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Cold War Review Guide

APUSH Review Guide for the Cold War timed writing quiz (photo on last page is Public Domain, from Wiki Commons, political cartoon at Right, pictured JFK and Khrushchev, is located at talkandroid.com)

This guide aims to aid student study and review of the Cold War. The information covers several chapters. Significant content review may also

be found in the last few reading guides, mainly going back to WWII. For the timed writing quiz, please note, no guides or notes may be used,

however this review guide can earn up to 10 bonus points (timeline review portion).

Learning Goals: Analyze the causes and effects of the Cold War. Evaluate the effectiveness of Presidential and Congressional actions in “fighting” this Cold War. A note about the Cold War and the AP exam The Cold War ended with the destruction of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the break up of the Soviet Union in 1991. In the last decade, essay prompts regarding Cold War themes have been increasing. Below are previous prompts that include such themes. One strategy for studying this theme is to simply pre-write for select prompts. 1972 FRQ Discuss the changing attitudes of historians towards the origins of the Cold War. 1984 FRQ Harry S. Truman was a realistic, pragmatic President who skillfully led the American people against the menace posed by the Soviet Union.

Assess the validity of this generalization for President Truman’s foreign policy. 1992 FRQ In 1945 Winston Churchill said that the United States stood at the summit of the world. Discuss the developments in the thirty years following

Churchill’s speech which called the global preeminence of the United States into question. 1996 FRQ Analyze the influence of TWO of the following on American-Soviet relations in the decade following the Second World War. Yalta Conference; Communist Revolution in China; Korean War; McCarthyism 1997 FRQ How do you account for the appeal of McCarthyism in the United States in the era following the Second World War? 1999 FRQ Assess the success of the United States policy of containment in Asia between 1945 and 1975. 2001 DBQ What were the Cold War fears of the American people in the aftermath of the Second World War? How successfully did the administration of

President Dwight D. Eisenhower address these fears? Use the documents and your knowledge of the years 1948-1961 to construct your response. 2002 FRQ Analyze the ways in which TWO of the following shaped American politics after the Second World War.

Anticommunism in the 1940’s and 1950’s; The women’s liberation movement in the 1960’s; The “silent majority” in the 1970’s

2004 FRQ Analyze the successes and failures of the United States Cold War policy of containment as it developed in TWO of the following regions of the world during the period 1945 to 1975. East and Southeast Asia; Europe; Latin America; Middle East

2006 DBQ Analyze developments from 1941 to 1949 that increased suspicions and tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. 2008 DBQ Analyze the ways in which the Vietnam War heightened social, political, and economic tensions in the United States. Focus your answer on the

period 1964 to 1975.

2009 FRQ Analyze the ways in which the events and trends of the 1970s diminished the nation’s economic power and international influence, and challenged Americans’ confidence in both.

2010 FRQ Analyze the effects of the Vietnam War on TWO of the following in the United States in the period from 1961 to 1975. The presidency;

The population between 18 and 35 years old; Cold War diplomacy 2011 DBQ Analyze the international and domestic challenges the United States faced between 1968 and 1974, and evaluate how President Richard Nixon’s

administration responded to them. 2012 FRQ Compare and contrast the Cold War foreign policies of TWO of the following presidents. Harry Truman (1945–1953); Dwight Eisenhower (1953–

1961); Richard Nixon (1969–1974)

2 Cold War Review Timeline Complete the timeline by adding definitions and noting historical significance of each item. Consider the past prompts regarding Cold War when analyzing each item. There are more significant events than the ones listed here, but this will provide a sturdy backbone to your review.

1914: -WWI began in Europe 1917: -Russian Czar removed, new government flirted with Capitalism,

USSR pulled out of WWI -U.S. entered WWI

1919: -Lenin lead Bolshevik Revolution with violent implementation of Marxist ideology of communism. -First Red Scare in the U.S.; Palmer Raids

1920 -Wilson urged U.S. to participate in the League of Nations and a young Winston Churchill warned world of the dangers to world peace but isolationism dominated both nations until WWII -Lenin and Stalin determined to prevent the west from destroying their communist dream What role did industrialization around the world during the 19th century play in the coming Cold War? What role did WWI play in the coming Cold War?

