Clash of the Extremes: The Wahhabi Islam and Fundamentalist Christianity from Pre-Divided British India to 9/11 and Beyond

8/9/2019 Clash of the Extremes: The Wahhabi Islam and Fundamentalist Christianity from Pre-Divided British India to 9/11 a

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I}k`femkpfcg~e h|gbgkfpm` gk pom ym|w ~zmngignpomhchbgnfc nhkpmxp hi mf|cw


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N c f ~ o h i p o m M x p | m e m ~ s 0

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rm|m cm~~ p|h}lcm~hem# cm~~ ncf~ogkb+

Og~ph|w ngpm~ kfem~ hi efkw ~hc`gm|~ fk` f`egkg~p|fph|~ hi gkpm|egxm` |fnm roh ~hdh}|km`

gk Gk`gf+ Efkw hi pom~m ~pfwm` gk Gk`gf fk` zcfwm` fk gezh|pfkp zf|p gk pom L|gpg~o zhcgpgn~

hi pofp pgem+ Hkm ~}no kfem g~ hi Dfem~ ^agkkm| /622?%6?06' roh rf~ ~hk hi Cgm}pmkfkp%


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N c f ~ o h i p o m M x p | m e m ~ s =

Nhchkmc Om|n}cm~ ^agkkm| fk` f \fdz}p cf`w /Dfem~ ^agkkm|' fk` g~ lmcgmym` ph ofym l}gcp

^p+ Dfem~ No}|no gk @mcog4 Om |mz|m~mkpm` pom hc` }kghk hi L|gpg~o fk` Gk`gfk N}cp}|m~1 om

rf~ f `myhpm` Fkbcgnfk l}p |m~zmnpm` fcc |mcgbghk~ /E}p gkw 24


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Gk`gfk~+ Gp rf~ khp hkcw ph m`}nfpm pome gk rfw~ hi pom ~h%nfccm` ngygcgtm` rh|c`# l}p fc~h ph

bgym pome f lmppm| |mcgbghk4 No|g~pgfkgpw+ Pog~ fppgp}`m nhem~ `fkbm|h}~cw nch~m ph pom

fccmbm` Rfooflg~p G~cfe~ mxp|mem fppgp}`m hi nhkym|p h| `gm+ Ifkfpgnfc# i}k`femkpfcg~p

fk` mxp|meg~p gk kfp}|m# pog~ fpp gp}`m nhknmzp}fccw cmbgpgegtm` pom ~mci z|hncfgem` gygkm

|gbop~ hi pom L|gpg~o ph gk~pgc pomg| ifgpo gkph Gk`gfk n}cp}|m lw ohha h| n|hha1 ph |mih|e pom

gkim|gh| Gk`gfk ngygcgtfpghk1 ph |m`mme pom Gk`gfk~+ Pom ^}lnhkpgkmkp lmnfem f lfppcmb|h}k`

ih| No|g~pgfk eg~~ghkf|gm~ f~ pomw gezh~m` pome~mcym~ hk pom chnfc~ f~ ~hc`gm|~ hi

No|g~pgfkgpw# pom hkcw p|}m ifgpo fk` mkcgbopmkm` |mcgbghk hk mf|po=+ Pomw rm|m igbopgkb pom

`f|akm~~# pom }kngygcgtm` lf|lf|gn zmhzcm# pom cm~~m| o}efkgpw+ Gk Rgccgfe @fc|wezcm~

rh|`~# Efkw Myfkbmcgnfc L|gpg~o hiigngfc~ rm|m k}|~gkb zcfk~ ph gezh~m khp d}~p L|gpg~o

cfr~ fk` pmnokhchbw hk Gk`gf# l}p fc~h L|gp g~o yfc}m~4 khp d}~p ph |}cm fk` fègkg~pm| Gk`gf#

l}p fc~h ph |m`mme fk` gez|hym gp /P om Gk`mzmk`mkp'+ F |mfnpghk rf~ l}p kfp}|fc+ Hkm ~}no

zm|~hk roh |mfnpm` ~p|hkbcw fbfgk~p pog~ fl~}|` zcfk hi phpfc `hegkfpghk rf~ ^fwwm

