Coal Handling Plant in a Thermal Power Generating Station

8/11/2019 Coal Handling Plant in a Thermal Power Generating Station

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Coal handling plant in a thermal power

generating stationPosted Mar 4 2012by Bipul Ramanin Energy and Powerwith 1 Comment

Coal Handeling Mine/Plant in a thermal power generating station

Introduction to Coal handling plant

n a !oal based thermal power plant" the initial pro!ess in the power generation is #CoalHandling$% &o in this arti!le i will dis!uss the o'erall pro!esses !arried out at a Coal Handling

plant in a !oal based thermal power generating station%

(he huge amount o) coalis usually supplied through railways% * railway siding line is ta+en intothe power station and the !oal is deli'ered in the storage yard% (he !oal is unloaded )rom thepoint o) deli'ery by means o) wagon tippler% t is ra!+ and pinion type% (he !oal is ta+en )romthe unloading site to dead storage by belt conveyors% (he belt deli'er the !oal to 0m le'el to thepent house and )urther mo'es to transfer point,%
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/coal-handeling-plant-in-a-thermal-power-generating-stationhttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/coal-handeling-plant-in-a-thermal-power-generating-stationhttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/2012/03http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/author/bipulramanhttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/category/energy-and-powerhttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/coal-handeling-plant-in-a-thermal-power-generating-station#commentshttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/zero-emission-power-plant-without-carbon-dioxidehttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/siemens-co2-capture-technology-ready-for-big-projectshttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/2012/03http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/author/bipulramanhttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/category/energy-and-powerhttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/coal-handeling-plant-in-a-thermal-power-generating-station#commentshttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/zero-emission-power-plant-without-carbon-dioxidehttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/siemens-co2-capture-technology-ready-for-big-projectshttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/coal-handeling-plant-in-a-thermal-power-generating-stationhttp://electrical-engineering-portal.com/coal-handeling-plant-in-a-thermal-power-generating-station


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(he trans)er points are used to trans)er !oal to the ne-t belt% (he belt ele'ates the !oal to breakerhouse% t !onsists o) a rotary ma!hine" whi!h rotates the !oal and separates the light dust )rom itthrough the a!tion o) gra'ity and trans)er this dust to re.e!t bin house through belt%

(he belt )urther ele'ates the !oal to the transfer point and it rea!hes the !rusher through belt%

n the crushera highspeed 3-phase induction motoris used to !rush the !oal to a sie o)0mm so as to be suitable )or milling system% Coal rises )rom !rusher house and rea!hes thedead storage by passing through transfer point,%

&tages in !oal handeling power plant

Equipment used in a coal handling plant

1. ull chord switch

* series o) su!h swit!hes are arranged in series at a 1m distan!e on the side o) !on'eyor belt% (hepower supply to rotor o) the !on'eyor belt is established only i) all swit!hes in series are!onne!ted%
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!. "ibrating feeder

(he !oal stored in a huge hub is !olle!ted on the belt through 'ibrations !reated by the 'ibrating)eeder%

3. #lap gates

(hese are used to !hannelie the route o) !oal through another belt in !ase the )ormer is bro+enor unhealthy% (he )lap gates open let the !oal pass and i) !losed stop its mo'ement%

$. %agnetic separator

these are used to separate the )errous impurities )rom the !oal%

&. %etal detector

(hese are dete!t the presen!e o) any )errous and non)errous metal in the !oal and sends a signalto a relay whi!h !loses to seie the mo'ement o) belt until the metal is remo'ed% t basi!ally!onsists o) a transmitter and a re!ei'er%

(he transmitter !onsists o) a high )re3uen!y os!illator" whi!h produ!es a os!illations o) 100 Hat 1% (he re!ei'er re!ei'es this )re3uen!y signal% ) there is any presen!e o) metal in the !oal%(hen this )re3uen!y is disturbed and a tripping signal is send to relay to stop the !on'eyor belt%

'. (elt weightier

t is used to +eep an a!!ount o) the tension on the belt !arrying !oal and is mo'es a!!ordingly to

release tension on the belt%

). *eclaim hopper

Re!laimation is a pro!ess o) ta+ing !oal )rom the dead storage )or preparation or )urther )eedingto re!laim hoppers% (his is a!!omplished by belt !on'eyors%