1922 -USSR established 1920s -U.S. provided famine relief to USSR but did not recognize their government 1933 -FDR formally recognized the USSR, diplomatic relations began

3 1941 -US enters WWII and extended support to USSR via Lend Lease -US and USSR became allies 1942 -Manhattan Project began 1943 -Teheran Conference 1945 -Yalta Conference

-Potsdam Conference

1945 -U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

-United Nations established, both USSR and US are members with veto power -WWII ends

What role did WWII play in the coming Cold War?

1946 - "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent." –Churchill

1946 -USSR broke agreement to pull out of Iran, Truman protested and Stalin backed down How did this event in Iran compare to events in Eastern Europe in 1945?

4 1947 …and the Cold War “officially” began

-Kennan’s Containment -Truman Doctrine

-Marshall Plan -National Security Act

-HUAC begins investigating “reds” Second Red Scare

1948 -Berlin Blockade by Stalin and Berlin Airlift by Truman -Israel established and officially recognized by the U.S. -Voice of America began broadcasts behind the Iron Curtain -Draft reinstated -Alger Hiss case 1949 -Berlin Airlift ended -USSR had atomic bomb -Mao Zedong and the communists defeated Jiang Jeishi and the Nationalists in China -North Atlantic Treaty Organization established (NATO)

5 1950 -McCarthyism began… -McCarran Internal Security Bill passed over Truman’s veto -Korean War began 1951 -Truman fired MacArthur -Rosenbergs convicted 1952 -US had hydrogen bomb

-Dwight Eisenhower elected president Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Truman’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies. To what extent were Middle Eastern events connected with Cold War? 1953 -Ike takes office and Korean War ends; New Look foreign policy The Cold War, following the end of the Korean War in 1953 and the continued division at the 38th parallel, continued until 1989 when the Berlin Wall came down and 1991 when the Soviet Union broke up. The policy of containment continued, although presidents and Congress varied strategies. The determination of America to weaken or halt the spread of communism led to un-democratic acts in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. The greatest conflict of the Cold War was… then… America sacrificing democracy for democracy. As you review post Korean War events, keep this complexity in mind.

6 1953 CIA inspired coup in Iran

1954 France lost Vietnam

Army-McCarthy hearings

SEATO formed

CIA sponsored coup in Guatemala

1955 Geneva Summit

Warsaw Pact

1956 Soviets crush Hungarian revolt

Suez Crisis

Eisenhower reelected

1957 Eisenhower Doctrine

Soviets launch Sputnik

NASA established

1958 Second Berlin Crisis

U.S. troops sent to Lebanon

1959 Fidel Castro/Cuban Revolution

Kitchen Debate

1960 U-2 spy plane incident …Khrushchev calls off Paris Summit after spy plane shot down;

this following USSR rejection of “Open Skies”

JFK elected

OPEC formed

7 Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Eisenhower’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies. To what extent were Middle Eastern events connected with Cold War?

1961 JFK entered office; Flexible Response foreign policy

Continued Berlin crisis , reignited from 1958

Berlin Wall constructed

Bay of Pigs

JFK sent military advisors to South Vietnam

1962 Cuban missile crisis

1963 Anti-Diem coup in Vietnam

JFK assassinated and LBJ takes over Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Kennedy’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies.

1964 Tonkin Gulf Resolution

1965 U.S. troops occupy Dominican Republic

8 1967 Six Day War

1968 Vietnam War escalates

Tet Offensive

Nixon elected

Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Johnson’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies. To what extent were Middle Eastern events connected with Cold War?

1969 U.S. astronauts land on the moon

Nixon entered office

1970 Nixon ordered invasion of Cambodia

1971 Pentagon Papers published

1972 Nixon visits China and USSR ABM and SALT I treaties ratified

Nixon re-elected

Munich massacre (summer Olympics)

1973 Vietnam cease-fire/Armistice

War Powers Act

Arab-Israeli War & Arab oil embargo

9

1974 Nixon resigned; Ford took over

First OPEC price increase … quadrupled price after ending embargo

Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Nixon’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies. To what extent were Middle Eastern events connected with Cold War?

