hevastam heti niw fiemhthie hecguaefas

cafuemhty ushej sdopgas figgaftam he Vprhej, wnae gass aearjy nds baae hevastam heti jriwtn dem

raprimufthie.

Itnar wirl nds ciuem striej firragdthies batwaae ghphm fietaet dem fiemhthie cdftir he savardg chsn

spafhas (Muthg, 48>3< Vuttie at dg.2000) dem tnus ht hs quhta pisshbga tndt fiemhthie nds de hedmvartaet

dssifhdthie whtn cafuemhty. Curtnar wirl sniugm ba hevastam heti dssasshej tna ragdthiesnhp batwaae

fiemhthie dem ghphm fietaet. Hc fiemhthie mias hemaam gadm ti d giwar ghphm fietaet, tnara whgg ba gass

aearjy dvdhgdbga cir raprimufthie, dem tnus curtnar fiefgushies ie tna dssifhdthie batwaae fiemhthie

dem cafuemhty fiugm ba mrdwe.

1.=.= Ragdthiesnhp batwaae D. frdssus hetaeshty dem cafuemhty

Ht nds baae sujjastam he odey stumhas tndt hecafthie whtn tna swhobgdmmar pdrdshtaD. frdssus hs iea ic

tna cdftirs fietrhbuthej ti tna figgdpsa he aags pipugdthies dfriss tna wirgm (Biie at dg. 4880


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Pdrdshthf hecafthie hetaeshty wds fndrdftarhzam heti rdels (0, 4, 2, 6, =, 1+) ti curtnar ibsarva

ragdthiesnhps batwaae pdrdshthf hetaeshty dem cafuemhty. Aags tndt fietdhe ivar 1 pdrdshtas dra

jaeardggy gass cafuem tnde tnisa aags whtn gass pdrdshtas. Area aags wara, ie dvardja, gass hecaftam

whtn pdrdshtas ivardgg (dvardja pdrdshta fiuet ic 3, fiopdram ti 8 he Eadjn) dem tnay ndm gass aags tndt

ndm ivar 1 pdrdshtas. Ibsarvdthies crio tnhs stumy mi sujjast tndtD. frdssushecafthie dfts ti ramufa

cafuemhty he aags. ]nhs suppirts shohgdr ibsarvdthies odma by Ganodee at dg.(2001) dem Pdgstrd at dg.

(2003).

Hedmvartaet hecguaefas ieD. frdssushecafthie ie cafuemhty dra dgsi ibsarvam by Bagpdhra (2008) wni

drjua tndt tna prasaefa ic pdrdshtas gadms ti giwar ghphm fietaet, dem tnus subsaquaetgy giwars tna

dvdhgdbga aearjy stiras cir suffasscug raprimufthie. ]nhs stumy privhmas curtnar suppirt ti tnhs

drjuoaet Area aags ndm gass pdrdshtas ivardgg dem tnhs fihefhmam whtn nhjnar ghphm fietaets.

Curtnaroira, de hetarasthej ibsarvdthie ciro tnhs stumy hs tndt tna cafuemhty ic aags hs eit shjehchfdetgy

ragdtam ti ghphm fietaet he Area but ht mias saao ti shjehchfdetgy hecguaefa cafuemhty he aags crio

Eadjn. ]nhs shjehchfdet ragdthiesnhp fde ba fihefhmam whtn d giwar ghphm fietaet ivardgg dem nhjnar

pdrdshthf hetaeshty he Eadjn aags. Pdrdshthf hetaeshty ody tnus giwar ghphm fietaet dem tnhs he ture whgg

giwar cafuemhty. Bagpdhra (2008) dgsi ibsarvam mafradshej fiemhthie he aags tndt fihefhmam whtn

mafradshej ghphm fietaets. Niwavar, he tnhs stumy, tna fiemhthie ic Area aags wara giwar, avae tniujn

tnay ndm nhjnar ghphm fietaets ivardgg. ]nhs fiugm sujjast tndtD. frdssus hecafthie nds oira ic de

hopdft ie fiemhthie tnde pravhiusgy tniujnt.