(op

+team generation from coal

1. ,ipplers

Coal )rom the !oal wagons is unloaded in the !oal handling plant% (his unloading is done by the#(ipplers$% (his !oal is transported up to the raw !oal bun+ers with the help o) !on'eyor belts%

!. Crush ouse
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*)ter hand pi!+ing )oreign material" !oal is transported to the Crush house by !on'eyor beltswhere it is !rushed to small pie!es o) about 20 mm diameter% (he !rushed !oal is then transportedto the store yard% Coal is transported to bowl mills by !oal )eeders%

3. (owl %ill

(he !oal is pul'eried in the bowl mill" where it is grounded to a powder )orm% (he mill !onsistso) a round metalli! table on whi!h !oal parti!les )all%

(his table is rotated with the help o) a motor% (here are three large steel rollers" whi!h are spa!ed120$ apart% 5hen there is no !oal" these rollers do not rotate but when the !oal is )ed to the tableit pa!+s up between rollers and the table and this )or!es the rollers to rotate%

Coal is crushed by the crushing actions between the rollers and rotating tables.

$. #urnaces

(his !rushed !oal is ta+en away to the )urna!e through !oal pipes with the help o) hot and !oldair mi-ture )rom P%* 6an% P%* 6an ta+es atmospheri! air" a part o) whi!h is sent to *ir preheaters)or heating while a part goes dire!tly to the mill )or temperature !ontrol%

Atmospheric air from F.D Fan is heated in the air heaters and sent to the furnace as

combustion air.

&. (oiler

(oilerused in the power plant is suspended type% (his pre'ents it )rom getting de)ormed" when a

sub.e!ted to 'ery high temperatures%

(he boiler is di'ided into two !ylindri!al parts namely the Primary and the &e!ondary boiler%5ater )rom the boiler )eed pump passes through e!onomier and rea!hes the boiler drum% 5ater)rom the drum passes through down !omers and goes to bottom ring header% 5ater )rom the ringheader is di'ided to all the )our side o) )urna!e%

Due to heat and density difference the water rises up in the water wall tubes.

5ater is partly !on'erted to steam as it rises up in the )urna!e% (his steam and water mi-ture isagain ta+en to the boiler drum where the steam is sent to super heaters )or superheating%

(he super heaters are lo!ated inside the )urna!e and the steam is superheated 7408C9 and )inallyit goes to turbine% 6lue gasses )rom the )urna!e are e-tra!ted by indu!ed dra)t )an" whi!hmaintains balan!e dra)t in the )urna!es with )or!ed dra)t )an% (hese )lue gasses emit their heatenergy to 'arious super heaters in the pant house and )inally pass through air preheaters andgoes to ele!trostati! pre!ipitator where the ash parti!les are e-tra!ted% Ele!trostati! pre!ipitator!onsists o) metal plates" whi!h are ele!tri!ally !harged%
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ossil fuel power plant

Published: May 1" 2010" ;:42 pm

anos Beer

(opi! Editor: Cutler >% Cle'eland

(opi!s: Energy

?ohle+ra)twer+ &!hol'en" a )ossil )uel power plant in @ermany% 7By &ebastian &!hlAter Basan1,0" 'ia 5i+imedia Commons9

A coal-fired power plant. Photo: DOE

* )ossil )uel power plant is a system o) de'i!es )or the !on'ersion o) )ossil )uel energytome!hani!al wor+ or ele!tri! energy% (he main systems are the steam !y!le and the gas turbine

!y!le% (he steam !y!le relies on the Ran+ine !y!le in whi!h high pressure and high temperaturesteam raised in a boiler is e-panded through a steam turbine that dri'es an ele!tri! generator% (hesteam gi'es up its heato) !ondensation in a !ondenser to a heat sin+ su!h as water )rom a ri'er ora la+e" and the !ondensate !an then be pumped ba!+ into the boiler to repeat the !y!le% (he heatta+en up by the !ooling water in the !ondenser is dissipated mostly through !ooling towers intothe atmosphere%
http://www.eoearth.org/profile/Janos.beer/http://www.eoearth.org/profile/Janos.beer/http://www.eoearth.org/profile/Janos.beer/http://www.eoearth.org/profile/EoE_Cutler/http://www.eoearth.org/topics/view/51cbfc78f702fc2ba8129e5fhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Energyhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Heathttp://www.eoearth.org/profile/Janos.beer/http://www.eoearth.org/profile/EoE_Cutler/http://www.eoearth.org/topics/view/51cbfc78f702fc2ba8129e5fhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Energyhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Heat


