TO POOP

OR NOT

TO POOP?

Universal requirements

Facilities Provided.

Men washroom

Women washroom

Senior Citizens

Handicap

Recycled & Sustainable

Children

Unisex

Well ventilation

Shower Area

Hand dryer

Baby Station

Western WC

Toilet Paper

Modern Fixtures

Odourless & Clean

Dustbin

Sitting Area

Water Supply

DOCUMENTED SITES

Universal requirements

Facilities Provided.

Navkar

RAICHANDWADI RAHIVASI

SEVA SANGH TOILETOPPOSITE TO NAVKAAR , PRABHADEVI, DADAR.

•Its a community toilet.

•The community comprises of 85 houses.

•It contains 9 cubicles

•There is no different section for men and

women.

•Each cubicle has a lock for safety whose

keys are with the residing families.

•There are no special facilities for children,

handicap and senior citizens.

•It is estimated that 25 no. of people use one

cubicle per day.

The Mhada and the community people have

themselves built the toilet blocks.

The community raises funds and maintains the

toilets.

The care taker of the toilet is appointed by the

community itself.

The water usage and electricity bill is paid by

the community people.

ECONOMIC FACTORS

AESTHETICS

There are no signage's.

The structure externally is not maintained.

There are few plantations at the back façade.

Lighting is economic but not sufficient.

Corrugated sheets are used for roofing.

FACILTIES

•There is no shower area .

•24 Hr water availability.

•There is a one water tank just outside the toilet block.

•No proper garbage disposal

•No dustbins

•No taps inside the cubicle.

•There is a septic tank below the water tank

•The capacity of the water tank is 2000 liters

•Approx 5.71 liters of water is used by per person daily.

•Ventilation is good.

•Every cubicle has jaali windows.

•Back façade has a huge opening.

Universal requirements

Facilities Provided.

Dr.E Moses road

SITE: DR. E MOSES ROAD, MAHALAXMI.

ENTRANCE

ROAD

URINAL ENTRANCE

Ladies WC

Gents WC

Bath

Handicap

Gents Urinal

ICSCHEMATIC PLAN

USERS:

1. Slum dwellers

2. Passers-by, eg. Taxi drivers

3. Floating Population- Businessmen, Salesmen, people waiting at the bus stop.

FACTS• Used throughout the day, but the activity is more during morning hours.

• Built by the BMC, Managed by a private Mandal, Charges (3 Rupees) applicable on the use of WC.

Urinals are free to use.

• Managed by two employees who change shifts.

• Cleaned twice, everyday.

• Men and women use the same space for bathing.

• Pay-and-use facility: Rs.3/-

• Merits \ Demerits

• Fewer provision for females, only two reserved for the same

• Common Bathing space for men and women

• Dimly Lit

• IC was incorporated within the corridor , so the place is dysfunctional during cleaning.

• No access provision for the handicap.

• Absence of pan stains meant it was cleaned regularly.

• Plantations to conceal the service pipes and provide a sense of privacy.

Source: Local slum dweller.

KAMLA MILLS

Universal requirements

Facilities Provided.

Pheonix

BMC Sauchalay Near Kamala Mills

New 5 Star Hotel Construction

Residential Chawls

Police Station

BMC TOILET

GARBAGE DUMPING AREA ACCESS

NEW 5 STAR HOTEL

POLICE STATION

RESIDENTIAL CHAWLS

Lower Parel Station

• Location : Near Kamala Mills, Opp. Phoenix Mall

• Landmarks : Phoenix Mills, Lower Parel Police Chowki, Kamala Mills

• Awareness About Its Existence : Yes

• Public Utilities : Public Parking, Lower Parel Station

• Percentage Of Commercial To Residential : 90 : 10%

• Percentage Of Floating Population : 55 %

• Future Urbanization Plan : Yes

• Need For The Existence Of The Public Toilet : Yes

USERS

• Nature Of The User : Shop Keepers, Taxi Drivers, Chawl Residents

• Ratio Of Men To Women Usage : 70 : 30

• Facility For Children : No

• Facility For Handicapped : No

• Facility For Senior Citizen : No

• Cater To Specific User : Yes

• Quantum Of Users Using Per Day : 200 To 250 People

• Per Day On An Average

ECONOMIC FACTORS

Built By : Brihan Mumbai Mahanagar Corporation

Maintained by : B.M.C.

Care Taker Appointment : Quota system for government office

Revenue generating system : Yes

Sustainability factor : None

Security maintenance : 2 care takers reside in the public toilet.

Water usage & Electric usage tariff : Paid by the BMC , 1 tank of water used everyday.

Facilities

• No. of Indian w.c. : Total 4 ( 2- men, 2-women)

• No. of European w.c. : 0

• No. of Urinals : 5

• Shower area : 1 ( men), 0 (women)

• Water supply : Regular

• Water tank : Yes

• Need of European w.c. over Indian w.c. : No

• Garbage disposals : None

• Quality of service : Average

• Charges for the facility : Rs 5 for toilet

• Rs 10 for bath

• No. of caretakers : 3

• No. of times the cleaning is done : 2- 3 times a day

Services

• Presence of septic tank : No

• Size of water tank : 3*4.5*1.80 , 12000 liters.

