COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL IN BROILERS:CHANGES AND ADAPTATIONS -

ARE WE REALLY MAKING PROGRESS?

KENNETH W. BAFUNDO, PH.D. PHIBRO ANIMAL HEALTH

USA: DISEASES OF GREATEST CONCERN

1987 1991 1995 1999

AIR SAC IBD AIR SAC J-VIRUS

IBD AIR SAC BRONCH- ITIS

COCCI

ENTER- ITIS

ASCITES COCCI INF. PROCESS

COCCI LEG PROBS.

IBD BRONCH- ITIS

Coccidiosis: Ranking Among Subclinical Diseases of Broilers

H. Cervantes, 2002 Proc. Western Poultry Disease Conference, pp. 220-223

COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL: TRADITIONAL POINTS

OF EMPHASIS

• MANAGING THE DISEASE THROUGH EFFECTIVE ANTICOCCIDIAL USAGE

• MAXIMIZE PERFORMANCE • MINIMIZE LESIONS • MAXIMIZE PROFITABILITY

COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL:RECENT POINTS OF EMPHASIS

• COST OF PRODUCTION • SIGNIFICANT POLICY SHIFTS

– EU: ANTIBIOTIC BANS • ARE IONOPHORES NEXT???

• RE-IMMERGENCE OF NECROTIC ENTERITIS • LIVE COCCI VACCINES IN BROILERS • IONOPHORE ANTICOCCIDIALS FOR NE

CONTROL

COST OF PRODUCTION

• AGRI-STATS AND INDUSTRY NEEDS – QUANTIFIES ALL ASPECTS OF

PRODUCTION – YARDSTICK AMONG COMPETITORS – INPUT COST IS A PRIMARY CRITERION – BIRD HEALTH AND OVERALL

PROFITABILITY ARE SECONDARY

ANTICOCCIDIAL DATA

GENERATED BY AGRISTATS, INC. • ~155 INTERGRATOR MILLS IN U.S.A. • 90% SUBMIT PRODUCTION DATA • AGRISTATS PROCESSES DATA,

PROVIDES SUMMARIES TO INDUSTRY, ETC.

• SOME ‘EXPERIMENTAL ERROR’ INVOLVED

USA: Quarterly Salinomycin Use 1997-2001 (pounds x 106)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

4th Qtr 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr

USA: Quarterly Monensin Use 1997-2001 (pounds x 106)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

4th Qtr 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr

USA: Quarterly Narasin Use1997-2001 (pounds x 106)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

4th Qtr 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr

USA: Quarterly Semduramicin Use 1997-2001 (pounds x 106)

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

4th Qtr 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr

USA: Quarterly Lasalocid Use 1997-2001 (pounds x 106)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

4th Qtr 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr

USA: Quarterly Nicarbazin Use 1997-2001 (pounds x 106)

USA: Quarterly Maxiban Usage 1997-2001 (pounds x 106)

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

4th Qtr 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr

LEAST-COST RECOMMENDATIONS

• LOW DOSAGES • MINIMAL FEEDING TIME • EXTENDED WITHDRAWALS • RELIANCE UPON IMMUNITY

A COMMON LEAST COST EXAMPLE: TO DAY 16 DAY 17 TO 28 AFTER 28

SALINOMYCIN ------------------- 44 PPM 55 PPM WD

Theoretical "Bell Curve" of Coccidiosis

Inci

denc

e of

Le

sion

s

0

1.5

3

4.5

6

Days of Age7 14 21 28 35 42 49 54

LEAST-COST TO TRADITIONAL

• AGRISTATS – NICARBAZIN BASED SHUTTLES

HAVE MORE THAN DOUBLED (225%) FROM 2002 TO 2003.

– MEDICATED FEED HAS INCREASED INCREMENTALLY FROM 2002 TO 2003.