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(he gas turbine !y!le relies on the Brayton !y!le in whi!h air !ompressed to high pressure" andheated to high temperature by the !ombustion o) natural gas or light )uel oil" is the wor+ing )luidthat e-pands in the turbine to pro'ide the tor3ue )or dri'ing both a !ompressor and the ele!tri!generator% (he gas turbine demands !lean )uels su!h as natural gas or light )uel oil% Combustionis the pre'ailing )uel utiliation te!hnology in both the abo'e !y!les% Coalis the pre)erred )uel

)or the steam !y!le be!ause o) its low !ost and broad and se!ure a'ailability worldwide%

Combustiongenerated pollutants" su!h as o-ides o) nitrogen 7D"-9" o) sul)ur 7&D-9" andparti!ulates" i) un!ontrolled and emitted into the atmosphere represent en'ironmental and healthhaards" su!h as a!id rain%En'ironmental regulations supported by intensi'e resear!h andde'elopments ha'e redu!ed pollutant emissions signi)i!antly% mpro'ements in e))i!ien!y andemissions !ome by in!reasing steam pressure and temperature in the steam !y!le" and byin!reased turbine inlet temperature in the gas turbine !y!le% Coal gasi)i!ation produ!es a )uel gasthat is !apable o) being used in the gas turbine% By integrating !oal gasi)i!ation with gas turbineand steam !y!les" ad'antage !an be ta+en o) high e))i!ien!y and low pollutant emission whileusing !oal" an ine-pensi'e" se!ure and indigenous )uel in many !ountries throughout the world% *

potential additional ad'antage o) the ntegrated @asi)i!ation Combined Cy!le 7@CC9 is the!apability o) !apturing !arbon dio-ide 7CD29 )rom the )uel gas and ma+ing it ready )or highpressure pipeline transportation to a !arbon se3uestration site% (his will be +ey to the !ommer!ialand !lean !oprodu!tion o) ele!tri!ity and hydrogen )rom !oal%
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Combustionhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Coalhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Combustionhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Acid_rainhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Acid_rainhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Coalhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Combustionhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Coalhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Combustionhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Acid_rainhttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Coal


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#ossil-fuel power station

6rom 5i+ipedia" the )ree en!y!lopedia


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dio-ideand water 'apor" as well as other substan!es su!h as nitrogen o-ides7D-9"sul)ur o-ides7&D-9" mer!ury" tra!es o) other metals" and" )or !oal)ired plants")ly ash% &olid waste ash )rom!oal)ired boilers must also be remo'ed% &ome !oal ash !an be re!y!led )or building materials%2F

6ossil )ueled power stations are ma.or emitters o) CD2" a greenhouse gas7@H@9 whi!h

a!!ording to a !onsensus opinion o) s!ienti)i! organisationsis a !ontributor to global warmingasit has been obser'ed o'er the last 100 years% Per unit o) ele!tri! energy" brown !oal emits about =times as mu!h CD2as natural gas" and bla!+ !oal emits about twi!e as mu!h CD2%

citation neededFCarbon !apture and storageo) emissions is not e-pe!ted to be a'ailable until te!hnology is sa)eand deployable%

Contents

1 Basi! !on!epts

o 1%1 Heat into me!hani!al energy

2 Coal

o 2%1 6uel transport and deli'ery

o 2%2 6uel pro!essing

= &teamele!tri!

