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Gurdip Saini
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Referencing and Referencing and CitingCiting
2.1References and Bibliographies
BibliographyLists sources used for background readingas part of research.
ReferencesLists the particular sources used e.g.journal articles, books, websites, graphics
Bibliographies and References include
AuthorDate of publication Title of book or articlePeriodical titlePlace of publicationPublisherPage numbers for journal articles
Bibliographic software
e.g. Endnote, Refworks etc.
Construct and organise bibliographies for theses and papers
Import citationsFormat citations
Referencing and Referencing and CitingCiting
2.2Plagiarism
When you borrow another person’s words or ideas by quoting, paraphrasing or summarizing them, you must show where you got the ideas by putting certain information in parenthesis immediately after the material you have borrowed.
Source:Oshima & Hogue,1999
All work taken from another source must be acknowledged and documented
2 ways of giving acknowledgement:
Direct method i.e. quotation
Indirect method by summarizing and paraphrasing
Quotation is copying word-for-word from a published text, transcript etc.
However, changing words or sentence structure from the original means it is no longer a direct quote.
Statistics are good supporting details for opinions. Like quotations their source must also be cited.
Ways of quoting
For a short quotation of less than 40 words, use a brief phrase as an introduction to the quotation e.g.
Pennycook (1996) claims “All language learning is to some extent a process of borrowing others’ words”
Longer quotations stand alone in the text e.g.
In a seminal article on plagiarism, Pennycook cautioned
All language learning is to some extent a process of borrowing others’ words and we need to be flexible, not dogmatic, about where we draw boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable textual borrowings.
(1996:227)
Referencing and Referencing and CitingCiting
2.3Documenting sources within the text
What?The practice of citing original sources of
informationWhen?Direct quotations and paraphrased
information from another source, except dictionaries and encyclopedias
Why?Readers can find the original sourceWriter not responsible for all informationPlagiarism is avoided
Although there are other methods for documenting sources,
APA or American Psychological Association
Number reference system
Are frequently used in natural science, social science and technical fields.
The conventions of the APA system are:
1 When author’s name begins a sentence,
place the date of the work in parentheses immediately after the documented information e.g.
As Neville (2007) emphasises, “you should cite all sources and present full details of these in your list of references” (p.36)
Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York
2 When an author is not referred to directly
in a sentence, place both the author’s last name and the year of publication, separated by a comma, in parentheses e.g.
References list full details of all sources used (Neville,2007)
Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York
3 When citing two or more authors within an
in-text citation, use an ampersand in the parentheses e.g.(Burns & Sinfield,2002)
However, when mentioning the authors in the text, use the word “and” e.g.Burns and Sinfield (2002) argue…
Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York
4 When citing two or more authors within
the text, use the full list of names the first time e.g. (White, Green, Brown, Grey, Black & Pink, 2008)
Subsequently, use (White, et al.2008)
Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York
5 When the same author and text is referred
to more than once in a single paragraph, there is no need to give the date for the second reference
6When a direct quotation is used, give the year and page/s numbers immediately after the quotation
7Two works by the same author published in the same year are differentiated by a,b,c and cross-referenced accordingly e.g. In-text (Carroll, 2007a)
References:Carroll, J.(2007a) A handbook for deterring plagiarism in higher education. Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development: Oxford Brookes University
Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York
8Two works by the same author published in different years require the year of publication for both works e.g.
Carroll (2005, 2007) maintains….
9When pulling together several sources to support your argument, use one in-text citation. List the names alphabetically as they appear in the bibliography e.g.
As widely stated in the literature…. (Carroll,2002; Mallon, 1991;Neville,2007)
Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York
10When two authors have the same family name include initials to avoid confusion e.g.
Hyland,K (2008) and Hyland,F (2007) reported…
Various studies were conducted on the effectiveness of written feedback (K.Hyland,2008; F.Hyland,2007)
11When there is an omission in a direct quotation use an ellipsis (three spaced periods) e.g.
Williams (2008) asks “Is Persaud a narcissist, in other words, or a man so plagued by self-doubt that he doesn’t obey the rules of academia?…He claims to have been so busy he became confused”(p.37)
Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York
12When there is an omission in a direct quotation at the end of the sentence, use four periods to close the quotation e.g.
Williams (2008) asks “Is Persaud a narcissist, in other words, or a man so plagued by self-doubt ?....”(p.37)
Adapted from : Wiggins, C (2009) The University of York