• Ventilation : Jali windows

• Openings in the structure : 8 windows & 2 doors

• Water usage per day per person : 45 liters per day per person

• Condition of pipes, taps, : Rusted

• Condition of water tank : Leakage

• Water pressure : Normal

• Presence of flushing system : No

Aesthetics

• Presence of signage : Yes

• Structure is well painted ? : No

• Material consideration : Yes

• Privacy maintained : No

• Plantation in vicinity : No

• Lighting : absence of lighting, poor

• Roofing : R.C.C. slab

• Anthropometrics : Considerate

• Is it comfortable? : Yes

Worli site

IMPORTANT LADMARKARKS-Worli fortWorli Coastguard

PERCENTAGE Commercial zone-30%Residential zone-70%

It is well known for its fish market.

Floating population is very less. Maximum people using the Public toilets belong to the community itself.

Universal requirements

Facilities Provided.

Worli Fort

People usingthis

Part of the seafront for sanitation

purpose

People usingThis part of the seafront for sanitation purpose

Part of the seafront that has now become a garbage disposal area

People using the public toilets in the

community

Worli Site Context

Garbage

Play ground

Temple

Worli Site

Statistical data

The entire Worli village is about 60000 people

and as per the data gained 75% people have their own

individual toilets. The rest of them go to the public toilets or in

the open.

Total public toilet cubicles in Worli village are 85 out of which

almost 30% is not functional.

The water tank provided to public toilet cubicle is not enough

to suffice the whole day because the municipality gives water

to Worli for just an hour everyday.

There are no western wcs in some public toilets and even if

they are they are not maintained.

DOCUMENTED IDEAL SITES

Universal requirements

Facilities Provided.

Kalanagar

KALANAGAR JUNCTION PUBLIC TOILET

•The public toilet is located near the kalanagar junction

in a garden owned by MMRDA.

•The public toilet was built in 2008 by Lokhandwala

builders.

•Its maintenance is taken care by Fumes International.

•The revenue generated from advertising boards is

used for the maintenance.

•The washroom functions only till 11p.m.

•Due to improper signage it is not easily located though

it is at a very busy junction.

•Around 250-300 people use this toilet per day.

•The users are generally the people commuting by the

kalanagar skywalk.

•This public toilet is also used by the auto drivers from the

nearby stand and by the nearby hawkers.

•There are European WC’s for the senior citizens and

Handicap people

USER GROUP FACILITIES

Water is available throughout the day.

The water is provided by BMC and there is a boring well

also.

•The care taker is appointed by Fumes International.

•Its on no profit no loss revenue generating system.

•Optimum use of lighting by providing proper openings

and skylights.

•The care taker and supervisor are present throughout

the day.

ECONOMIC FACTORS

Comparative study

RAICHANDWADI RAHIVASI SEVA SANGH TOILET

• It’s a community public toilet• It is looked after the community itself.• The toilets do not have a proper

disposal system.• It is cleaned twice during the day• Facilities are washbasins , soaps etc.

are not provided.• There isn’t sufficient lighting in each

cubicle• All the services are exposed.• No importance is given to the

aesthetics.• No revenue is generated here.

KALANAGAR JUNCTION PUBLIC TOILET• It was built by the Lokhandwala

builders and is maintained by Fumes International.

• The toilets have proper disposal system and is cleaned throughout the day.

• Facilities like hand dryers and soaps is provided.

• The cubicles have sufficient lighting and ventilation

• All the services are concealed.• Enough importance is given to the

aesthetics.• Revenue is generated for the

advertisement panels. This revenue is used for maintenance.

Universal requirements

Facilities Provided.

BKC

CASE STUDY- B.K.C.

LANDMARKS

• Income Tax office

• Reserve Bank of India building

• City Park

USERS

• Cleaners, all around the day.

• People coming to the City Park.

• Drivers (auto, cab, private cars).

• Office-goers, during lunch break.

SERVICES

• Water supply for 24hrs, water supplied from an exclusive borewell(approx. 20m deep)

• Overhead tank capacity 7000lit.

• Flushing system available.

• Drainage: Connected to the municipal sewage line.

MERITS

• Very well maintained.

• Cleaned 4-5 times a day.

• A number of mirrors provided.

• Anti-skid tiles used for the flooring.

• Ample natural as well as artificial light.

FACTS

• An active transport route.

• Built by private builders, Lokhandwala.

• Pay-and-use, Rs.2/-

• Revenue generated by advertisements on the outer façade.

Entrance

Urinals

Counter, with basins and mirrors.

Western commode

Indian

Storage room

Women Men

SCHEMATIC PLAN

Western commode

Indian

Points of comparison Dr. E Moses Road Bandra Kurla Complex

Cleanliness Cleaned only when told to by the users Cleaned 4-5 times a day

Hardware No wash basins, only 1 western w.c., all other 12 Indian w.c.s

Clean basins and mirrors, handshowers and flushing system

Number of cubicles 2 Indian w.c.s for women,7 urinals and 10 Indian w.c.s for men, 1 common western w.c. for handicapped users

1 Indian and 1 western w.c for women;2 urinals, 1 western and 2 Indian wcs for men.

Context Situated right beside a slum Situated in a high end commercial area

Users 60% women users from the slums,60% of total users are the slum dwellers-regular users.