4 @as turbine plants

Re!ipro!ating engines

; En'ironmental impa!ts

o ;%1 Carbon dio-ide

o ;%2 Parti!ulate matter

o ;%= Radioa!ti'e tra!e elements

o ;%4 5ater and air !ontamination by !oal ash

;%4%1 Mer!ury !ontamination

@reening o) )ossil )uel power plants

o %1 Kow D- Burners

o %2 Clean !oal

, Combined heat and power

*lternati'es to )ossil )uel power plants
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_ashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_ashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-PCA_Manual-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Basic_conceptshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Heat_into_mechanical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Fuel_transport_and_deliveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Fuel_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Steam-electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Gas_turbine_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Reciprocating_engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Environmental_impactshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Particulate_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Radioactive_trace_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Water_and_air_contamination_by_coal_ashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Mercury_contaminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Greening_of_fossil_fuel_power_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Low_NOx_Burnershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Clean_coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Combined_heat_and_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Alternatives_to_fossil_fuel_power_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_ashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-PCA_Manual-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Basic_conceptshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Heat_into_mechanical_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Fuel_transport_and_deliveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Fuel_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Steam-electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Gas_turbine_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Reciprocating_engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Environmental_impactshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Particulate_matterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Radioactive_trace_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Water_and_air_contamination_by_coal_ashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Mercury_contaminationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Greening_of_fossil_fuel_power_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Low_NOx_Burnershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Clean_coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Combined_heat_and_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#Alternatives_to_fossil_fuel_power_plants


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o %1 Relati'e !ost by generation sour!e

10 &ee also

11 Re)eren!es

12 Bibliography

1= E-ternal lin+s

(asic concepts

n a )ossil )uel power plant the !hemi!al energy stored in )ossil )uels su!h as !oal")uel oil"natural gasor oil shaleand o-ygeno) the airis !on'erted su!!essi'ely intothermal energy"me!hani!al energyand" )inally" ele!tri!al energy%Ea!h )ossil )uel power plant is a !omple-"!ustomdesigned system% Constru!tion !osts" as o) 2004" run to


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Jiagram o) a typi!al steam!y!le !oal power plant 7pro!eeding )rom le)t to right9

Coal is the most abundant )ossil )uelon the planet% t is a relati'ely !heap )uel" with some o) thelargest deposits in regions that are relati'ely stable politi!ally" su!h asChina"ndiaand the


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Coal is deli'ered by highway tru!+"rail"barge" !olliership or !oal slurry pipeline% &ome plantsare e'en built near !oal mines and !oal is deli'ered by !on'eyors% * large !oal train!alled a unittrain may be two +ilometers 7o'er a mile9 long" !ontaining 1=0140 !ars with 100 short tonso)!oal in ea!h one" )or a total load o) o'er 1"000 tons% * large plant under )ull load re3uires atleast one !oal deli'ery this sie e'ery day% Plants may get as many as three to )i'e trains a day"

espe!ially in pea+ season during the hottest summer or !oldest winter months 7depending onlo!al !limate9 when power !onsumption is high% * large thermal power plant su!h as the one inanti!o+e"Dntario stores se'eral million metri! tons o) !oal )or winter use when the la+es are)roen%

Modern unloaders use rotary dump de'i!es" whi!h eliminate problems with !oal )reeing inbottom dump !ars% (he unloader in!ludes a train positioner arm that pulls the entire train toposition ea!h !ar o'er a !oal hopper% (he dumper !lamps an indi'idual !ar against a plat)orm thatswi'els the !ar upside down to dump the !oal% &wi'eling !ouplers enable the entire operation too!!ur while the !ars are still !oupled together%


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in order to dri'e o)) e-!ess moisture !ontent% * 00 M5e plant may ha'e si- su!h pul'eriers")i'e o) whi!h !an supply !oal to the )urna!e at 20 tons per hour under )ull load%

n plants that do not burn pul'eried !oal" the larger 2in!h 71 mm9 pie!es may be dire!tly )edinto the silos whi!h then )eed either me!hani!al distributors that drop the !oal on a tra'eling

grate or the !y!loneburners" a spe!i)i! +ind o) !ombustor that !an e))i!iently burn larger pie!eso) )uel%

+team-electric

Main arti!le: (hermal power station

Most ele!tri! power made )rom )ossil )uel is produ!ed bythermal power stations% Re!ipro!atingsteam engines)ell out o) use rapidly a)ter the )irst steam turbineswere introdu!ed around 10;%

as turbine plants

4,0 megawatt@E H series power generation gas turbine

Currant Cree+ Power Plant near Mona"