Foem` ôfomm` /62?9%6?>6'+

Pom zhz}cf| ygmr omc` gk pom Rm~p g~ pofp ^fwwm` Foem` ôfomm`# fipm| efagkb f

zgcb|gefbm ph Emnnf# nfem }k`m| omfyw gkic}mknm hi pom pmfnogkb~ hi E}ofeef` lgk fl`

Fc%Rfoofl roh omc` fk mxp|mem ygmr hi G~cfe# z|hzfbfpgkb pom }kfyhg`flcm ncf~o lmprmmk

E}~cge~ fk` Afig|~ /khk%lmcgmym|~' gk ih|e hi egcgpfkp Dgof` /E}p gkw 6046


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Pog~ ygmr# ohrmym|# `hm~ khp |mz|h`}nm p|}m ifnp~ hi og~ph|w nh||mnpcw# khp ph

emkpghk~ pofp gp g~ z|md}`gnm` fk` df}k`gnm`%mwm` gk fzz|hfno+ Ig|~p hi fcc# gp g~ ogbocw

~}~zgngh}~ pofp ^fwwm` Foem` of` fkw gkic}mknm hi glk Fl` Fc%Rfoofl rofp~hmym|# f~ Fc%

Vf`g hl~m|ym~4

^fwwg` Foef` of` kh nhkpfnp rofp~hmym| rgpo glk Fl` Fc%Rfoofl+

Gk ifnp# fp pom p gem hi og~ zgcb|gefbm ph Efaafo gk 6?


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N c f ~ o h i p o m M x p | m e m ~ s ?

|f`gnfc gkpm|z|mpfpghk~ eh`m|k i}k`femkpfcg~p~ efam hi pome+ Hk pom

nhkp|f|w# Kfpfkf D+ @mchkb%Lf~ f|b}m~# og~ rf~ f if| eh|m eh`m|fpm ygmr hi

G~cfegn cfr fk` dgof` pofk of~ lmmk fpp|gl}pm` ph oge+

Pog|`cw# fk` zm|ofz~ eh~p gezh|pfkpcw# pog~ |mfnpghkf|w fppgp}`m of` khpogkb ph `h

rgpo pom mxp|meg~e hi Rfooflg pmfnogkb~+ Gp rf~ f `g|mnp | mfnpghk ph pom i}k`femkpfcg~p

Myfkbmcgnfc zcfk~ hi pom mxp| meg~p No|g~pgfk~ rogno ~}bbm~pm` f phpfc efamhym| hi pom

rohcm Gk`gfk ~hngmpw+ F~ f |m~}cp hi pom~m mxp|meg~p zhcgngm~# rm ~mm pom gkn|mf~gkbcw

fbb|m~~gym fk` gkn|mf~gkbcw f~~m|pgym No|g~pgfk `hegkfpghk hi pom Mf~p rogno cmf` ph

yg|p}fccw kh gkpm|| fngfc h| gkpm|%|mcgbgh}~ nhkpfnp rofp~hmym|+ P og~ ~oh}c` of|`cw lm f

~}|z|g~m+ Gi wh} ofym fk fbb|m~~gym ih|mgbk zhcgnw gkyf`gkb hpom| nh}kp|gm~# wh} ~oh}c`

of|`cw lm ~}|z|g~m` ph bmp fk fbb|m~~gym |mfnpghk9+ Gp efam~ zm|imnp ~mk~m+ Fk` wmp# pomk f~

khr# zmhzcm f|m ~}|z|g~m` /E|+ @fc|wezcm gk E}pgkw


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f z|hph%Kftg if~oghk+ Pom ngpw hi @mcog rf~ fceh~p `m~p|hwm`# z}cym|gtm` ph mf|po# cgpm|fccw+

L}p pom L|gpg~o fp|hngpgm~ `g` khp mk` om|m+

Fipm| pom Rf| hi Gk`mzmk`mknm# pom E}~cge~ ih}k` pome~mcym~ fp pom |mnmgygkb mk`

hi zm|ofz~ og~ph|w~ eh~p l|}pfc fk` ofpmi}c |mymkbm rogno `|fgkm` pome hi fcc ygpfcgpgm~+