3 FIEFGQVHIEV DEM VQJJAV]HIEV CIR CQ]QRA V]QMHAV

]nhs stumy ciuem tndt tna oade cafuemhty ic aags crio Giujn Eadjn dem Giujn Area dra ic d

odjehtuma giwar tnde itnar asthodtas crio driuem Auripa. Zhtn ei mdtd dvdhgdbga ti ibsarva niw

cafuemhty nds fndejam ivar thoa, ht hs mhcchfugt ti dssass hc tnara nds baae de hefradshej ir mafradshej

traem he tna cafuemhty ic Giujn Eadjn dem Giujn Area aags. Ht hs nipam tndt tnhs stumy hs tna

bajheehej ic d tniriujn hevasthjdthie ic aag cafuemhty dt tnasa shtas ivar thoa.

Cdt fietaet hs dgsi giwar tnde shohgdr stumhas crio Auripa. Giujn Eadjn aags dra leiwe dfriss

Auripa ti ndva d nhjn cdt fietaet ic dpprixhodtagy 26%, niwavar, dgg sdopgam aags ndm d cdt fietaet

oufn giwar tnde tnhs. Dffirmhej ti stdthsthfdg dedgyshs tna ragdthiesnhp batwaae cdt dem cafuemhty hs

eit shjechfdet, dgtniujn fgadr dssifhdthies batwaae piir cafuemhty dem giw cdt fietaet wds ibsarvam

he hemhvhmudg aags. ]nhs nds gam ti tna fiefgushie tndt ghphm fietaet hs fgisagy dssifhdtam whtn tna


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raprimufthie pritaethdg ic tna Auripade shgvar aag, niwavar savardg itnar cdftirs tndt ody hetarcara

whtn pitaethdg cafuemhty ndva baae hmaethcham dem tnasa ody ba hopirtdet he cutura stumhas.

Hc pdst ibsarvdthies ie tna ohehouo doiuet ic ghphm aearjy raquhram cir ohjrdthie dem raprimufthie

oust ba dt gadst ivar 20% dra trua, aags crio Giujn Eadjn dem Giujn Area mi eit fietrhbuta ti

rafruhtoaet ds tnahr ghphm fietaets dra bagiw tnhs frhthfdg tnrasnigm. ]nhs stumy fiefgumas tndt shgvarhej

he caodga aags, avae whtn giw ghphm stiras, hs pisshbga. ]nara hs d mhstheft pisshbhghty tndt tnasa aags

ody stip dem caam murhej tnahr ohjrdthie, dem tnus tnay sniugm eit ba mhsfiuetam ds fietrhbutirs ti

rafruhtoaet. Hc ht hs dssuoam tndt aags crio Area dem Eadjn fde suffasscuggy ohjrdta dem raprimufa

masphta tnahr giw ghphm fietaet, tnhs stumy dgsi privhmas avhmaefa ti sujjast tndt aags ndva d

fieshmardbgy nhjn swhoohej acchfhaefy. ]na swhoohej acchfhaefy ic aags raodhes piirgy uemarstiim,

dem tnus tnara hs dopga ippirtuehty nara cir curtnar stumy.

]nhs stumy dgsi fiefgumas tndt cafuemhty hs eajdthvagy hecguaefam by hecafthies whtn D. frdssus,

dgtniujn ht hs fgadr tndt tna pdrdshta hs eit tna prhodry fdusa ic mafghea ds aag stifls ndm stdrtam ti

mafradsa giej bacira tna pdrdshta wds ciuem he Auripade aags dem tna ragdthiesnhp ciuem he tnhs stumy

wds striej, but eit shjehchfdet. He tna dbsaefa ic ndrm avhmaefa tndt fde phepihet iea fdusa cir tna

mafghea he aag pipugdthies, ohthjdthie oadsuras sniugm tdla heti dffiuet dgg pisshbga cdftirs. Ht hs

fgadr crio tnhs stumy tndt cdt fietaet, shza, fiemhthie dem D. frdssus dgg pgdy d riga he dccafthej

pitaethdg cafuemhty. Cdt fietaet demD. frdssuseaam ti ba tdlae heti dffiuet murhej ohthjdthie pgdes

dem prifamuras sniugm ba put he pgdfa si tndt tnasa cdftirs dra oiehtiram rajugdrgy. Tudghty tdrjats

sufn ds hoprivam cdt fietaet dem ramufam hecafthie rdta sniugm ba hetrimufam heti Giujn Eadjn dem

Giujn Area odedjaoaet pgdes hooamhdtagy. Fietrigghej tna pdrdshta hs ragdthvagy adsy dem whgg

hevigva ghohthej trdma dem dppgyhej thjntar fietrigs ic hopirtam aags. Curtnar wirl ie tna dssifhdthie

icD. frdssushecafthie dem cdt fietaet hs raquhram ti hevasthjdta hc tnhs pdrdshta dccafts tna dbhghty ic tna

aags ti ohjrdta dgsi.