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Dne type o) )ossil )uel power plant uses a gas turbinein !on.un!tion with a heat re!o'ery steamgenerator7HR&@9% t is re)erred to as a !ombined !y!lepower plant be!ause it !ombines theBrayton !y!leo) the gas turbine with theRan+ine !y!leo) the HR&@% (he thermal e))i!ien!y o)these plants has rea!hed a re!ordheat rateo) ;0 Btu/7+5h9" or .ust under ;0" at a )a!ility inBaglan Bay" 5ales%F

(he turbines are )ueled either with natural gas" syngasor )uel oil% 5hile more e))i!ient and )asterto !onstru!t 7a 1"000 M5 plant may be !ompleted in as little as 1, months )rom start o)!onstru!tion9" the e!onomi!s o) su!h plants is hea'ily in)luen!ed by the 'olatile !ost o) )uel"normally natural gas% (he !ombined !y!le plants are designed in a 'ariety o) !on)igurations!omposed o) the number o) gas turbines )ollowed by the steam turbine% 6or e-ample" a =1!ombined !y!le )a!ility has three gas turbines tied to one steam turbine% (he !on)igurations range)rom 7119" 7219" 7=19" 7419" 719" to 7;19citation neededF

&imple!y!le or open !y!le gas turbine plants" without a steam !y!le" are sometimes installed asemergen!y orpea+ing!apa!ityQ their thermal e))i!ien!y is mu!h lower% (he high running !ost

per hour is o))set by the low !apital !ost and the intention to run su!h units only a )ew hundredhours per year% Dther gas turbine plants are installed in stages" with an open !y!le gas turbine the)irst stage and additional turbines or !on'ersion to a !losed !y!le part o) )uture pro.e!t plans%

*eciprocating engines

Jiesel enginegenerator sets are o)ten used )or prime power in !ommunities not !onne!ted to awidespread power grid% Emergen!y 7standby9 power systems may use re!ipro!ating internal!ombustion engines operated by )uel oil or natural gas% &tandby generators may ser'e asemergen!y power )or a )a!tory or data !enter" or may also be operated in parallel with the lo!alutility system to redu!e pea+ power demand !harge )rom the utility% Jiesel engines !an produ!e

strong tor3ue at relati'ely low rotational speeds" whi!h is generally desirable when dri'ing analternator" but diesel )uel in longterm storage !an be sub.e!t to problems resulting )rom watera!!umulation and !hemi!al de!omposition% Rarely used generator sets may !orrespondingly beinstalled as natural gas or KP@ to minimie the )uel system maintenan!e re3uirements%

&par+ignition internal !ombustion engines operating on gasoline 7petrol9"propane" orKP@are!ommonly used as portable temporary power sour!es )or !onstru!tion wor+" emergen!y power"or re!reational uses%

Re!ipro!ating e-ternal !ombustion engines su!h as the &tirling engine!an be run on a 'ariety o))ossil )uels" as well as renewable )uels or industrial waste heat% nstallations o) &tirling engines

)or power produ!tion are relati'ely un!ommon%

Environmental impacts
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_recovery_steam_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_recovery_steam_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_recovery_steam_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaking_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaking_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_decompositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_recovery_steam_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_recovery_steam_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaking_power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_decompositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine


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(he Moha'e Power &tation" a 1",0 M5!oal power station nearKaughlin" e'ada" out o)ser'i!e sin!e 200 due to en'ironmental restri!tions;F

&ee also: En'ironmental impa!t o) the !oal industry

(he worldGs power demandsare e-pe!ted to rise ;0 by 20=0%

F

n 200 there were o'er 0"000a!ti'e !oal plants worldwide and this number is e-pe!ted to grow%,Fn 2004" thenternationalEnergy *gen!y7E*9 estimated that )ossil )uels will a!!ount )or , o) the energy mar+et by20=0%F

