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Referencing (or citing)
• Acknowledging someone else’s ideas – acknowledging the original source
• Provide a reference (or citation)
• Not doing this - plagiarism
Textual reference
• In the body of your writing.
• Directly following or before any information taken from another source.
When to reference?
• Summarise someone else’s opinions, theories or data
• Paraphrasing…
• Direct quotation
• Diagram, table
• Programming
In the text (Author, Date)
The design of a good chocolate cake involves complex systems analysis (Cake, 2001). Tasty (1981, p.24) is of the opinion that “in order to make a good chocolate cake it is best to use frozen cocoa beans”. Jackson and Smith(1992) also propose that adding chilli to the mixture makes for a very interesting cake. Recent research shows that adding an ingredient called ‘zin zin’ may even result in weight loss (Daydreamer, 2004)!
Reference list
• Any publications you quote or refer to in your writing must be listed (usually at the end of your project).
• Alphabetical order (Author, Date method such as Harvard system).
• The following slide gives of the Harvard style.
one version
Reference List. Cake, E.T. (2001) Chocolate and beyond [Online].
Available from: http://www.chocoholicsworld/inyourdreams.com [accessed 19 March 2004].
Daydreamer, B. (2004) A wish come true. Untrue Discoveries Letters, 67(1) pp.35-44.
Jackson, J.A. & Smith, D.S. (1992) The strangest chocolate cakes in the world. 3rd ed. New York: Madd Food.
Tasty, B. (1981) Cake myths. London: Notavailable Press.
• Reference list
- List of ALL publications referred to
in the text.
• Bibliography means a
- List of any publications read (but not necessarily referred to in the text).
URL of a journal article from an online database?
• http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V1D-4B1XJ79-3&_user=983321&_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2004&_alid=1250434057&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_cdi=5672&_sort=r&_st=4&_docanchor=&_ct=1&_acct=C000044920&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=983321&md5=46af925e829c0d879e14e008dacd263c
• This is far too long!
Using the ‘overall URL’ or ‘entrance’ URL
Yan, L. Zhu, B. 2004. A ratio inequality for Bessel processes. Statistics & Probability Letters, [Online]. 66(1) pp.35-44. Available at: http://sciencedirect.com (Elsevier /Science Direct) [Accessed 3 November 2006].
Using the DOI to reference
Yan, L. Zhu, B. 2004. A ratio inequality for Bessel processes. Statistics & Probability Letters, [Online]. 66(1) pp.35-44. doi:10.1016/j.spl.2003.10.003 [Accessed 3 November 2006].
Alternatives
• DOI (Data object identifier)• Articles on the web may have been allocated a ‘DOI’.• A DOI or digital object identifier can be used to cite and link to
electronic documents. A DOI is guaranteed never to change, so you can use it to link permanently to electronic documents” (Science Direct, 2009).
• If you put the DOI into a DOI resolver like the one below, the browser will take you to a Web page (URL) associated with that DOI.
• Click on the link to the resolver below and paste the DOI 10.1016/j.spl.2003.10.003 into to the text box.
• DOI resolver: http://dx.doi.org/
One website to go to for referencing
• Leeds Metropolitan University (Author-Date system))
Quote Unquote: A Guide to Harvard Referencing
http://skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk/Quote_Unquote.pdf
• There are many more.
• Find out about plagiarism from the University of Leicester, Avoiding plagiarism, online tutorial.
http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ssds/sd/ld/resources/study/plagiarism-tutorial