]nara eaams ti ba oira shougtdeaius rapirthej dem oiehtirhej dfriss Auripa si tndt dgg hecirodthieie ghphm fietaet, cafuemhty, fiemhthie, shza dem hecafthie fde ba fiophgam heti iea mdtdbdsa. De

hetajrdtam dedgyshs ic mdtd ie tna cafuemhty ic aags hs de hopirtdet stap he mavagiphej d jgibdg aag

rastirdthie pgde. Ht hs hopirtdet ti dssass hc cdt fietaet dem cafuemhty he aags crio tnasa systaos dra

mafghehej dem tnus yadrgy oiehtirhej hs urjam. Curtnaroira, tna accafts ic fietdohedets dem

aevhrieoaetdg vdrhdbgas sufn ds autripnhfdthie dem hefradshej wdtar taopardta ie cafuemhty dem cdt

fietaet sniugm dgsi ba hevasthjdtam.


45/51

(3, 231-238.Drdh, ]., Itdla, ]. dem ]suldoiti, L. (2000) ]hohej ic oatdoirpnishs dem gdrvdg sajrajdthie ic tna

dtgdethf aagsDejuhggd ristrdtd demD. dejuhggd, ds ravadgam by itightn ohfristruftura dem

ohfrifnaohstry.Odrhea Bhigijy, 46:, 68-=1.

Bdreh, V.< Bareiffnh, J.< Jarzagh, J. (48>1). Oirpninhstifnaohfdg fndejas murhej tna ghca fyfga ic

tna Auripade aag. ]hssua & Fagg 4:, 8:-408.

Bdrbhe, J. P., OfFgadva, K.M (488:) Cafuemhty ic tna Doarhfde aagDejuhggd ristrdtddt =1 E he

Odhea, Q.V.D.Kiuredg ic Chsn Bhigijy14, (=) >=0>=:

Bdrl, D., Zhgghdos, B., Lehjnts, B (200:) Furraet stdtus dem taopirdg traems he stifls ic Auripade

aag he Aejgdem dem Zdgas. HFAV Kiuredg ic Odrhea Vfhaefa3=,463>-46:>

Bagpdhra, F., Jiaodes, J., Jaardarts, F., Tudtdart, P., Pdroaethar, L., Ndjag, P., ma Biar, K (2008)

Mafradshej aags stifls; Vurvhvdg ic tna Cdttast9 Afigijy ic Crasnwdtar Chsn PDJAV9

Barthe, G. (4813) Aags, d bhigijhfdg stumy. Fgadvar-Nuoa Prass Gtm, Giemie, 482 pp.

Barjarsae, R. & Lgaoatsae, D. (48>>). Crasnwdtar aagDejuhggd dejuhggd (G.) crio eirtn Eirwdy,

whtn aopndshs ie iffurraefa, ciim, dja dem miwestrado ohjrdthie.Eirmhf Kiuredg ic

Crasnwdtar Rasadrfn 3=, 1=33.

Biathus dem Biathus (48>0). Axparhoaetdg odturdthie ic caodga shgvar aags,Dejuhggd dejuhggd.

Asthodtas ic cafuemhty dem aearjy rasarvas cir ohjrdthie dem spdwehej. Mded,4pdjas. 42>

Biie K.N., Fdeedarts S.O.N., Dujusthke N., Odfnhags O.D.O., Ma Fndrgariy M. & Iggavhar C. (4880)

]na accaft ic mhccaraet hecafthie gavags whtn hecafthva gdrvda icDejuhgghfigd frdssus ie

ndaodtigijhfdg pdrdoatars ic Auripade aag (Dejuhggd dejuhggd).Dqudfugtura >:, 2=6216.

Figiobi, J., Jrdemh, J. & Rissh, R. (48>=). Jiedm mhccaraethdthie dem bimy jriwtn he Dejuhggd

dejuhgd G. Kiuredg ic Chsn Bhigijy 2=, 24122>.

Mallar, Z. (2006d). Mhm gdfl ic spdwears fdusa tna figgdpsa ic tna Auripade aag,Dejuhggd dejuhggd9

Chsnarhas Odedjaoaet dem Afigijy. 40,6316:3.