Pom L|gp g~o lcfem E}~cge~ ~hcmcw ih| pom e}pgkw fk` lmbfk ph rh|a h}p fk fbmk`f ph | g`

pome hii hi fcc pomg| f~~mp~# gkpmccmnp}fc fk` hpom|rg~m+ E}~cge~ rm|m `mkgm` fkw mxnm~~ ph

hiigngfc zh~p~# rm|m `g~n|gegkfpm` fbfgk~p hk pom lf~g~ hi |mcgbghk# |fnm fk` nhch}|# fk` rm|m

l|}pfccw ih|nm` gkph pom `f|a fbm~ rgpoh}p ~}iigngmkp m`}nfpghk h| emfk~ ih| cgygkb+

Z| hzm|pw lmchkbgkb ph E}~cge~ rf~ nhkig~nfpm` fk` pom Nhezfkw~ nheem|ngfc zhcgnw

mcgegkfpm` pom E}~cge~ i|he gkpm|kfc fk` ih|mgbk p|f`m /Rf| hi Gk`mzmk`mknm'+ Pom

L|gpg~o gkp|h`}nm` Mkbcg~o ~w~pme hi m`}nfpghk+ Pog~ ~w~pme of` kh |hhe ih| E}~cge~

|mcgbghk fk`# nhk~mv}mkpcw# pom E}~cge~ ~pfwm` frfw i|he gp+ F~ f |m~}cp#

rgpogk f imr wmf|~ hi ch~~ hi zhcgpgnfc zhrm|# pom E}~cge~ ch~p fcc fymk}m~

hi mezchwemkp# rm|m `g~zh~~m~~m` hi pomg| m~pfpm~ fk` `mz|gym` hi pom lmkmigp~

hi m`}nfpghk+ F ogbocw n}cp}|m` nhee}kgpw p}|km` gkph f lfnarf|` fk` zhh|

zmhzcm+ Gk pomg| zcfnm L|gpg~o%m`}nfpm` Ogk`}~ lmbfk ph hnn}zw zh~gpghk~ gk

bhym|kemkp hiignm~ ih|em|cw omc` lw pom E}~cge~+ /Rf| hi Gk`mzmk`mknm

~gn'

Pom~m og~ph|gnfc ifnp~ m~pflcg~o Myfkbmcgnfc i}k`femkpfcg~e if| eh|m mxp|meg~p gk

kfp}|m pofk pom fccmbm` mxp|meg~e hi Rfooflg G~cfe+ L|gp g~o No|g~pgfk~ `m~p|hwm` Gk`gfk

n}cp}|fc om|gpfbm fk` Gk`gfk E}~cge~ gk |mymkbm+ Pomw ~gezcw rg~om` ph m|f~m @mcog i|he

pom ifnm hi pom mf|po /E}p gkw 0?4


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N c f ~ o h i p o m M x p | m e m ~ s 6:

Rfooflg G~cfe g~ hipmk fnn}~m` hi+ L}p pom og~ph|w ncmf|cw ~ohr~ }~ pofp i}k`femkpfcg~e

fk` mxp|meg~e f|m pm|e~ fzzcgnflcm ph lhpo No|g~pgfk z|fnpgnm~ fk` ~hem hi pom z|fnpgnm~ hi

Rfooflg G~cfe+ Fnp}fccw# gk pog~ nf~m# pom pm|e g~ eh|m ~}gpflcm ih| Myfkbmcgnfc No|g~pgfkgpw

pofk Rfoolg~p G~cfe# fk` fk }kz|md}`gnm` ygmr rh}c` nfcc }zhk fk fnnmzpfknm hi pog~ ifnp+


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% GG %

Rofp `hm~ gp emfk ph lm f i}k`femkpfcg~p8 I}k`femkpfcg~e g~ `migkm` f~ Pom ~p| gnp

ihcchrgkb hi pom lf~gn pmfnogkb~ hi fkw |mcgbghk /Hxih|`' fk` pom lmcgmi gk hc` fk`

p|f`gpghkfc ih|e~ hi |mcgbghk# h| pom lmcgmi pofp rofp g~ r| gppmk gk ohcw lhha# ~}no f~ pom