Entirely floating population of which 20% users are women

Water facilities BMC supply only for an hour in the morning.

Exclusive bore-well only for the toilet.

PARLE BY FUMES INTERNATIONAL

Universal requirements

Facilities Provided.

Parle

PUBLIC TOILET

AVON HOTEL ACCESS ROAD

SAHARA INTERNATIONAL HOTEL

Introduction

• Location : Opp IBBIS International Hotel, Western Express Highway, Parla (E)

• Landmarks : Sahara Star, Hotel Aircraft, IBBIS International Hotel

• Awareness About Its Existence : Yes

• Public Utilities : Public Parking, Parla Station, Bus Stop

• Percentage Of Commercial To Residential : 10: 90

• Percentage Of Floating Population : 10%

• Future Urbanization Plan : No

• Need For The Existence Of The Public Toilet : Yes

Users

• Nature Of The User : Shop Keepers, Taxi Drivers, Rickshaw Drivers, Havaldars

• Ratio Of Men To Women Usage : 70:30

• Facility For Children : No

• Facility For Handicapped : Yes

• Facility For Senior Citizen : No

• Cater To Specific User : Yes

• Quantum Of Users Using Per Day : 500 People Per Day On An Average

Facilities

• No. of Indian w.c. : Total 7 ( 4- men, 3-women)

• No. of European w.c. : 1( handicap)

• No. of Urinals : 4

• Shower area : 0

• Water supply : Regular

• Water tank : Yes

• Need of European w.c. over Indian w.c. : Yes

• Garbage disposals : 2

• Quality of service : Good

• Charges for the facility : Rs 1 for urinals and Rs 2 for others

• No. of caretakers : 3

• No. of times the cleaning is done : hourly basis

Presence of septic tank : No

Size of septic tank : -

Size of water tank : 3*4.5*1.80 , 12000 liters.

Ventilation : exhaust fans with open able ventilators

Openings in the structure : 3 skylights, 4 window punctures, 1 door

Water usage per day per person : 45 liters per day per person

Condition of pipes, taps, : well maintained

Condition of water tank : well maintained

Water pressure : Normal

Presence of flushing system : Yes

SERVICES

Economic Factors

• Built By : FUMES International

• Maintained By : FUMES International

• Care Taker Appointment :

• Revenue Generating System : Yes

• Sustainability Factor : Yes

• Security Maintenance : 2 Care Takers

• Water Usage & Electric Usage Tariff : Paid By FUMES International

Presence of signage : Yes

Structure is well painted ? : Yes

Material consideration : Yes

Privacy maintained : Yes

Plantation in vicinity : Yes

Lighting : Presence of both artificial and natural

Roofing : R.C.C. slab

Anthropometrics : Considerate

Is it comfortable? : Yes

AESTHETICS

Lower Parel, BMC Toilet Parla , FUMES Toilet

• The Location Of The Toilet Caters To The Shopkeepers In The Vicinity.

• The Vicinity Of The Toilet Is Filthy Breeding Mosquitoes In Rainy Season, Spreading Diseases.

• The Location Of The Toilet Caters To The Walking Public, The Traffic Police, Drivers For The Parking In The Hotels In The Vicinity.

• The Vicinity Of The Toilet Is Well Maintained And Landscaped.

Comparison Between Two Sites

Lower Parel, BMC ToiletParle , FUMES Toilet

• The No. Of Toilets Available Are Not Adequate For The Male Users.

• There Is No Provision For Women’s Bathroom , Children As Well As Handicapped.

• The Infra Structure Is Very Mediocre And All The Services Are Rusted.

• The No. Of Toilets Is Adequate For All The Users.

• There Are Provisions For Women’s Bathroom, Handicapped As Well As Maintenance And Storage Units.

Comparison Between Two Sites

No Proper Drainage System For Urinals As Well As Women’s Toilet.

A part of the toilet is provided for the care taker’s family as residence.

The Infra Structure Is Excellent With Proper Ventilation And Facility Of European W.C. S Also.

Proper Drainage System, Hourly Cleaning Is Done To Avoid Unhygienic Conditions.

The urinals provided in the toilet are free of hence their maintenance is neglected by the care takers.The amount taken from the users is 5 Times more than the BMC norms.

The Urinals Provided Are Free Yet Are Well Maintained By The Care Takers.The Amount Taken From The Users Is According To The BMC Norms Of 1 Rs And 2 Rs.

Lower Parel, BMC Toilet Parla , FUMES Toilet

• No proper ventilation and drainage system

• No artificial lighting during night.

• No provision for women’s bathing area and children.

• No provisions for handicap.

• No was basins in women’s area.

• The vicinity of the toilet is a garbage dumping area which is not maintained hence tethering to hygiene issues.

• No maintenance of urinals.

• No dustbins for waste disposal.