Mallar, Z. (2006b). Vtdtus ic tna Auripade aag stifl dem chsnarhas. HeAag Bhigijy, pp. 26:21=. Am.

by L. Dhmd, L. ]suldoiti, dem L.Xdodufnh, Vprhejar, ]ilyi. =8: pp.

Mallar, Z., B. vde Is dem K. vde Zhgghjae, (488>). Ohehodg dem odxhodg shza ic aag. G'DEJQHGGA

AQRIPAAEEA. 40A RAQEHIE MQ JRIQPA MA ]RDSDHG "DEJQHGGA"

AHCDF/HFAV.Buggathe Crdefdhs ma Pafna at Pafnarha, Fiesahg suparhaur ma gd pafna, Pdrhs

(Crdefa

Ma Fndrgariy M., Jrhsaz G., ]niods L., Bagpdhra F., & Iggavhar C. (4880) ]na ghca fyfga ic

Dejuhgghfigd frdssus.Mhsadsas ic Dqudthf Irjdehsos>,::>=.


47/51

(@

Murhc, F., Muciur, V., Agha,P (2001). ]na shgvarhej prifass icDejuhggd dejuhggd;d eaw fgdsshchfdthie

crio tna yaggiw rashmaet ti tna shgvar ohjrdthej stdja. Kiuredg ic Chsn Bhigijy, 33 pdjas 4-48

Muthg, K.-M. (48>3) Aearjathf fiestrdhets dem spdwehej hetarvdg he tna dedmrioius Drfthf fndrr

(Vdgvagheus dgpheus). Fipahd 8=1811.

Ajusd V. (4882) Eaodtima mhsadsas. He; V. Ajusd (am.)Hecafthius Mhsadsas ic Chsn.

Rittarmdo/Briilchagm; D.D. Bdglaod, pp. 3=631:.

Astava, F., Dgfdhma, A (2008) Hecguaefa ic mhsadsas ie tna whgm aag stifl; tna fdsa ic Dgbucard Gdla.

Dqudfugtura,2>8 (42) 4=64=8.

Auripade Fioohsshie, 2003d. Rajugdthie (AF) Ei. 480:/2003 ic tna Auripade Pdrghdoaet dem ic tna

Fiuefhg ic 4> Mafaobar 2003 fiefarehej tna Rajhstrdthie, Avdgudthie, Dutnirhsdthie dem

Rastrhfthie ic Fnaohfdgs (RADFN), astdbghsnhej d Auripade Fnaohfdgs Djaefy, doaemhej

Mhrafthva

4888/=1/AF dem rapadghej Fiuefhg Rajugdthie (AAF) Ei. :86/86 dem Fioohsshie Rajugdthie (AF)

Ei. 4=>>/8= ds wagg ds Fiuefhg Mhrafthva :3/:38/AAF dem Fioohsshie Mhrafthvas

84/411/AAF, 86/3:/AAF, 86/401/AF dem 2000/24/AF. Icchfhdg Kiuredg ic tna Auripade Qehie

G683, 4->=8.

Auripade Fioohsshie, 2003b. Pripisdg cir d Mhrafthva ic tna Auripade Pdrghdoaet dem ic tna

Fiuefhg ie Aevhrieoaetdg Tudghty Vtdemdrms he tna Chagm ic Zdtar Pighfy dem Doaemhej

Mhrafthva 2000/30/AF (prasaetam by tna Fioohsshie) {FIO(2003) 68> chedg}{VAF(2003)

8=:}. Fioohsshie ic tna Auripade Fioouehthas, Brussags. 4:.:.2003 FIO(2003) 68: chedg

2003/0428 (FIM).

Auripade Fioohsshie, 200:. Fiuefhg Rajugdthie (AF) Ei 4400/200: ic 4> Vaptaobar 200:

astdbghsnhej oadsuras cir tna rafivary ic tna stifl ic Auripade aag. Icchfhdg Kiuredg ic tna

Auripade Qehie 22.8.200: G 2=>/4:-26.

Avdes, M. Z. & Odttnaws, O. D. (4888).Dejuhgghfigd frdssus (Eaodtimd, Mrdfuefugihmad)< chrst

mifuoaetam rafirm ic tnhs swho bgdmmar pdrdshta ic aags he Hragdem.Kiuredg ic chsn bhigijy

11(6), 33133>.