No|g~p gfk Lglcm# g~ nhezcmpmcw p|}m /Nfel|g`bm'+ F i}k`femkpfcg~p# pomknm# rh}c` lm

~hemhkm roh ~p|gnpcw ihcchr~ pom lf~gn pmfnogkb~ hi fkw |mcgbghk h| roh lmcgmym~ pofp

rofpmym| g~ r|gppmk gk f ohcw lhha g~ p|}m+ Lw pog~ `migkgpghk# gp p}|k~ h}p# ph lm f

i}k`femkpfcg~p# pomk# g~ khp f lf` pogkb fp fcc+ Gp g~# |fpom|# nheemk`flcm+ Ohrmym|# gp g~ khp

pom `gnpghkf|w `migkgpghk pofp zh~m~ z|hlcme~ l}p pom gkpm|z|mpgym df|bhk pofp g~ gezcgm

rogcm fppmezpgkb ph fzzcw pog~ pm|e gk f kmbfpgym ~mk~m# m~zmngfccw hk E}~cge~+

Egn|h~hip Mknf|pf `gnpghkf|w f``~ f zhcgpgnfc `gemk~ghk ph pom `migkgpghk hi pom pm|e#

~pfpgkb pofp i}k`femkpfcg~e g~ f |mcgbgh}~ h| zhcgpgnfc ehymemkp lf~m` hk f cgpm|fc

gkpm|z|mpfp ghk hi fk` ~p| gnp f`om|mknm ph `hnp|gkm# m~zmngfccw f~ f |mp}|k ph ih|em|

z|gkngzcm~+ Ohrmym|# pom pm|e i}k`femkpfcg~e rf~ h|gbgkfccw nhgkm` ph `m~n|glm f

kf||hrcw migkm` ~mp hi lmcgmi~ pofp `mymchzm gkph f ehymemkp rgpogk pom Z|hpm~pfkp

nhee}kgpw hi pom ]kgpm` ^pfpm~ gk pom mf|cw zf|p hi pom


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N c f ~ o h i p o m M x p | m e m ~ s 6>

Gk fnp}fcgpw# pom pm|e `hm~ khp emfk f ohcw rf| fp fcc+ Dgof` nhem~ i|he pom |hhp df

of `f# rogno emfk~ ph ~p|}bbcm# ph ~p|gym /Fc%E}kdg`'+ Pom `m|gyfpgym i|he dgof`# omknm#

emfk~ pom ~p|}bbcm+ Gp g~ hkcw romk rm f`` fk Fc rgpo pom rh|` dgof` ph efam gp f z|hzm|

kh}k romk gp~ emfkgkb~ nofkbm ph ph agcc gk pom kfem hi |mcgbghk /g`+'+ Gk pom Mkbcg~o

p|fk~cfpghk hi pom Ah|fk# pom rh|` igbop hnn}|~ 2< pgem~? /P om V}|fk'+ Romk |mf` fk`

}k`m|~phh` gk pom nhkpmxp# khkm hi pom~m ym|~m~ nheefk` E}~cge~ ph agcc gkig`mc~# mxnmzp hk

f lfppcmigmc`# gk pom pgem~ hi rf|# romk gp g~ rfbm` fbfgk~p pome# gk ~mci mimknm /ih| mxfezcm4

Igbop gk pom nf}~m hi Fccfo poh~m roh igbop wh} /


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Pm|e~ cgam G~cfehif~ng~e fk` Kftg%G~cfe ~}bbm~p f nhkkmnpghk lmprmmk G~cfegn

pmfnogkb~ hi dgof` fk` pom if~ng~p( Kftg ofp|m`+ L}p pom|m of~ kmym| lmmk ~nohcf|cw z|hhi pofp

fkw hi pom~m nhkkmnpghk~ fnp}fccw mxg~p+ Gp ~}iignm~ ph ~pfpm fp pog~ zhgkp# f~ pom `g~n}~~ghk hi

pom~m pm|e~ g~ h}p hi pom ~nhzm hi pog~ zfzm|# pofp pom~m pm|e~ f|m khp hkcw hiimk~gym# l}p f|m

fk hym|~gezcgignfpghk hi nm|pfgk |mcgbgh}~ lmcgmi~ lw pom emfk~ hi if}cpw fkfchbgm~+

