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8/4/2019 CMP 101 Set 2 Histry Computer
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Fundamentals of Computer andprogramming in C
(CMP 101 )
HISTORY OFCOMPUTERS
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Revision: You must remember andcomprehend the following terms
Compute :- Calculate (Perform arithmetic andlogical operations)
Computer :- A device that computes and stores, processes, and retrieves data. Here
process data means produces information from data. Hence, it is referred to as data processor.
Computing :- Use computers to perform a task.
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Revision: You must remember andcomprehend the following terms
Data processing Task means capturing inputdata, organizing captured data, processing theorganized data to produce information, anddisplaying the information and related data ina human defined suitable format .
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What characteristics computers have?
Automatic: It is automatic because a computer works by itself without muchhuman intervention .
Speed : As compared to human, a computerworks at a very high speed . Speed is measuredin millisecond (10 -3) but in microseconds (10 -6),nanoseconds (10 -9), picoseconds (10 -12). Acomputer can perform several billions (10 9)operations like +, - , / per second .
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What characteristics computers have?
Accuracy : Computers are very accurate butaccuracy depends on their hardware andsoftware design, and the correctness of theinput data. Remember! Garbage in garbageout.
Diligence : Computers work diligently meaningthey perform their task , from start to end,with uniform accuracy and speed.
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What characteristics computers have?
Versatility : Computers are versatile becausethey can perform different types of tasks.
Power of remembering: Computers can storeand recall (retrieve) a large number of dataand extract information from them.
No I.Q. ( intelligence quotient ): Computers do
not have intelligence yet. No Feeling or emotions: Computers do not
have feeling or emotions yet.
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Computers Evolution Year Machine Inventor
1642 Mechanical adding machine Pascal B. (France)
1671 First calculator for multiplication Leibniz B. G. W. (Germany)
1880 Keyboard machines USA.
1880-
1970
Punch card Hollerith H. , USA
1882 Difference Engine to produce table. Charles Babbage
1937-44
Mark I Computer : Automatic Sequence ControlledCalculator. It was an electromechanical device.Size : 5 long and 8 high
Switches : 3000 switches to control its operations.Operations : + (0.3 Sec.) , -, (4.5 Sec.), and tablereference.Max number size : 23 digit long numbers.
Howard A. Aiken
1939-42
Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) :Vacuum tubes : 45 for internal logicCapacitors : for Storage.
Dr. John Atanasoff
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Computers Evolution Year Computer Inventor1943-46
ENIAC: The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator.Type : ElectronicVacuum Tube : 18,000Speed : + (200 microsecond) and (2000 microsecond)Programming : Hardwired ( analog )
A Team lead by J.Presper Eckert andJohn Machuly
1946-52
EDVAC: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer.Similarities : Hardware was almost similar to ENIACcomputer.Differences : Programming was using stored program in whichdata and instructions were stored in binary (0 or 1).
Dr. John VonNeumanintroduced theidea of stored program. (USA)
1947-49
EDSAC: Electronic Delay Storage Automatic CalculatorSpeed : + (1500 microsecond) and (400 0 microsecond)
Prof. MauriceWilkes, CambridgeUniversity, UK
1951 UNIVAC I: Universal Automatic Computer.The fist digital computer. It operated for 10 days continuously.
The first business use.
USA
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Computers Evolution Year Computer Inventor1953 IBM 650
Sold over 1000 computersIBM
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Computer Generations
Generation A leap into hardware
and softwaredevelopment.
Vacuum tube
Core
TransistorsIntegrated Circuit
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Computer Generations
First Generation (1942-55) They were the fastest calculating devices of their time. They were too Bulky.
They used thousands of vacuum tubes. They generated a lot of heat. They consumed a lot of power. Their hardware failed frequently because the vacuum tube filament
failure. They required frequent maintenance due to low-mean time
between failure. Their commercial production was difficult . Hardwired programming was used to program them.
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Computer Generations
Second Generation (1955-1964) In these computers transistors replaced the vacuum tube. Transistors made them ten times faster than Ist generation
computers. They should be kept air-conditioned room. They consumed power less than 1st generation computers. They were realizable and less prone to failure. They had larger and faster primary & secondary memories. They were easier to program using programming language
(FORTRAN, COBOL, RPG, ALGOL, SNOBOL, ) Commercial production was difficult. They used batch operating systems . They had increased commercial use.
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Computer Generations
Third Generation (1964-75) They performed more than a
million instructions per second. They were of smaller size.
They needed air-conditionedrooms. The consumes less power. They were very reliable and
needed less maintenance. They had larger and faster
primary and secondarymemories. They were general purpose
computers (scientific andcommercial use).
Their commercial production waseasier and cheaper.
There software were portable . They used timesharing operating
systems. They supported Interactive usage. They supported on-line
computing . Timesharing improved the
programmers productivity. Supported unbundling of hardware and software.
Minicomputers were introduced.
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Computer Generations
Fourth Generation (1975-89) Personal computers (PC) were
smaller. Mainframe were more powerful. No AC for PC. Much less power consumption. Extremely reliable. Much faster and bigger primary
and secondary memory. Totally general purpose . Much easier production Portable software. Used Graphical Interface ( GUI),
Office and homecomputing.