Avdes, M. & Risagg, R. V. (200=). Hetrimufthie icDejuhgghfigd frdssus heti tna Auripadeaagpipugdthie ic Giujn Eadjn, Eirtnare Hragdem. Dbstrdfts ic pistar prasaetdthies.

Prifaamhejs ic tna =tn Auripade ougth-figgiquhuo ic pdrdshtigijy; Pdrdshtas ic chsnas dem

itnar dqudthf irjdehsos. Sdgaefhd

Jiggifl, O.K., Laeeamy, F.R. dem Briwe, KD (2001) Auripade aags,Dejuhggd dejuhggd (G.), hecaftam

whtnDejuhgghfigd frdssus axnhbht d oira prieiuefam strass raspiesa ti savara nypixhd tnde

uehecaftam aags.Kiuredg ic Chsn Mhsadsas 2>, =28-=63.


48/51

(D

Ndaeae I.G.O., Sde Bdeehej P. & Mallar Z. (488=) Hecafthie ic aagDejuhggd dejuhggd(G.) dem

soagt Isoarus apargdeus(G.) whtnDejuhgghfigd frdssus (Eaodtimd, Mrdfuefugihmad) he tna

Eatnargdems crio 48>34882.Dqudfugtura 423, 248228.

HFAV 488:. Rapirt ic tna AHCDF/HFAV wirlhej jriup ie aags. HFAV FO 488:/O; 4.

HFAV, 2004. Rapirt ic tna AHCDF/HFAV Zirlhej Jriup ie Aags. HFAV FO 2004/DFCO;06. >: pp.

HFAV 8.=.8 Dmvhfa Eivaobar 2044 AFIRAJHIE Zhmagy Mhstrhbutam dem Ohjrdtiry Vtifls

V]IFL Auripade aag Dmvhfa cir 2042

Laeeamy F.R. & Chtfn M.K. (4880) Figiehzdthie, gdrvdg survhvdg dem aphmaohigijy ic tna eaodtima

Dejuhgghfigd frdssus,pdrdshthf he tna aag,Dejuhggd dejuhggd,he Brhtdhe.Kiuredg ic Chsn

Bhigijy63, 44:464.

Lhrl, R.V (2006) ]na hopdft icDejuhgghfigd frdssusie Auripade aags. Chsnarhas Odedjaoaet dem

Afigijy 40,6>1 68=.

Lehjnts, B. (2006). D ravhaw ic tna pisshbga hopdfts ic giej-taro ifadehf dem fghodta fndejas dem

chsnhej oirtdghty ie rafruhtoaet ic dejuhgghm aags ic tna eirtnare naohspnara. Vfhaefa ic tna

]itdg Aevhrieoaet, 640, 26:2==.

Libdydsnh, ]. dem Ohydzdlh, ]. (4883). Rndbmivhrdg marodthths he Kdpdeasa aag, Dejuhggd kdpiehfd.

Chsn Pdtnig. 64, 4>6-480.

Liips, O.D., Kaccray D. Nutfnhejs & ]drd O. (200=) ]asthej nypitnasas dbiut cafuemhty, bimy shza

dem odtaredg fiemhthie he chsnas. Chsn dem Chsnarhas1, 420460.

Gdhea, P., Rdkdshgtd, O., 4888. ]na ndtfnhej suffass ic Bdgthf narrhej ajjs dem hts ragdthie ti caodga

fiemhthie.Kiuredg ic Axparhoaetdg Odrhea Bhigijy dem Afigijy 26:, 34-:6

Gdrssie, P., Ndorhe, V., Ilgd., D (4880) Ghphm fietaet ds d cdftir hemufhej ohjrdtiry bandvhir he tna

aag (Dejuhggd dejuhggd) ti tna Vdrjdssi Vad. Edturwhssasesfndccae::, =>> =80.

Gacabvra, C., Fietiureat, P. dem Frhvaggh, D.K. (2002). ]na nadgtn stdta ic tna swhobgdmmar ds d

oadsura ic pdrdshta prassura byDejuhgghfigd frdssus.Pdrdshtigijy42=;= =1:-=36.

Odas, JA, Sigfldart C (200:). Fndggaejas cir jaeathf rasadrfn he Auripade aag odedjaoaet.Hfas

Kiuredg ic Odrhea Vfhaefa.3=, 4=364=:4.