@g~n}~~ghk gk pog~ ~mnpghk ymkp}|m~ ph ~ohr pom emfkgkb~ hi pm|e~ hipmk fppfnom

rgpo G~cfe+ Pm|e~ cgam i}k`femkpfcg~e# mxp|meg~e fk` egcgpfkp dgof` f|m# ym|w |mb}cf|cw#

}~m` zmdh|fpgymcw ih| G~cfegn lmcgmi~+ Pog~ nh}c` lm nfccm f e}no p}kkmccm` zm|~zmnpgym# khp

ph emkpghk fk mxp|memcw z|md}`gnm` hkm+ F z|md}`gnm%i|mm fkfcw~g~ hi pom~m pm|e~ rh}c` nfcc

}zhk pom |mfcgtfpghk hi pom ifnp pofp pom~m pm|e~ f|m mv}fccw yfcg ih| fkw |mcgbghk+


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N c f ~ o h i p o m M x p | m e m ~ s 6=

% GGG %

I|fkng~ I}a}wfef f|b}m~ pofp pom f`ymkp hi Rm~pm|k cglm|fc `mehn|fnw efw ~gbkfc

pom mk` zhgkp hi efkagk`~ g mhchbgnfc myhc}pghk fk` pom igkfc ih|e hi o}efk bhym|kemkp6:

/Pom Mk` hi Og~ph|w fk` pom Cf~p Efk'+ Gi ih| I}a}wfef pom og~ph|w mk`~ gk pm|e~ hi

g`mhchbgnfc ncf~om~ zm|pfgkgkb f ~}zm|gh| zhcgpgnfc ~w~pme# ih| ^fe}mc Z+ O}kpgkbphk f kmr

lfppcmigmc` mem|bm~# rom|m pom rf||gkb hzzh~gpghk~ lf~m pomg| nhkicgnp~ hk |mcgbghk4

Gk p om mem|bgkb rh|c`# pom |mcfpghk~ lmprmmk ~pfpm~ fk` b|h}z~ i|he

`giim|mkp ngygcgtfpghk~ rgcc khp lm nch~m fk` rgcc hipmk lm fkpfbhkg~p gn+ Wmp

~hem gkpm|ngygcgtfpghk | mcfpghk~ f|m eh|m nhkicgnp%z|hkm pofk hpom|~+ Fp pom

egn|h cmymc# pom eh~p yghcmkp if}cp cgkm~ f|m lmprmmk G~cfe fk` gp ~ H|poh`hx#

Ogk`}# Fi|gnfk# fk` R m~pm|k No|g~pgfk kmgbolh|~+ Fp pom efn|h cmymc# pom

`hegkfkp `gyg~ghk g~ lmprmmk pom pom Rm~p fk` pom |m~p# rgpo pom eh~p

gkpmk~m nhkicgnp~ hnn}||gkb lmprmmk E}~cge~ fk` F~gfk ~hngmpgm~ hk pom hkm

ofk`# fk` pom Rm~p hk pom hpom|+ P om `fkbm|h}~ ncf~om~ hi pom i}p}|m f|m

cgamcw ph f|g~m i|he pom gkpm|fnpghk hi Rm~pm|k f||hbfknm# G~cfegn gkphcm|fknm#

fk` ^gkgn f~~m|p gymkm~~+ /6?> ~gn'

O}kp gkbphk~ `gyg~ghk hi pom rh|c` gkph pom Rm~p fk` pom |m~p h|# eh|m fzz|hz|gfpmcw#