5orld organiations and international agen!ies" li+e the E*" are !on!erned about theen'ironmental impa!t o) burning )ossil )uels" and !oal in parti!ular% (he !ombustion o) !oal!ontributes the most to a!id rainand air pollution" and has been !onne!ted withglobal warming%Jue to the !hemi!al !omposition o) !oal there are di))i!ulties in remo'ing impurities )rom thesolid )uel prior to its !ombustion% Modern day !oal power plants pollute less than older designsdue to new s!rubber te!hnologies that )ilter the e-haust air in smo+e sta!+sQ howe'er emission

le'els o) 'arious pollutants are still on a'erage se'eral times greater than natural gas powerplants% n these modern designs" pollution )rom !oal)ired power plants !omes )rom the emissiono) gases su!h as !arbon dio-ide"nitrogen o-ides" and sul)ur dio-ideinto the air%

*!id rain is !aused by the emission o) nitrogen o-idesandsul)ur dio-ide% (hese gases may beonly mildly a!idi! themsel'es" yet when they rea!t with the atmosphere" they !reate a!idi!!ompounds su!h as sul)urous a!id" nitri! a!idandsul)uri! a!idwhi!h )all as rain" hen!e the terma!id rain% n Europe and the 9 ; 1"=;1 1"=0 22, 0%;,

D-7g/@>9 22 1,= 1 12 =%=

CD 7g/@>9 ,%1 ,%1 1% 1% 14%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohave_Power_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughlin,_Nevadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughlin,_Nevadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_resources_and_consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_resources_and_consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-WorldOutlook2004-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-WorldOutlook2004-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-WorldOutlook2004-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurous_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Environment_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-EEA_AirPollution-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohave_Generating_Station_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohave_Power_Stationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughlin,_Nevadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_resources_and_consumptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-WorldOutlook2004-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-WorldOutlook2004-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurous_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Environment_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-EEA_AirPollution-9


15/27

on methane organi! !ompounds 7g/@>9 4%2 %, =%0 =%24 1%,

Parti!ulate matter 7g/@>9 1"20= ="24 1; 1%1 0%1

6lue gas 'olume total 7m=/@>9 =;0 444 2 2; 22

Carbon dio0ide

Main arti!le: Carbon dio-ide

(ai!hung !oal)ired power plantin(aiwan" the worldGs largest !arbon dio-ide emitter10F

Ele!tri!ity generation using !arbon based )uels is responsible )or a large )ra!tion o) !arbondio-ide 7CD29 emissions worldwide and )or =4 o)


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houseor ele!trostati! pre!ipitator%&e'eral newer plants that burn !oal use a di))erent pro!ess"ntegrated @asi)i!ation Combined Cy!lein whi!h synthesis gasis made out o) a rea!tionbetween !oal and water% (he synthesis gas is pro!essed to remo'e most pollutants and then usedinitially to power gas turbines% (hen the hot e-haust gases )rom the gas turbines are used togenerate steam to power a steam turbine% (he pollution le'els o) su!h plants are drasti!ally lower

than those o) !lassi! !oal power plants%1F

Parti!ulate matter )rom !oal)ired plants !an be harm)ul and ha'e negati'e health impa!ts%&tudies ha'e shown that e-posure to parti!ulate matter is related to an in!rease o) respiratory and!ardia! mortality%1,FParti!ulate matter !an irritate small airways in the lungs" whi!h !an lead toin!reased problems with asthma" !hroni! bron!hitis" airway obstru!tion" and gas e-!hange%1,F

(here are di))erent types o) parti!ulate matter" depending on the !hemi!al !omposition and sie%(he dominant )orm o) parti!ulate matter )rom !oal)ired plants is !oal )ly ash" but se!ondarysul)ate and nitrate also !omprise a ma.or portion o) the parti!ulate matter )rom !oal)ired plants%1FCoal )ly ash is what remains a)ter the !oal has been !ombusted" so it !onsists o) the

in!ombustible materials that are )ound in the !oal%

20F

(he sie and !hemi!al !omposition o) these parti!les a))e!ts the impa!ts on human health% 1,F1FCurrently !oarse 7diameter greater than 2% Sm9 and )ine 7diameter between 0%1 Sm and 2% Sm9parti!les are regulated" but ultra)ine parti!les 7diameter less than 0%1 Sm9 are !urrentlyunregulated" yet they pose many dangers%1,F