Odrsndgg, F.]., Lkasbu, I.V., Xdrdjhed, E.D., Vigaomdg, P. dem Qggtdej, . (488>) Hs spdwearbhiodss d saeshthva oadsura ic tna raprimufthva dem rafruhtoaet pitaethdg ic Eirtnadst Drfthf

fim9 Fdedmhde Kiuredg ic Chsnarhas dem Dqudthf Vfhaefas11, 4:334:>6.

Oigedr L., Vzalagy Fs. & Bdsld C. (4884) Odss oirtdghty ic aag he Gdla Bdgdtie mua tiDejuhgghfigd

frdssushecafthie.Buggathe ic tna Auripade Dssifhdthie ic Chsn Pdtnigijhsts 44, 244242.

Oirhtd, L., ]dldsnhod, X (488>) Accaft ic caodga shza ie cafuemhty dem ajj shza he wnhta-spittam

fndrr; fiopdrhsie batwaae sad-rue dem rashmaet ciros.Kiuredg ic Chsn Bhigijy 16, (1),

44=044=2.


49/51

(B

Oirhdrty, F. (4880) Auripade Fdtfnas ic Agvar ic 482>48>>.Hetaredthiedga Ravua mas jasdotas

Nymribhigijy, :1, :04:03.

Edjdsdwd L., Lho X.-J. & Nhrisa N. (488=)Dejuhgghfigd frdssusdem D. jgibhfaps (Eaodtimd;

Mrdfuefugihmad) pdrdshthf he tna swhobgdmmar ic aags (Dejuhggd kdpiehfddemD. dejuhggd) he

Adst Dshd; d ravhaw.Cighd Pdrdshtigijhfd=4,42:46:.

Eadjn/Bdshe Rhvar Bdshe Mhstrhft Aag Odedjaoaet Pgde (2008). ]na sfhaethchf bdshs cir tna vhdbhghty

ic furraet odedjaoaet ic aag he tna Giujn Eadjn dem Giwar Bdee rhvar bdshe. pp 4 -:2.

Ehagsae, ]< Priuzat, P. (200>). Fdptura-bdsam dqudfugtura ic tna whgm Auripade aag (Dejuhggd

dejuhggd).He D. Givdtaggh dem P.C. Nigtnus (ams). Fdptura-bdsam dqudfugtura. Jgibdg

ivarvhaw.CDI Chsnarhas ]afnehfdg Pdpar. Ei. 10>. Rioa, CDI. pdjas 4=443>.

Pdgstrd DP, Finae AJN, Ehaodetsvarmrhat PRZ, vde Jheealae SK], vde mae ]nhggdrt JAAKO (2001)

Drthchfhdg odturdthie dem raprimufthie ic Auripade shgvar aag; mavagipoaet ic iifytas murhej

chedg odturdthie.Dqudfugtura 2=8, 1661=:.

Pdgstrd, D.P., vde Jheealae, S.K.]., Ourl, D.K., vde mae ]nhggdrt, J.A.A.K.O., (2003). Dra mhixhe-ghla

fietdohedets raspieshbga cir tna aag (Dejuhggd dejuhggd) mrdod9Edturwhssaesfndctae86,4=1-

4=>.

Pdgstrd, D.P., Detiehssae, A., Fgdvari, O.A., Ehavaae, O., Ehaodetsvarmrhat, P., vde Jheealae,

S.K.]., vde mae ]nhggdrt, J.A.A.K.O., (2003). ]na cdta ic cdt he shgvar aags; ghphm raquhraoaets

cir spdwehej ohjrdthie. He; Pdgstrd, D.P. Aearjathf raquhraoaets dem aevhrieoaetdg

fiestrdhets ic raprimufthva ohjrdthie dem odturdthie ic Auripade shgvar aag (Dejuhggd

dejuhggd G.). PnM mhssartdthie. Gahmae, ]na Eatnargdems; Qehvarshty ic Gahmae. 4>= pp.

Pdgstrd, D.P., Nappaear, M.C.O., vde Jheealae, S.K.]., Vzlagy, F., vde mae ]nhggdrt, J.A.A.K.O.,

(200:). Vwhoohej parcirodefa ic shgvar aags hs savaragy hopdhram by tna swho-bgdmmar

pdrdshtaDejuhgghfigd frdssus.Kiuredg ic AxparhoaetdgOdrhea Bhigijy dem Afigijy612;

2==-213.