• Community culture is negligent . Hence’ the maintenance of the toilet becomes difficult.

• The location the toilet is not properly oriented.

• No proper signs or directions for the public toilet.

• No children’s bathroom.

• There is provision for handicap but the planning of the toilets creates hindrances in levels for the handicap to access the toilet.

ISSUES

Universal requirements

Facilities Provided.

Gateway

Case Study at Gateway of India

Gateway graphic

•Located at 150 meters from GATEWAY OF INDIA

•Surrounded by Major Public Spots

•Within Tourist zone

•Adjacent to it is a Food Stall and Ferry Ticket Booking Counter

•Besides a Road

•Seating for Public around

•Shaded by trees

•11 URINALS (FREE)

•2 INDIAN W.C. (2 Rupees)

•1 WESTERN W.C. + BATH (10 rupees)

•2 INDIAN

W.C.

•1 WESTERN

W.C. (2

rupees)

Men’s Women’s

INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES

Universal requirements

Facilities Provided.

Hiroshima

Hiroshima, JapanDesigned by Bunzo ogawa’s future studio these sublime,

geometric creations of public toilets have landed in parks

around Hiroshima.

Aesthetically beautiful they strike out

in their vicinity because of contrast

color coding, creative lighting and

universal design.

The white

interiors with red

color coding for

support structure

enhances the

characteristics

of the design.

Universal requirements

Facilities Provided.

Poland

Public toilet at Gdansk, Poland.

Schleifer and Milczanowski ArchitectsDerived from a raindrop – shape the structure features elements

which sync with the surroundings. The orthogonal edges made

inside the circular outer surface ensures least surface area to

make it easier for the disabled to access.

The vertical steel ribs bow outward to integrate a bicycle rack. The

transparent glass roof allows daytime illumination saving energy to

be used at night time.

Universal requirements

Facilities Provided.

Osaka

PUBLIC TOILET IN JAPAN.Architects: Shuhei Endo

Location: Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan

Structure System: Suspended Steel Sheet

Project year: 2005

Principal use: Public Lavatory

Site Area: 580 sqm

Constructed Area: 103 sqm

Photographs: Shuhei Endo

The structure consists of

a single flat steel sheet

made of anticorrosive

steel.

Truss-shaped structural

walls composed of

25mm-thick steel sheet

have been set at the

right and left ends.

Catenary curve made

of 16mm- thick steel

sheet spans the 20m

gap between these

support points.

Universal requirements

Facilities Provided.

Gravesend

Gravesend, UK.

Plastik Architects.The structure features an intensely inverted concrete

pyramidal roof and is held off the exterior walls, creating a clerestory that provides a sliver of natural light to the

interior.

A single triangular sky-light is positioned along one seam in the

heart of the plan for natural daylight. Use of vibrant color as

signage's for interiors works well in elevating the mood inside.

TECHNOLOGIES

1.Waste Management-

• Composting Toilets

•Greywater Treatment

•Biogas Plant

2. Resources

•Solar Energy

•Rainwater Harvesting

COMPOST TOILETSA composting toilet is a dry toilet that uses a predominantly aerobic system that treats excreta typically with no water or small volumes of flushing water via composting or managed aerobic decomposition.The human excrement is normally mixed with sawdust, coconut coir, peat moss to absorb liquids and to reduce the odour.

Solid waste per year per person= 0.27cu. m.Hence, capacity of vault per cubicle=2.70cu. m.Dimensions of each vault=1.2mx1.5mx1.5m

Reed Bed or Planted Filter: The waste water is passed through a sand bed which

contains plant species such as bamboo, canna and reeds. The roots of these plants utilize the nutrients present in waste water thus reducing the BOD (biological oxygen demand) and COD (chemical oxygen demand). The sand bed further purifies the

water and the end result is clear filtered water.

Advanced Grey Water Recycling System: A more advanced grey water recycling system on the other hand, requires more space

and contains a septic tank, a sand filter, a pump and of course a planter bed, to then revert the treated water into field irrigation or even reused in the house as desired.

1. Wastewater flows into a holding tank where solids settle. The reclaimed liquid gets pumped.

2. Wetland cells ,layered with plants ,soil and rocks utilize this water.

3. On its way out, the water is

UV treated. Then it is recycled back into the plumbing system.

A biogas plant is an anaerobic digester of organic material for the purposes of treating waste and

concurrently generating biogas fuel.Average size of a biogas plant=30-60cumCompletely underground, with RCC structure.Production of biogas is 0.03 corm. Per user per day.The usual hydraulic retention time period is 30days.

Energy equivalence of biogas:1000cft(30cu.m.) of biogas from 1000 users is equivalent to-600cft of natural gas-6.4 gallons of butane-5.2 gallons of gasoline

-4.6 gallons of diesel oil

Energy generated can be used for cooking, streetlights, etc.

Biogas plant

SOLAR TECHNOLOGY

•FOR MUMBAI 1sq. Cm generates approx 1w

•Mumbai 19.12 degree

N inclination.

COSTS•The average solar PV system is 3.5kWp and costs around Rs.

6,46,000.