17/27

radioa!ti'e !ontamination% 5hile these substan!es are present as 'ery small tra!e impurities"enough !oal is burned that signi)i!ant amounts o) these substan!es are released% * 1"000 M5!oalburning power plant !ould ha'e an un!ontrolled release o) as mu!h as %2 metri! tons peryear o) uranium 7!ontaining 4 pounds 7=4 +g9 o) uranium2=9 and 12%, metri! tons per year o)thorium%22Fn !omparison" a 1"000 M5 nu!lear plant will generate about =0 metri! tons o) high

le'el radioa!ti'e solid pa!+ed waste per year%2=F

t is estimated that during 1,2"


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19/27

Combined heat and power7CHP9" also +nown as !ogeneration" is the use o) a power station topro'ide both ele!tri! power and pro!ess heat ordistri!t heating%5hile re.e!ting heat at a higherthan normal temperature to enable building heating lowers o'erall plant ele!tri! powere))i!ien!y" the e-tra )uel burnt is more than o))set by the redu!tion in )ossil )uel that wouldotherwise be used )or heating buildings% (his te!hnology is widely pra!ti!ed in )or e-ample

Jenmar+" other &!andina'ian !ountries and parts o) @ermany% Cal!ulations show that CHPJH isthe !heapest method o) !arbon emissions redu!tions%=F

4lternatives to fossil fuel power plants

*lternati'es to )ossil )uel power plants in!ludenu!lear power" solar power"geothermal power"wind power" tidal power"hydroele!tri! power 7hydroele!tri!ity9 and otherrenewable energies7see non!arbon e!onomy9% &ome o) these are pro'en te!hnologies on an industrial s!ale 7i%e%nu!lear" wind" tidal and hydroele!tri! power9 others are still in prototype )orm%

u!lear power" and geothermal powermay be !lassed as heat pollutants as they add heat energy

to the biosphere that would not otherwise be released%citation neededF(he net 3uantity o) energy!on'ersion within the biosphere due to the utilisation o) wind power" solar power"tidal power"hydroele!tri! power 7hydroele!tri!ity9 is stati! and is deri'ed )rom the e))e!ts o) sunlight and themo'ement o) the moon and planets%

@enerally" the !ost o) ele!tri!al energy produ!ed by non )ossil )uel burning power plants isgreater than that produ!ed by burning )ossil )uels% (his statement howe'er only in!ludes the !ostto produ!e the ele!tri!al energy and does not ta+e into a!!ount indire!t !osts asso!iated with themany pollutants !reated by burning )ossil )uels 7e%g% in!reased hospital admissions duerespiratory diseases !aused by )ine smo+e parti!les9%

*elative cost by generation source

See alsoRelative cost of electricity generated by different sources

5hen !omparing power plant !osts" it is !ustomary to start by !al!ulating the !ost o) power atthe generator terminals by !onsidering se'eral main )a!tors% E-ternal !osts su!h as !onne!tions!osts" the e))e!t o) ea!h plant on the distribution grid are !onsidered separately as an additional!ost to the !al!ulated power !ost at the terminals%

nitial )a!tors !onsidered are:

Capital !osts 7in!luding waste disposal and de!ommissioning !osts )or nu!lear energy9 Dperating and maintenan!e !osts

6uel !osts 7)or )ossil )uel and biomass sour!es" and whi!h may be negati'e )or wastes9

Ki+ely annual hours per year run or load )a!tor 7may be =0 )or wind energy" but 0

)or nu!lear energy9
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_heat_and_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_heat_and_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogenerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-carbon_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_cost_of_electricity_generated_by_different_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_heat_and_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogenerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_station#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-carbon_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_cost_of_electricity_generated_by_different_sources


20/27

D))set sales o) heat 7)or e-ample in !ombined heat and power distri!t heating

7CHP/JH99%

(hese !osts o!!ur o'er the =0N0 year li)e o) the )ossil )uel power plants" using dis!ounted !ash)lows% n general large )ossil plants are attra!ti'e due to their low initial !apital !ostsVtypi!ally

around W0NW1000 per +ilowatt ele!tri!al !ompared to perhaps W100 per +ilowatt )or onshorewind%citation neededF

rocess and Instrumentation +ymbols - Equipment

Pumps and tan+s !ome in a 'ariety o) designs and shapes% Kearn thebasi! +nowlegde aboutpiping and instrumentation diagram%
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_cash_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_cash_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://www.edrawsoft.com/knowing-pid.phphttp://www.edrawsoft.com/knowing-pid.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_cash_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_cash_flowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://www.edrawsoft.com/knowing-pid.phphttp://www.edrawsoft.com/knowing-pid.php