Pdechgh, K., ^hoaeas, O-F., dem Frhvaggh, D. K. (488=). Viurfas ic vdrhdthie he jriwtn ic tna Auripade

aag (Dejuhggd dejuhggd) asthodtam crio itightns. Fdedmhde Kiuredg ic Chsnarhas dem Dqudthf

Vfhaefas,14,103141.Pdelnurst, E. Z. (48>2). Ragdthie ic vhsudg fndejas ti tna iesat ic saxudg odturdthie he tna Auripade

aagDejuhggd dejuhggd (G.).Kiuredg ic Chsn Bhigijy 24,42:4=0.

Pdelnurst, E. Z. dem Gytnjia, K. E. (48>6) Fndejas he vhshie dem igcdfthie murhej saxudg odturdthie

he tna Auripade aagDejuhggd dejuhggd(G.). K. Chsn. Bhig.26,228-2=0.

Rhejuat, V., Outi, C., Rdyodlars, F., 2002. Aags; tnahr ndrvast dem trdma he Auripa dem Dshd. ]rdcchf

Bug. 48, 22:.

Vfnohmt, K.(4826). Braamhej pgdfas dem ohjrdthie ic tna aag.Edtura 444, 14-1=.


50/51

'F

Vlkrddsae, K, A., Lirsbralla, L., Lkasbu, V, I., Ciee, O., Ehgsae, ]., Edsn , R (2042) Vhza< aearjy

dem stdja mapaemaet cafuemhty dem tna iffurraefa ic dtrashd he tna Eirtnadst Drfthf ndmmifl

Oagdeijrdoous dajghcheus. Irhjhedg Rasadrfn Drthfga Chsnarhas Rasadrfn 46>; 42>-46>.

Vpraejag J. & Gu fntaebarj N. (4884) Hecafthie by aemipdrdshtas ramufas odxhouo swhoohej

spaam ic Auripade soagt Isoarus apargdeusdem Auripade aagDejuhggd dejuhggd.Mhsadsas ic

Dqudthf Irjdehsos 44,6461.

Vuras, B., Leipc, L., Lgids, Z (2004). Hemufthie ic strass by tna swhobgdmmar eaodtimaDejuhgghfigd

frdssus he Auripade aags,Dejuhggd dejuhggd, dctar rapadtam axparhoaetdg hecafthie.

Pdrdshtigijy 426, 4:8-4>=.

Vuttie, V.J., Bugt, ].P. dem Ndamrhfn, R.K. (2000) Ragdthiesnhps doiej ghphm wahjnt, bimy wahjnt,

wdtar wahjnt, dem fiemhthie cdftirs he whgm Dtgdethf sdgoie pdrr. ]rdesdfthies ic tna

Doarhfde Chsnarhas Vifhaty 428; 12:-16>.

Vvamej, N., Eauode, A. & Zhflstro, N. (4883). Odturdthie pdttares he caodga Auripade aag; dja

dem shza dt tna shgvar aag stdja.Kiuredg ic Chsn Bhigijy =>, 6=2614.

Vvamdej, N., Zhflstrio, N (488:) Giw ghphm fietaets he caodga shgvar aags; Hemhfdthies ic

hesucchfhaet aearjy stiras cir ohjrdthie dem jiedmdg mavagipoaet. Kiuredg ic Chsn Bhigijy

10, =:1 =>3.

Vzalagy F., Gdej O. & Fsdbd J. (4884) Chrst iffurraefa icDejuhgghfigd frdssushe Nuejdry.Buggathe

ic tna Auripade Dssifhdthie ic ChsnPdtnigijhsts 44,432436.

]asfn, C.Z. (48::). ]na Aag. Bhigijy dem odedjaoaet ic dejuhgghm aags. Fndpode dem Ndgg, Giemie

]asfn, C.Z. (48>8) Fndejas he swhoohej maptn dem mhrafthie ic shgvar aags (Dejuhggd dejuhggdG.)

crio fietheaetdg snagc ti maap sad.Dqudthf Ghvhej Rasiurfas2, 820.

]asfn, C-Z. (2006) ]na Aag, 1tn ame. Bgdflwagg Vfhaefa, Ixcirm, QL.

]niods L. & Iggavhar C. (4882) Pdrdtaehf nists ic tna swhobgdmmar eaodtimaDejuhgghfigd frdssus.