SAVINGS•A 3.5kWp system can generate around 3,000 kilowatt hours of electricity a year. It will

save over a tonne of carbon dioxide every year.

ITEM CostRMStorage tank (1000 L fibreglass)C/w feed funnel & Strainer 600Water Pump 450Pipes and valves 200Electric connection 75Total 1,275(Excludes transport and labor cost)

Rainwater Harvesting

Designed by Sabine Schober Hamburg, Germany is winner

of the 2012 WTO International toilet design award.

The module works best for both squatting and sitting

postures.

The function of the toilet is to separate the hygienised

excreta which is further mixed with charcoal for the

production of highly fertile soils for reforestation.

Materials

Bamboo

•It is one of the fastest growing trees / plants in the world means that large amounts

can be harvested without any long term impact.

•In fact, many types of bamboo can be harvested annually with no need for replanting because when they cut the tree the base remains and it re grows from this.

•Most wood used in traditional fencing will need to be replanted after it is cut and it

will take years to grow another tree.

•With bamboo fencing you can rest assured that the wood used in your fencing does not have as much impact on the environment as more traditional types of wood.

Special Properties Promising Use Of Local Waste Materials

Economical Aspects Low Cost

Stability Good

Skills Required Average Construction Skills

Equipment Required Wooden Hand Mold, Masonry Equipment

Earthquake Resistance Good

HurricaneResistance

Good

Resistance To Rain Depends On Stabilization

Resistance To Insects Medium

Climatic Stability All Except Very Wet Climates

Stage Of Experience Experimental

Bamboo Reinforced Earth Walls

Special Properties High Earthquake Resistance

Economical Aspects Low Cost

Stability Good

Skills Required Traditional Earth Construction Skills

Equipment Required Bamboo Cutting Tools, Formwork, Tamper

Resistance To Earthquake Good

Resistance To Hurricane The Traditional Examples Can Also Be Built With Low Quality Timbers, But Bamboo Provides Straight Components (For Uniform Constructions) And Higher Tensile Strengths.

Resistance To Rain Low

Resistance To Insects Low

Climatic Suitability All Except Very Humid Climates

Stage Of Experience Experimental And Traditional Techniques

• Basically, the framework is made from paper tubes and the walls are made from material that is cheap and easy to produce in China.

• The roofs are made of plywood, and we used polycarbonate as insulation.• It is cheap, and it uses materials that are available anywhere in the world.• It is also structurally sound.• Shigeru Ban has already used paper tubing for rebuilding after earthquakes in: India,

Turkey and • Kobe recycled paper tubes aren't just useful for holding architectural blueprints. They

can be molded into load-bearing columns, bent into trusses and rapidly assembled, and can be made waterproof and fire resistant.

• Because paper tubes are available in various thickness and diameters, they can be added to a structure to support more weight as necessary. Ban has said he hopes to build structures a few stories high.

Paper Tubes

Special Properties Strong, Light Walls; Rapid Construction

Economical Aspects Medium To High Costs

Stability Very Good

Skills Required Masonry Skills

Equipment Required Block Making Equipment, Masonry Tools

Resistance To Earthquake Very Good

Resistance To Hurricane Very Good

Resistance To Rain Very Good

Resistance To Insects Very Good

Climatic Stability All Climates

Stage Of Experience Widely Used Method

Concrete Hollow Blocks Walls

• Fire Resistance: the panels can take unto 2 hours of direct exposure. The use of Quick Wall panels eliminates the need for applying costly fireproofing materials .

• Energy Saving: Quickwall has excellent thermal insulation characteristics, offering great thermal insulation, thermal mass and air tightness properties. Building constructed with quick wall tend to be cooler in summer and warmer in winter.

• Extremely Light: quick wall panels only around 36kg/m2.it is up to 7-8 times lighter than conventional brick wall, representing great advantage in transportation and material handling.

• Working Speed: Quick wall are easy to install, without the use of special crew.it can be easily, cut, drilled, nailed, punched and grooved with manual or power tools.

• Water Resistant: the panels are waterproof ad can be used in partitions. Since the panels are hollow in structure it is easy to install concealed plumbing line and water fixtures.

• Sound Proof: The hollow-structured product forms a large number of confined cells, having double performance of sound-barrier and sound-absorbing.

• Different Finishes: Quickwall be painted and coated with any kind decoration materials paints can be directly applied on wall panels. Internal panels can be finished with direct POP/Putty finish providing economical and superior finish.

• More Carpet Area: Due to range of thickness, Quickwall provides a flexibility of choosing to build with 125mm thick External walls instead of 230mm thick brick walls and 70mm thick internal wall thus providing more carpet area

• Size Accuracy: Quickwall panels are highly accurate in size and thickness. Exact dimensions results in smooth walls with perfect contact with different elements, enabling huge saving in finishes.

• High Impact Strength: the use of glass-fiber in form of grid layout, supported by a variety of high-performance compound modifier gives strength, resulting into a product having high impact and shock resistance.

Rapid Walls

Green Walls

•Green walls are external or internal vertical building elements that support a cover of vegetation which is rooted either in stacked pots or growing mats.