FROM LEAST-COST TO TRADITIONAL

• FROM: STRAIGHT SALINOMYCIN – 44 TO 55 PPM

• TO: NICARBAZIN 125 ! IONOPHORE – WINTER 2003 (DEC. TO MARCH) – MULTIPLE COMPANIES – OVER 1 BILLION BIRDS FED

FROM LEAST-COST TO TRADITIONAL

• RESULTS (ACROSS INDUSTRY): – GENERALLY, 3 POINT IMPROVEMENT IN F/G

• E.G. 1.87 ! 1.84; 5 lb. CHICKEN • 0.15 lbs./ BIRD @ $130 US/TON

– FEED SAVINGS: ~ $10,000,000 – NICARBAZIN COST: ~$650,000

• NET FEED SAVINGS: ~ $9,000,000

STRATEGIC USE OF ANTICOCCIDIALS

• STRAIGHT PROGRAMS

• SHUTTLE PROGRAMS

• ROTATIONAL PROGRAMS

RATIONALE FOR SHUTTLE PROGRAMS

• IMPROVE FLOCK PERFORMANCE • MAINTAIN EFFICACY • REDUCE LESION SCORES • REDUCE RESISTANCE

DEVELOPMENT • IMPROVE PROFITABILITY

RELIABILITY OF SHUTTLE PROGRAMS

• STARTER FEEDS

– NICARBAZIN – NICARB COMBOS – OCCASIONALLY,

OTHER CHEMICALS

• GROWER FEEDS

– IONOPHORES

LENGTH OF ROTATION PROGRAMS IN MONTHS

3-D Column 1% USERS

ROTATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS

• THREE WELL-DESIGNED PROGRAMS PER YEAR

• STRATEGIC MIX OF STRAIGHT AND SHUTTLES PROGRAMS

• SEASONALLY STRUCTURED • PLANNED • WELL-MONITORED

NECROTIC ENTERITIS

NECROTIC ENTERITIS IN BROILERS

• CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS – GRAM POSITIVE – SPORE FORMING – TOXIN PRODUCING – NECROTIZING LESIONS AFFECT GUT

STRENGTH – AFFECT CARCASS CONTAMINATION

– MORTALITY – OPPORTUNISTIC

• COCCIDIOSIS, ETC., CERTAIN FEEDSTUFFS

NECROTIC ENTERITIS IN BROILERS

• CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS – MOST COMMON IN EU – > 40% OF EU BROILER FLOCKS TREATED

• AMOXYCILLIN, AMPICILLIN

• USE OF IONOPHORES TO HELP CONTROL NE

USE OF THERAPEUTIC ANTIBIOTICS IN POULTRY: UK

0

6

12

18

24

1999 2000

24

11

>118%

13 tons

IONOPHORES AND NE:DENMARK

IONOPHORE USAGE HAS INCREASED >184% SINCE THE

ANTIBIOTIC BAN IN 1998.

Animal Pharm, August 2, 2002

COCCIDIOSIS AND NE IN BROILERS: EU

IONOPHORES WILL BE BANNED FOR GROWTH PROMOTION IN 2006!

WILL THE EU BAN IONOPHORES FOR THE CONTROL OF COCCIDIOSIS IN

BROILERS?

IONOPHORES IN THE EU

• IONOPHORES ARE ANTIBIOTICS • CURRENT STATUS IS UNDER REVIEW • NEW GUIDELINES BY 2008 • IF CHANGES OCCUR, WILL AFFECT

OTHER BROILER PRODUCTION AREAS (E.G. LATIN AMERICA, THAILAND, ETC).

LIVE OOCYST VACCINES

APPLICATION FOR BROILERS AND BREEDER PULLETS

LIVE COCCIDIOSIS VACCINES

• LIVE VACCINES HAVE THE CAPACITY TO INTRODUCE DRUG SENSITIVE STRAINS OF COCCIDIA INTO A BROILER PRODUCTION FACILITY

• NOW USE BY SOME AS A ROTATION OPTION

LIVE OOCYST VACCINES

FACTORS INFLUENCING EFFECTIVENESS: • ADMINISTRATION OF THE VACCINE • LITTER TYPE AND DEPTH • PARTIAL HOUSE BROODING • MANAGEMENT • PROCESSING AGE (BIRD WEIGHT) • NECROTIC ENTERITIS • ANTIBIOTIC USAGE

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUCCESS OF A VACCINATION

PROGRAM• THE GREATEST SINGLE FACTOR

INFLUENCING THE SUCCESS OF THE VACCINATION PROGRAM IS ENSURING ALL BIRDS ARE EXPOSED TO THE OOCYSTS IN THE VACCINE. – WATER, FEED, EYE SPRAY, GELATIN

‘PUCK’, COARSE SPRAY – IN OVO APPLICATIONS?