1975 Helsinki Accords

South Vietnam falls to the Northern communists …official end of this proxy war

1976 Carter elected president

Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Ford’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies.

1977 Carter entered office

1978 Camp David Accords

1979 Iranian Revolution and Iranian hostage crises

SALT II agreements signed (but never ratified by the Senate)

USSR invaded Afghanistan … became the Soviet’s “Vietnam”

1980 U.S. boycotted Olympics in Moscow

Reagan elected

10 1981 Hostages released from Iran … same day Reagan took oath of office

Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Carter’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies. To what extend were Middle Eastern events connected to Cold War?

Solidarity movement in Poland

U.S. began aid to anti-leftist forces in Central America

1983 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)

U.S. marines killed in Lebanon

U.S. invaded Grenada

1984 Reagan re-elected

1985 Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in USSR

First Reagan-Gorbachev Summit (Geneva)

1986 Second Reagan-Gorbachev Summit (Reykjavik, Iceland)

Reagan backed Aquino in Philippines

Iran-Contra revealed

11 1987 U.S. Naval escorts begin in Persian Gulf

Third Reagan-Gorbachev Summit (Washington DC) …INF Treaty signed

Reagan tells Gorbachev… “tear down this wall”

1988 Fourth Reagan-Gorbachev Summit (Moscow)

George H. W. Bush elected

1989 George H.W. Bush took office Chinese government suppressed pro-democracy demonstrations… Tiananmen Square

Eastern Europe breaks away from USSR

Berlin Wall comes down

1990 East and West Germany re-unite

Iraq invades Kuwait

1991 Persian Gulf War

Gorbachev resigns

Yeltsin leads Russia and USSR breaks up

Analyze the causes and effects of Cold War events during Reagan’s presidency and evaluate the effectiveness of his policies. To what extend were Middle Eastern events connected to Cold War?

Vice President George H. W. Bush,

President Ronald Reagan,

& Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev

12 Terms/Names for quick (or notecard) review…

Key People (not in chronological order) Main Events (not in chronological order)

A. Mitchell Palmer Woodrow Wilson

Vladimir Lenin Joseph Stalin

Franklin Roosevelt

Senator McCarthy Alger Hiss

Whitaker Chambers The Rosenbergs

George Kennan Ho Chi Minh

Kim Il Sung Mao Zedong

Jiang Jeshi Mikhail Gorbachev

Nikita Kruschev Fidel Castro

Cold War Presidents & their policies

Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson,

Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan

Secretaries of State… especially Marshall,

Dulles, Kissinger

Bolshevik Revolution League of Nations

WWII Conferences

Marshall Plan Hollywood Ten J. Edgar Hoover

Atomic weapons Point Four Program 38th

parallel

McCarthyism 17th

parallel

Truman Doctrine Eisenhower Doctrine DMZ

Reagan Doctrine Iron Curtain eastern bloc

Flexible Response Containment Berlin Airlift

MAD; mutually assured destruction HUAC

SDI; Strategic Defense Initiative Domino Theory

SALT I and SALT II Arms Race Sputnik

Man on the Moon Korean War NASA

Second Red Scare; red hunt; McCarthyism Brinkmanship

Vietnam War

Gulf of Tonkin Tet Offensive My Lai Massacre

Cuban Missile Crisis Bay of Pigs Détente

Russian invasion of Afghanistan Watergate

Camp David Accords Iran Hostage Crisis post war Japan

Iran Contra Affair War Powers Act Nuremburg trials

Chinese Revolution Military spending post WWII

Significance of oil production and oil dependence Taiwan

Arab-Israeli Conflict Guatemala intervention

Military Industrial Complex United Nations CIA

perestroika glasnost Berlin Wall

National Defense Education Act New Look

Khmer Rouge Hungarian revolt SOLIDARITY

Iranian Coup and Revolution

Presidential elections: 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976,

1980, 1984

Also…. Pretty good review available at http://www.shmoop.com/causes-of-cold-war/