•‘Green wall’ techniques can be used on homes in suburban settings as part of aesthetic enhancement and improving the overall climate responsiveness of individual dwellings, and even to treat wastewater.

•Green walls are like vertical gardens and may be inside or outside of a building. In their more elaborate form, green walls are ‘living walls’ and may incorporate water elements including ponds and fish.

•Green walls may also be incorporated into the cooling strategy of a house, as a kind of evaporative air conditioner, and they may even be designed as part of a water treatment system. Green walls include:

•Green facades – pots with vines on trellises.

•Active – with soil/growing medium running up wall.

•Passive – epiphytes.

•Green wall systems range from arrangements of planting pots on layers of custom shelving to sophisticated vertical layers of growing medium, geotextiles and purpose made containers. Depending on the size of the wall, large or small plants can be used and the result can be manicured and elegant (think of a privet hedge) or wild and funky.

•Green walls can humidify and oxygenate the air and, depending on the plant species, can further improve indoor air quality by acting as filters, trapping dust and absorbing pollutants like formaldehyde.

•Green walls may be freestanding structures or dependent on the building’s main structures for support using trellises, cables or frames. Green walls can be retrofitted to existing homes to reduce the heat load on façades. The simplest kind is a trellis set with a gap between it and its supporting wall to create shade from vegetation with passive cooling from transpiration of the vegetation and convection of heat up through the gap.

•In warmer weather, green walls act like green roofs by reducing the surface temperature of a conventional wall through evapotranspiration and shading. Walls that use irrigation and hydroponic techniques provide additional cooling through evaporation.•Shading windows by deciduous vegetation (bio shading) reduces cooling demands by limiting solar gain in the summer whilst allowing daylight in during winter. The insulating and low thermal absorption properties

Honeycomb Sandwich Panel Roof

• Model No.︰Pancore

• Brand Name︰evowe

• Country Of Origin china

• Unit Price: Rs 20000 Per Piece

Rice Hull Bag wall

Rice-hull bag wall construction is a system of building, with results aesthetically similar to the use of earth bag or cob construction, in which woven polypropylene bags (or tubes) are tightly filled with raw rice-hulls, and these are stacked up, layer upon layer, with strands of four-pronged barbed wire between, within a surrounding "cage" composed of mats of welded or woven steel mesh (remesh or "poultry wire") on both sides (wired together between bag layers with, for example, rebar tie-wire) and then stuccoed, to form building walls. Advantages (compared to earth-bag or cob) include less weight to handle/process, far better insulation values (around 3 - 4 per inch), use of an agricultural-waste product and the sequestration of CO2.

Earth bags

• It's easy to posit that earth bag construction uses the least energy of any durable construction method. Unlike concrete, brick or wood, no energy is needed to produce the necessary materials other than gathering soil. With on-site soil being used, practically no energy is expended on transportation. And unlike rammed earth construction, no energy is required to compact the soil. The energy-intensive materials that are used — plastic (for bags & twine), steel wire, and perhaps the outer shell of plaster or stucco — are used in relatively small quantities compared to other types of construction. The buildings last a long time; however, when they are no longer useful they may simply erode with no serious threat to the environment, or even be recycled into new earthbag-constructed buildings.[citation needed]

• To prevent damage to the bags from UV rays or moisture, it is necessary to cover the exposed outer surfaces of the bags with an opaque material. There are many possibilities of what material to use, including cement-based stucco, or lime or earthen plaster. This will need to meet any waterproofing requirements, but such requirements can also be met by using additives in the bag-fill material. Some buildings use a planted-earth "living roof" ("green-roof") to top the structure, while others use a more conventional framing and roof placed atop earth-bag walls

• Highly durable.• Not high on cost.• Easy maintenance.•

Description : Merino High Pressure Decorative Laminates conforms to all the national and international standards for quality.ISI 2046-Equivalent to ISO-4586.NEMA LD3-American Standard for quality.BS 3794-British Standard. Merino High Pressure Decorative Laminates comprise layers of specially selected decorative papers, impregnated with melamine and phenolic resins, and Kraft paper, which is pressed together under temperatures of 150?C (? 50?C) and high pressure of 100kg (? 5kg) per cm 2 . These laminates are high-quality, hard-wearing and impact-resistant thus provides a beautiful decorative finish to your creation.

Advantages -Latest designs. All designs available in std lam, prelam, postlam, compact lam and panels. Latest range of sizes. A wide selection of finishes Chemical and stain resistance Abrasion and scratch resistance Impact resistance Moisture resistance Heat resistance Ease of maintenance and cleaning Uniform back sanding ISI (ISO-4586/95) and ISO 9001 ISO 14001 certification The fastest delivery

Merino Panel

Composting toilet

• Composting toilets do not require water for flushing, thereby reducing household water consumption.• They reduce the amount and strength of wastewater to be disposed of onsite.• They are well suited for remote sites where conventional onsite systems are not feasible.• They have low power consumption.• Composting toilets productively recycle human waste back into the environment.• They can compost selected kitchen waste, reducing household garbage.• They may allow a property owner to install a reduced-size soil absorption system for gray water disposal, minimizing costs and disruption to the landscape.