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUCCESS OF A

VACCINATION PROGRAM

• PULLET AND BROILER VACCINES ARE DIFFERENT • USE THE APPROPRIATE VACCINE!

• TAKE EXTRA CARE TO BE SURE THAT ALL BIRDS ARE PROPERLY EXPOSED

• AMPROLIUM MAY BE REQUIRED TO LIMIT COCCIDIAL INFECTIONS

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF

VACCINATION PROGRAMS

• PARTIAL HOUSE BROODING • NUTRITION

– WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS MAY HELP

• MANAGEMENT – LITTER MANAGEMENT – BUILD-UP LITTER – LITTER MOISTURE – VENTILATION – WATER MANAGEMENT

POTENTIAL VACCINE IMPROVEMENTS

• ADDITIONAL EMPHASIS ON LIVE OOCYST VACCINES

• IMPROVING OOCYST VIABILITY • CUSTOMIZING VACCINE SPECIES • IN OVO APPLICATIONS

CHANGES AFFECTING THE FUTURE OF COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL

• REGULATORY ISSUES AND THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT

• EFFECT ON PHARMACEUTICAL INTEREST – RESEARCH SLOWED DRAMATICALLY – REJECTION OF ANY ANTIBIOTIC ACTIVITY

• CONTINUED EMPHASIS ON EXISTING PRODUCTS

MANAGEMENT AND COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL

MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR BROILERS

• TEMPERATURE: ZONE OF THERMAL NEUTRALITY

• AIR QUALITY: SUFFICIENT TO PREVENT RESPIRATORY STRESS/INSULT

• NUTRIENT QUALITY AND AVAILABILITY • LITTER QUALITY: LIMIT VIABILITY OF

INFECTIOUS AGENTS • STABLE HEALTH PROGRAMS

MANAGEMENT AND COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL

• FEED AND FEED QUALITY • ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

• AIR QUALITY • MOISTURE REMOVAL • FEED AND WATER MANAGEMENT • STRESS • BIRD DENSITY • LITTER QUALITY

MANAGEMENT AND COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL

• EFFECTIVE VIRAL VACCINATION • IBD, MAREK’S, IB

• CHICK QUALITY • DOWN TIME

COCCIDIOSIS AND MANAGEMENT

“FARM, GROWER, HOUSE MANAGEMENT IS THE PRIMARY FACTOR IN DETERMINING THE PERFORMANCE OF AN ANTI-COCCIDIAL PROGRAM.”

M.K. ECKMAN, 1995

COCCIDIOSIS AND MANAGEMENT

“THE GREATEST OPPORTUNITITES FOR IMPROVED FLOCK PERFORMANCE CONTINUE TO LIE IN PROVIDING THE OPTIMAL ENVIRONMENT FOR THE EXPRESSION OF GENETIC POTENTIAL IN BROILER PROGENY THAT ARE SELECTED FOR ECONOMIC TRAITS IN MEAT PRODUCTION.”

M.K. ECKMAN, 1996

ARE WE REALLY MAKING PROGRESS?

PROGRESS?

• YES, ALTHOUGH INCREMENTAL • THE PENDULUM IS SWINGING

BACK TOWARD THE CENTER. • AFTER EXPERIMENTING, WE ARE

RE-LEARNING • WE NEED TO CONTINUE THE

PROCESS

PROGRESS IN THE FACE OF CHALLENGE

• SIGNIFICANT REGULATORY CHALLENGES • INFLUENCE PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

EFFORTS • LIMIT AVAILABILITY OF NEW AND OLD

TECHNOLOGIES • MAGNIFY THE IMPORTANCE OF OUR

EXISTING PRODUCTS • REQUIRE PRUDENT CURRENT USAGE