Clouds

C. Vuerli

Contributed by Zsolt Nemeth

As it started

Gartner’s Hype Cycle on Emerging Technologies 2011

Current trends

Cloud computing

Grid Computing

Distributed Computing

Gartner’s Hype Cycle on Emerging Technologies 2012

Driving forces: commerce• Strong industrial needs and driving forces

– Improve resource utilization– Use available resources efficiently– Save energy– Decrease cost

• Consumer needs– Cost effectiveness– Easy access to resources– Pay-as-you-go– No initial investments– Self-service

• Provides services– Resources, applications,

tools– Large-scale,

heterogeneous, economic, mobile, green

• Unaware where it is• Unaware what it is actually• Unaware how it is realized• Unaware of its size

The cloud is „something”

Misconcepts

• Always available• Infinite resources• High performance• Minimal costs• Green infrastructure• Scalability, elasticity• Accessible• These must be relatively assessed

Real characteristics

• An economic model for resource– Provisioning– Management

• Realizes utility computing• Elastic• Increased availability and reliability• Improved accessibility – ease of use• Reduced cost

Cloud characteristics

Technology Business Social / Legal Other

Elasticity / Scalability

Outsourcing Security Multi-tenancy

Virtualization Pay per use Provenance Ease of Use

Agility & adaptability

Resource utilization

Privacy

Availability Energy efficiency

Data Management Cost efficiency

Reliability Accounting

Programmability

K. Jeffery and B. Neidecker-Lutz: „Advances in Clouds – Research in Future Cloud Computing”. Expert Group Report, 2012.

Relation to other areas

K. Jeffery and B. Neidecker-Lutz: „Advances in Clouds – Research in Future Cloud Computing”. Expert Group Report, 2012.

An “official” definition

A 'cloud' is an elastic execution environment of resources involving multiple stakeholders and providing a metered service at multiple granularities for a specified level of quality (of service).

L. Schubert, K. Jeffery and B. Neidecker-Lutz: „The Future of Cloud Computing, Opportunities for European Cloud Computing beyond 2010”. Expert Group Report, 2010.

Another “official” definition

• Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models.

P. Mell, T. Grance: “The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing”. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-145, 2011

Essential characteristics

• On-demand self-service• A consumer can unilaterally provision

– computing capabilities– server time– network storage

• As needed, automatically without human interaction

Essential characteristics

• Broad network access• Capabilities are available over the network

– accessed through standard mechanisms– by heterogeneous client platforms

• mobile phones• Tablets• Laptops• workstations

Essential characteristics• Resource pooling• The provider’s resources (storage, processing,

memory, and network bandwidth) are pooled • serve multiple consumers

– multi-tenant model• physical and virtual resources

– dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand

• location independence – but may specify location at a higher level of

abstraction

Essential characteristics

• Rapid elasticity• Capabilities can be elastically provisioned

and released– in some cases automatically– scale rapidly with demand

• appear to be unlimited

Essential characteristics• Measured service• control and optimize resource use by

leveraging a metering capability • Resource usage

– Monitored– Controlled– Reported

• providing transparency for both the provider and consumer.

Service models: SaaS• Software as a Service (SaaS)• The provider’s applications running on a

cloud infrastructure. • Accessible from various client devices

– thin client interface, such as a web browser– program interface

• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud or even individual application capabilities

Service models: PaaS• Platform as a Service (PaaS). • Deploy onto the cloud infrastructure

consumer-created or acquired applications – created using programming languages,

libraries, services, and tools supported by the provider.

• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but – has control over the deployed applications

Service models: IaaS• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)• Provision processing, storage, networks,

and other fundamental computing resources – the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary

software, operating systems and applications. • The consumer does not manage or control

the underlying cloud infrastructure but – has control over operating systems, storage,

and deployed applications

Virtualization• Simulation of the hardware and software

environment in which other software runs • Simulated environment = Virtual Machine (VM)• Coupling between the physical layer and the

guest OS = hypervisor, virtual machine monitor– Controls flow of instructions– Partitions resources– Isolates guest OSs– Provides the interface of a real physical hardware

machine• Guest OS + applications encapsulated = image

Virtualization

Darryl Chantry: Mapping Applications to the Cloud. Microsoft Corporation, 2009

Deployment models

• Private cloud• The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for

exclusive use by a single organization – comprising multiple consumers (e.g.,

business units)

Private cloud

L. Badger, T. Grance, R. Patt-Corner, J. Voas: “Cloud Computing Synopsis and Recommendations”. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-146, 2012

Deployment models

• Community cloud• The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for

exclusive use by a specific community of consumers from organizations that have shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations)

Community cloud

L. Badger, T. Grance, R. Patt-Corner, J. Voas: “Cloud Computing Synopsis and Recommendations”. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-146, 2012

Deployment models

• Public cloud• The cloud infrastructure is provisioned for

open use by the general public

Public cloud

L. Badger, T. Grance, R. Patt-Corner, J. Voas: “Cloud Computing Synopsis and Recommendations”. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Special Publication 800-146, 2012

Deployment models

• Hybrid cloud • The cloud infrastructure is a composition

of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures (private, community, or public) – remain unique entities– bound together by standardized or proprietary

technology that enables data and application portability