Disadvantages:• Maintenance of composting toilets requires a high level of responsibilityand commitment by owners.• Removing the end-product is an unpleasant job if the system is notproperly installed or maintained.• Composting toilet systems must be used in conjunction with a gray water system where other plumbing fixtures are in place.• Smaller units may have limited capacity for accepting peak loads.• Improper maintenance makes cleaning difficult and may lead to healthhazards and odor problems.• Using an inadequately treated end product as a soil amendment may have possible health and environmental consequences.• Composting excrement may be visible in some systems.

Cost 60,000

• Catalogue No. (92027)Product Description One Piece Closet

• Features Remote control operated

• Functions Auto pre & post flush | Slow following seat cover | Warm seat | Night light | Deodorizer | Warm air drying | Twin spray jets

• Products Size (cm) 61.5x41.5x80cm

• S' Trap Distance-30cm.

• Collection Hind ware Italian Collection • Colors Available Star white • Cost........25000 rs

Automate

• Catalogue No. (92075)• Product Description One Piece Closet• Features Conserves 75% of flushing

water | Needs just 1.5 ltrs to flush | Unique foot press flush knob for better hygiene | Recommended for use in commercial/high footfall areas | Slow falling seat over | Blends functionality, comfort & aesthetics

• Products Size (cm) 53x40x73cm• 'S' Trap Distance - 30 cms

Collection Hindware Italian Collection Cost..........32000 rs

Nano

Asian Pan

• Catalogue No. (20018)Product Description Squatting PansFeatures Comfortable design | One piece squatting pan(Footrest attached in body) | Shallow design | Available in select colors |

• Products Size (cm) 50x40cmCollection Hindware Cost....................800rs

• Colors Available White | Beige| MintMing | Green | Sapphire | Ocean Blue | Alpine | BlueOrchid | Magenta | Burgundy | BlackIvory

• Catalogue No. (60006)Product Description Standard UrinalsFeatures Glazed Vitrified Surface Finish – Structured Edge Finish -Rectified2 Pieces / Box0.76 SQM / Box Rectangular Design with side surface Overhead spray hole for flushing Built-in water seal Mounted on Z type brackets Outlet to wall Water inlet from back

• Products Size (cm) 71x45x33cmCollection Hindware Art Cost...............850rsColors

• Available StarwhiteIvory

Olympus

• Catalogue No. (60017)Product Description Waterless UrinalFeatures Requires no flushing | waterless urinal | Hygienic100% water saving model | No liquid carter age required | Cost effective.Anti bacterial/ Germ free ceramic surface | Mounted on Z type brackets | Outlet to wall/floor

• Products Size (cm)60x33x31.5cmCollection Hindware Art

• Cost............1200rs• Colors Available StarwhiteIvory• Green building product• Saves 75% flushing water

Aqua free

Catalogue No. (60010)Product DescriptionStandard UrinalsFeatures Glazed Vitrified Surface Finish | Semi Gloss Edge Finish - Rectified4 Pieces / Box1.44 SQM Area coverage per box | Smart design with straight lines | Concealed water spray holes for flushing | Built-in water seal | Mounted in Z type brackets | Outlet to wall |Water inlet from back

Products Size (cm)64x37x31cmCollection Hindware Art Cost............700rsColors

Available Starwhite Ivory

Dyna

•Glass is by far the most popular sink material. Glass sinks are available in thousands of different color combinations and many even feature printed images between the layers of glass.

•Glass sinks are easy to clean and maintain which is a big advantage; however glass sinks are also fairly easy to break,.

•It is important to note that if you do select a glass sink, make sure it is made of tempered glass because non tempered glass could definitely do some damage to you or your countertop if it ever shattered.

Glass Sink

Wooden Sink

•All wood vessel sinks are coated with a natural varnish derived from varnish tree (aka Rhus Verniciflua Stokes), this varnish creates a barrier between the wood and the water allowing for a perfect seal.

•The hardwood is carefully kiln dried and is extremely durable, the hard coat of varnish will prevent the wood from rotting due to water in the basin or moisture in the air.

Catalogue No. (10004)Product Description Wall Hung BasinsFeatures Compact design for small bathrooms Side semi-punched tap hole | Available in select colours

Products Size (cm) 45x30Collection Hindware

Cost...........500rs

Colors Available Starwhite | Beige | MintMing Green | Sapphire | Ocean Blue | Alpine BlueOrchid | Magenta | Burgundy | BlackIvory

Compact

• Catalogue No. (91054)

• Product Description Counter TopFeatures Striking Rectangular design | Centre pre punched tap hole | Chrome plated cap for overflow hole

• Products Size (mm) 72x46.5cmCollection Hindware Italian Collection

• Cost..............7500rsColors

• AvailableStarwhiteIvory

Kylies

• Stone is likely to catch up the glass to become the most popular sink material. There’re many type of stone including granite, marble, travertine, onyx, sandstone, limestone and many others with granite, marble and travertine being the most popular.