21/27


22/27

Compressoris a me!hani!al de'i!e that ta+es in a medium and !ompresses it to a smaller'olume% * me!hani!al or ele!tri!al dri'e is typi!ally !onne!ted to a pump that is used to!ompress the medium%

40ial compressoris widely used in gas turbines" su!h as .et engines" high speed ship engines

and small s!ale power stations%

*eciprocation compressoris typi!ally used where high !ompression ratios are re3uired perstage without high )low rates" and the pro!ess )luid is relati'ely dry%

*otary compressoris a type o) gas !ompressor whi!h uses a rotary type positi'e displa!ementme!hanism%

%i0ingis a de'i!e that !ombine or put some materials together to )orm one substan!e or mass%

%i0ing vesselis a !ontainer that is used to blend se'eral !omponents together%

eat e0changeris a de'i!e used to trans)er heat energy between two pro!ess )lows% Heate-!hangers trans)er heat energy through !ondu!ti'e and !on'e!ti'e heat trans)er%

Cooling towerstrans)er heat energy to the outside air through the prin!iple o) e'aporation%


23/27

Cooleris a de'i!e" !ontainer or room that !ools air through the e'aporation o) water or +eeps air!ool%

,urbine driveris used to dri'e pumps and )ans at petro!hemi!al plants%

#urnaceis a de'i!e )or heating a !ontinuous !urrent o) air by means o) a )ire !ontained withinthe apparatus and without mingling the )resh air with the produ!ts o) !ombustion%

(oileris a !losed 'essel in whi!h water or other )luid is heated%

/il burneris engineered )rom the ground up e-!lusi'ely to burn waste oils%

4utomatic stokeris applied to supply hot water to !entral heating systems%

late toweris used e-tensi'ely in many pro!esses and industrial appli!ations%

acked toweris a type o) pa!+ed bed used to per)orm separation pro!esses%

Elevatoris used to !ontrol the position o) the nose o) the air!ra)t and the angle o) atta!+ o) thewing%

%i0ing reactoris widely used in the !hemi!al industry to promote mi-ing%


24/27

rocess and Instrumentation +ymbols - "alves

ate valveis a de'i!e used to !ontrol the )low o) li3uids and gases%

Check valve" also +nown as oneway 'al'e" is to pre'ent the line o) medium ba!+%

lobe valveis a me!hanism used to !ontrol or stop the )low o) li3uid or gas through a pipe%

(all valveis a 'al'e with a spheri!al dis!" the part o) the 'al'e whi!h !ontrols the )low throughit%

(utterfly valveis installed between two )langes using a separate set o) bolts )or ea!h )lange%

4ngle valveis oriented at an angle o) 0 deg o) gate 'al'e%

rocess and Instrumentation +ymbols - iping 2ines

Pro!ess )low diagrams use spe!ial piping lines to represent how signals are transmitted betweene3uipments% (hese symbols are used to identi)y how the instruments in the pro!ess !onne!t toea!h other% *nd what type o) signal is being used% 7ele!tri!al" pneumati!" data" et!9


25/27

*ll lines to be )ine in relation to pro!ess piping lines%

%a5or pipelineis used to !onne!t the e3uipment in any position%

%a5or straight lineis sued to !onne!t the e3uipment in the same horiontal or 'erti!al position%

rocess connectionhelp to !reate the pro!ess )low between e3uipments% Jouble !li!+ pro!ess!onne!tion to edit des!ription%


26/27

rocess and Instrumentation +ymbols - Instruments

Pro!ess 6low Jiagram use symbols and !ir!les to represent ea!h instrument and how they areinter!onne!ted in the pro!ess%


27/27

(hese instrumentation symbols !an easily !hange in types by !li!+ing the 3ui!+ a!tion buttonwhile designing%

Documents

Coal Handling Plant in a Thermal Power Generating Station