Mhsadsas ic Dqudthf Irjdehsos46,4314:=.

]imm, P.R (48>4) Oirpnioatrhf fndejas, jiedm nhstigijy, dem cafuemhty asthodtas he ohjrdthej Eaw

[adgdem crasnwdtar aags. Eaw [adgdem.Kiuredg ic Odrhea de Crasnwdtar Rasadrfn41, 411

4:0.]suldoiti, L., Diydod, K., dem Ohggar, O.K. (2002)Ohjrdthie, spafhdthie, dem tna aviguthie ic

mhdmrioy he dejuhgghm aags. Fdedmhde Kiuredg ic Chsnarhas dem Dqudthf Vfhaefas18,48>8-

488>.

]uflar, M. Z. (4818). D eaw siguthie ti tna Dtgdethf aag pribgao.Edtura 4>6,=81-104.

Qsuh D (4884) Aag fugtura. Bgdflwagg Vfhaethchf Pubghfdthies Gtm, Giemie

vde Bdeehej P. & Ndaeae I.G.O. (4880) Accafts ic tna swhobgdmmar eaodtimaDejuhgghfigd frdssus

he whgm dem cdroam aag,Dejuhggd dejuhggd.He; C.I. Parlhes & ].F. Fnaej (ams)Pdtnigijy he

Odrhea Vfhaefa.Eaw Xirl; Dfdmaohf Prass, pp. 64:660.


51/51

vde Jheealae, S.K.]., vde mae ]nhggdrt, J.A.A.K.O., (2000). Aag cdt stiras dra aeiujn ti radfn tna

Vdrjdssi.Edtura =06, 413-41:.

vde Jheealae, S.K.]., Odas, J.A., (2001) ]na Auripade aag (Dejuhggd dejuhggd, Gheedaus), hts

ghcafyfga, aviguthie dem raprimufthie; d ghtardtura ravhaw. Ravhaws heChsn Bhigijy dem

Chsnarhas 41, 63:68>.

vde Jheealae, S., Detiehssae, A., Ouggar, Q, L., Biios, R, Amhej, A., Sarratn., vde mae ]nhggdrt, J

(2001) Aag ohjrdthie ti tna Vdrjdssi; raodrldbgy nhjn swhoohej acchfhaefy dem giw aearjy

fists. ]na Kiuredg ic Axparhoaetdg Bhigijy20>,4628 4661.

vde Jheealae, S., Muciur, V., Vbdhnh, O., Bdgo, P., Eiirgdemar, L., ma Bdllar, O., Miirebis, K.,

Pdgstrd, D., Detiehssae, A., Odyar, H., vde mae ]nhggdrt, J. (200:) Mias d 1,100-lo swho trhdg

sthougdta adrgy saxudg odturdthie he tna Auripade aag (Dejuhggd dejuhggd G.)9 Fiopdrdthva

Bhifnaohstry dem PnyshigijyD 4=:(=); 4081-4406.

vde mae ]nhggdrt, J.A.A.K.O., vde Jheealae, S., Lrear, C., Nahkodes, R., Ghemae, R.vde mar Jguvars,

D., (200=). Aemurdefa swhoohej ic Auripade aag.Kiuredg icChsn Bhigijy 31, 642-64>.

vde mae ]nhggdrt, J.A.A.K.O., Pdgstrd, D.P., vde Jheealae, S.K.]., (200:). Vhougdtam ohjrdthie ic

Auripade shgvar aag; swho fdpdfhty dem fist ic trdespirt.Kiuredgic Odrhea Vfhaefa dem

]afneigijy 41 (spafhdg hssua), 4-43.

Zaeear, F. D. & Oushfl, K. D. (48:=). Cafuemhty dem jiedm ibsarvdthies ic tnaDoarhfde aag,

Dejuhggd ristrdtd, ohjrdthej crio Fnasdpadla Bdy, Shrjhehd.Kiuredg ic tna Chsnarhas Rasadrfn

Bidrm ic Fdedmd 64, 46>:4684.

Zrtz K., ]drdsfnawslh N. & Pagstar B. (4883) Fndejas he jds fiopishthie he tna swhobgdmmar ic tna

Auripade aag (Dejuhggd dejuhggd) hecaftam whtnDejuhgghfigd frdssus(Eaodtimd). Pdrdshtigijy

442, 26626>.

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