• Stone sinks are truly unique because each sink is hand carved from a single piece of natural stone, therefore there will never be two identical stone sinks. Stone sinks come in a variety of shapes such as round-bowl, oval, square, trigonal, chess-shape, boat-shape, hexangular, wimble-shape etc. with the most popular and most practical being the stone bowl.

• Many stone sinks are also available with a natural unfinished outer surface that resembles the natural chiseled surface of a stone cliff. Stone sinks provide a natural beauty to your bathroom, and will immediately catch the attention of anyone who enters.

• There are of course disadvantages to stone sinks, mainly that stone is a porous material which means it can absorb and hold water. Stone sinks have to be regularly cleaned to keep their finish looking beautiful. Granite and marble have to be sealed with a stone sealer solution at least once a year.

Stone Sink

•Copper is yet another popular choice f sink material. Most copper sinks are “hand hammered” which means they are fabricated by an old world tradition which invoices an artisan hammering a single sheet of copper into a desired shape.

• Copper is a material that is constantly reacting to its environment. Factors such as moisture, temperature and water solids content all play a role in what a copper sink will eventually end up looking like.

• This phenomenon is typically known as the patina. Some will appreciate the natural evolving patina of copper while others want to keep their copper sink looking bright and glossy, like it was when they originally purchased it.

•You can slow or prevent the change of coppers evolving patina finish by using a copper wax solution or sealant. In addition, copper sinks require regular cleaning with a gentle soap and water solution and it is recommended that they are dried after every use.

Copper Sink

K-37319IN-4Cuff One-way Bib Tap

List Price : Rs. 2,070

K-37320IN-4Cuff Two-way Bib TapList Price : Rs. 2,990

K-11566IN-7Galeo in-line stop valve with G1/2" connectionList Price : Rs. 1,560

K-12929INAccent health faucet with metal hose and holder in Polished ChromeList Price : Rs. 2,440

K-7314INLavatory bottle trap, List Price : Rs. 1,610

SG Home Brass Toilet Paper Holder Rs. 536

SG Home Easyfix Toilet Paper Holder Rs. 329

SG Home Paper Holder "J" Type Stainless steel Rs. 302

SG Home Easyfix Soap Tray StainlessRs. 440

Bubbbles Triune Soap Dish(TR3H)Rs. 527.

Bubbbles Elegant Soap Dish (ET3H)Rs. 527

SG Home Marco Hook Stainless Steel Rs. 360

SG Home Towel Ring Round Stainless Steel Rs. 374

SG Home Dual Hook Stainless Steel,Rs. 437

•Linoleum is made from all natural materials.•As long as the sun shines, and the rain falls, Linoleum can be produced.•Life-cycle assessment scores, show exceptional performance for Linoleum and it is nature that provides the great start by providing renewable raw materials. •To produce Linoleum oxidized linseed oil (or a combination of oxidized linseed oil and tall oil) and rosin are mixed with the other raw materials to form linoleum granules, which are pressed onto a jute backing, making Linoleum sheets. These are then hung in drying rooms to allow them to cure and to acquire the required flexibility and resilience.•The natural raw materials used to create Linoleum are available in abundance.•Linoleum Floors can be easily recycled.•Sooner or later - usually after around 25 to 40 years - Linoleum floors need to be replaced. Various options present themselves in terms of waste disposal.•linoleum can be safely added to landfill refuse sites, where natural decomposition takes place. Linoleum is fully biodegradable and does not release harmful substances or gases such as chlorine and dioxins.•As linoleum's raw materials are provided by nature, and decomposition returns linoleum to nature, this is essentially the ultimate form of recycling.•Linoleum floors can be kept in good condition for a very long time without need for major maintenance. •The most effective method for removing dust and loose dirt is by dry maintenance. •These floor care methods have a positive influence on the environmental performance of linoleum. •Cleaning with excessive water is never necessary and therefore very little waste water is generated for disposal. •When the life span of floor coverings is taken into account (25-40 years), this positive effect is very substantial.

Linoleum

•Vinyl is generally considered to be a highly durable material that, if properly installed and maintained, can last upwards of ten to twenty years.

•However the quality of the material that you purchase, and the way it was manufactured, will determine how well your floor lasts over time.

•Solid vinyl and composite vinyl tiles are homogenous, with colours permeating every layer making them resistant to damage from scratches.

•Printed Vinyl will be as durable as the clear wear layer that protects the surface. Fiberglass reinforced vinyl sheets are extremely durable while also being pliable and resistant to damage.

•When using vinyl tiles, individual pieces that are damaged can also be easily replaced.

Vinyl

DESIGN

Single loaded

Doubly loaded

Commonly found designs of community toilets

Public toilet flowchart

Design ideas

1: separate entry 2: separate entry

3: entry on two sides4

5: separate entry and exit

Approach towards design

Separate entry and exits to avoid crowds at

entries

Offset design to suit the asymmetry of the site

Minimum design having

•4 cubicles

•2 universal cubicles

•4 urinals

External dimensions being 9x5 m

Extra services and amenities- water coolers on

exterior, seating

The design can be increased by adding more

offsets which increases the number of cubicles

Staggered design

Elongated rectangle with diagonal

entries

Design orientation in different possible site context

Design alternatives

Plan

Plan

Section