They were networked soallowed distributed computing.
Allowed ad-on hardware
and software. Their affordability allowed
individual ownership.
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Computer Generations
Fifth Generation (1989- Present) Portable PC (Notebook and
laptops) Desktop and workstation PC. More faster mainframe
computers. PCs and laptops operate at room
temperature. They consume optimal power. Extremely reliable and very fast. Hot-pluggable feature (replace
parts without shutting down) Truly general purpose,
They are automaticallyproduction.
Portable software. More user-friendly. Very versatile as they can be used
almost in every walk of the life. Internet-based computing. Unbundled software and ad on
hardware. True user friendly as they are
being used by a variety of usersranging from a child to a scientist.
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Gens.Period Key Hardware Technologies
Key SoftwareTechnologies
Key Characteristics representativeSystems
First1937-55
Vacuum tube ;Electromagnetic relaymemory; Punch cardsecondary storage.
Hardwired , Machine and assembly LanguageProgramming. Scientificand commercialapplications.
Bulky, unreliable,limited commercial use,difficult tomanufacture, costly,and difficult to use.
ENIAC, EDVAC,EDSAC, UNIVAC I,IBM 650, 701
Second1955-64
Magnetic core (main)memory, Magnetic tape anddisk secondary storage.
Batch operating system(OS); High levelprogramming language;Scientific andcommercialapplications.
Faster, smaller, reliable,easier to program,difficult tomanufacture, costly,and difficult to use.
Honeywell 400,IBM 7030, CDC1604, UNIVACLARC
Third1964-75 ICs with SSI (Small ScaleIntegration), MSI (Mediumscale Integration)technologies. Larger Mgc.Core memory. Largercapacity disk and tapesecondary storage.
Time Sharing OS.Standardization of highlevel languages,unbundling (separation )of software fromhardware.
Faster, smaller, reliable,easier and cheaper toproduce. Easier toprogram and upgrade.Scientific, commercialand interactive on-lineapplications.
IBM 360/370,PDP-8, PDP-11,CDC 6600
Computer Generations
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Computer GenerationsGens.
Period Key Hardware Technologies
Key Software
Technologies
Key Characteristics representative
SystemsFourth1975-89
ICs with VLSI technologies;Microprocessor;Semiconductor memory;Larger capacity hard disks asin-built secondary storage;magnetic tape and floppy
disk as portable media; CRTmonitor; personalcomputers; computernetworks.
PC Os; GUI; Multiplewindows on a singlemonitor screen; UNIXoperating System; Cprogramming language;PC based and Network
based applications.
Small, affordable,reliable and affordablePCs; more powerful andreliable mainframesystems; totally generalpurpose machines;
easier to producecommercially.
IBM PC and irscolons; APPLE II;TRS 80; VAX9000,CRAY-I, IIand CRAY X/MP.
Fifth1989-Present
ICs with ULSI Tec; Largercapacity main memory;larger capacity hard disks,
Optical disks as read andwrite portable media; Laptopand notebook computers;powerful desktops andworkstations; Very powerfulmainframes; Internet;Network computing.
Word Wide Web(WWW); Multimediaand Internet based
applications.
Portable computers;more powerful, reliableand easy to use
desktop machines; varypowerful mainframes;very high uptime;totally general purposecomputers; easier toproduce commercially.
IBM notebooks;Pentium PC; SUNWorkstations;
IBM SP/2, SGI(Silicon graphicsIndustries) Origin2000, PARAM10000
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Questions What is computer? Why is it also called as data processor? What is data processing? What is data? What is information? What are some characteristics of a
computer? What is the meaning of garbage in-garbage-
out? What is stored program concept? What is millisecond? What is nanosecond? What is batch processing? What is on-line processing? What is vacuum tube? What is unbundling of software? What is computer versatility?
What is meant by generations of acomputer?
What is vacuum tube? What is transistor? What is VLSI? What is IC? What is SSI? What is MSI? What LSI? What is ULSI? What is microprocessor? What is microsecond? What is picoseconds? What is assembly language? What is hardwired programming? What is core memory? What is diligence in computers?
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Questions
What would be the characteristics of thefuture generation computers ?
What lessons did you learn by studying thetopic on computer generations?
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Resources Computer Dictionary ar http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/ Integrated circuit. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPw Core memory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memory
Vacuum tube is a glass tube surrounding a vacuum. When electricalcontacts are put on the ends, then current flows though thevacuum. It's purpose was to act like an amplifier and a switch.
A Transistor is an semiconductor which is a fundamentalcomponent in almost all electronic devices. A transistor acts as a
switch which can open and close many times per second.transistors are typically made of silicon and so they are very cheapto produce and purchase.
A capacitor is an electronic component which is used in a widevariety of circuit applications due to its ability to store charge.
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http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memoryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSRIc-sEgPwhttp://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/http://www.yourdictionary.com/computer/8/4/2019 CMP 101 Set 2 Histry Computer
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