G~cfe fk` pom \m~p# |mcgm~# efgkcw# hk pom fccmbm` gkphcm|fkp lmofygh}| hi i}k`femkpfcg~p

fk` mxp|meg~p G~cfe+ Om bhm~ f chkb rfw gk og~ `m~g|m ph z|hym pofp pom hkcw ncf~o# fk` pom

eh~p gezh|pfkp hkm gk og~ph|w# of~ fcrfw~ lmmk lmprmmk G~cfe fk` No|g~pgfkgpw4

^hem Rm~pm|km|~# gknc}`gkb Z|m~g`mkp Lgcc Ncgkphk# ofym f|b}m` pofp pom

Rm~p `hm~ khp ofym z|hlcme~ rgpo G~cfe l}p hkcw rgpo yghcmkp G~cfeg~p

mxp|meg~p+ Ih}|pmmk o}k`|m` wmf|~ hi og~ph|w `mehk~p|fpm hpom|rg~m+ Pom

|mcfpghk~ lmprmmk G~cfe fk` No|g~pgfkgpw# lhpo H|poh`hx fk` Rm~pm|k# ofym

hipmk lmmk ~ph|ew+ Mfno of~ lmmk pom hpom|~ Hpom|+ /


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|mcgbgh}~ hzgkghk~# E}~cge~ fb|mm pofp lf~gn `giim|mknm~ mxg~p lmprmmk pomg| n}cp}|m fk`

Rm~pm|k n}cp}|m /6


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Lw D}km


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N c f ~ o h i p o m M x p | m e m ~ s 6?

Pom mknwnchzfm`gn mkp|w ih| pom ]+ ^+ G|fv Rf| cg~p~ pom~m ifnp~4

Gk Dfk}f|w


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Gk pom rmma~ ihcchrgkb pom l|hf`nf~p hi pom zohph~ lw NL^ gk Fz|gc


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N c f ~ o h i p o m M x p | m e m ~ s


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zmhzcm hi fkw ifgpo# n}cp}|m# |fnm fk` mpokgngpw+ F~ gk pom nf~m hi z|m%`gyg`m` L|gp g~o Gk`gf# rm

~mm gk pom rfam hi zh~p%766 f of|~om|# eh|m mxp|mem fppgp}`m mem|bgkb i|he pom No|g~pgfk

~g`m hi pom rh|c`+ F i}cc%icm`bm` rf| of~ lmmk `mncf|m` fbfgk~p G~cfe z|fnpgnfccw# fcpoh}bo

pomh|mpgnfccw gp g~ ~pgcc f rf| hk pm||h|+ Fkhpom| i}cc ~nfcm ncf~o lmprmmk pom~m prh

ngygcgtfpghk~ rh}c` emfk yg|p}fc fkkgogcfpghk hi h}| rh|c`# ~hempogkb kmgpom| hi pom prh nfk

fiih|`+ Pom Rm~p of~ ph nhkygknm pom \m~p pofp gp g~ khp fbfgk~p pomg| ngygcgtfpghk# pomg|

n}cp}|m# pomg| |mcgbghk+ Pom Rm~p of~ ph `g~zcfw f phcm|fkp fpp gp}`m phrf|`~ pom |m~p hi pom

rh|c` gi gp rg~om~ ph rgk gp~ ~h nfccm` rf| hk pm||h|+


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N c f ~ o h i p o m M x p | m e m ~ s >:

/Z|gkpm` gkMknf|pf'6< Hk ILG~ Eh~p R fkpm` Cg~p# lgk Cf`mk g~ khp gk`gnpm` ih| 7( 66 fpp fna~# ih| pom

cfna hi myg`mknm fbfgk~p oge4

Fc%Vfm`f cmf`m| H~fef lgk Cf`mk g~ f chkbpgem fk` z|hegkmkp emelm| hi

pom ILG~ Pmk Eh~p Rfkpm` cg~p# rogno khpm~ og~ |hcm f~ pom ~}~zmnpm`

ef~pm|egk` hi pom `mf`cw ]+ + melf~~w lhelgkb~ gk Mf~p Fi|gnf hk F}b+ 2#

677?+ L}p fkhpom| eh|m gkifeh}~ `fpm ^mzp+ 66#

Documents

Clash of the Extremes: The Wahhabi Islam and Fundamentalist Christianity from Pre-Divided British India to 9/11 and Beyond