CITING AND REFERENCING IN APA STYLECenter for Professional Communication

Academic MisconductAll forms of academic misconduct are prohibited by the Student Code of Conduct. Academic misconduct is an A-level offense and is defined by the student code of conduct as Dishonesty or Deception in fulfilling academic requirements. It includes, but is not limited to: 

• cheating• plagiarism• un-permitted collaboration• forged attendance (when attendance is required)• fabrication (e.g., use of invented information or falsification of research or other

findings)• using advantages not approved by the instructor (e.g., unauthorized review of a copy of

an exam ahead of time)• knowingly permitting another student to plagiarize or cheat from one's work• submitting the same assignment in different courses without consent of the instructor.

 Note: An instructor may impose a grade penalty for academic misconduct and/or file a judicial referral. If you are unsure about a question of academic misconduct, consult your instructor or the director of Judiciaries. If you are found to be involved in academic misconduct, your instructor has the option of lowering your grade or giving you an F grade on the project or in the course, and/or referring you to Judiciaries. Possible sanctions through Judiciaries are suspension, expulsion, or any sanction not less than a reprimand. (University Judiciaries, 2011)

What is Plagiarism Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: to

“plagiarize To steal and pass off (the ideas and words

of another) as one’s own To use (another’s production) without

crediting the source To commit literary theft To present as new and original an idea or

product derived from an existing source

Plagiarism Turning in someone else’s work as your

own Copying words or ideas from someone

else without giving credit Failing to put a quotation in quotation

marks Giving incorrect information about the

source of a quotation

Plagiarism Changing words but copying the

sentence structure of a source without giving credit

Copying so many words or ideas from a source that is makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not

Using your own work from previous classes (without faculty consent or citing yourself)

“A critical part of the writing process is helping readers place your contributions in context by citing the researchers who influenced you” (APA, 2010, p. 169).

Crediting Sources

When to Cite Work that directly influenced your work Credit ideas of others you build off of All facts and figures that are not

common knowledge Direct quotations and paraphrased

material

Type of citation

First citation in text

Subsequent citations in

text

Parenthetical format,

first citation in text

Parenthetical format,

subsequent citations in

text

One work by one author Walker (2007) Walker (2007) (Walker,

2007)(Walker, 2007)

One work by two authors

Walker and Allen (2004)

Walker and Allen (2004)

(Walker & Allen, 2004)

(Walker & Allen, 2004)

One work by three authors

Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (1999)

Bradley et al. (1999)

(Bradley, Ramirez, & Soo, 1999)

(Bradley et al., 1999)

One work by four authors

Bradley, Ramirez, Soo,

and Walsh (2006)

Bradley et al. (2006)

(Bradley, Ramirez, Soo,

& Walsh, 2006)

(Bradley et al., 2006)

Basic Citation Styles

Type of citation

First citation in text

Subsequent citations in

text

Parenthetical format,

first citation in text

Parenthetical format,

subsequent citations in

text

One work by five authors

Walker, Allen, Bradley,

Ramirez, and Soo (2008)

Walker et al. (2008)

(Walker, Allen, Bradley,

Ramirez, & Soo, 2008)

(Bradley et al., 2008)

One work by six authors

Wasserstein et al. (2005)

Wasserstein et al. (2005)

(Wasserstein et al. 2005)

(Wasserstein et al. 2005)

Groups ( readily identified through

abbreviation) as authors

National Institute of

Mental Health (NIMH, 2003)

NIMH (2003)(National

Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2003)

(NIMH, 2003)

Groups (no abbreviation)

as authors

University of Pittsburgh

(2005)

University of Pittsburgh

(2005)

(University of Pittsburgh,

2005)

(University of Pittsburgh,

2005)

Basic Citation Styles

Samples of APA Citations Author mentioned in your text (in-text

citation)

Wilson (1994) has described in detail his fascination with insects.

Author cited in parentheses (parenthetical citation) The army retreated from Boston is disarray,

making the rebels realize that they had achieved a great victory (McCullough, 2001).

author year

author yearcomma

Samples of APA Citations Author quoted

Memories are “built around a small collection of dominating images” (Wilson, 1994, p. 5). author year

quotation

quotation comm

acomm

a

page number

Direct Quotation In Text

Interpreting these results, Robbins et al., (2003) suggests that the “therapists in dropout cases may have inadvertently validated parental negativity about the adolescent without adequately responding to the adolescent’s needs or concerns” (p. 541), contributing to an overall climate of negativity.

Direct Quotation Parenthetical

Confusing this issue is the overlapping nature of roles in palliative care, whereby “medial needs are met by those in the medical disciplines; nonmedical needs may be addressed by anyone of the team” (Csikai & Chaitin, 2006, p. 112).

Direction Quotation – LengthyThis is the paragraph leading to the direct quote that is over 40 words. Others have contradicted this view:

Co-presence does not ensure intimate interaction among all group

members. Consider large-scale social gatherings in which hundreds or

thousands of people gather in a location to perform a ritual or celebrate an

event.

In these instances, participants are able to see the visible manifestation of

the group, the physical gathering, yet their ability to make direct, intimate

connections with those around this is limited by the sheer magnitude of the

assembly. (Purcell, 1997, pp. 111-112)The paper continues as normal after the large direct quote.

Samples of APA Citations A work with more than one author

Kanazawa and Still (2000) in their analysis of a large set of data showed that the statistical likelihood of being divorced increased if one was male and a secondary school teacher or college professor.

Analysis of a large set of data showed that the statistical likelihood of being divorced increased if one was male and a secondary school teacher or college professor (Kanazawa & Still, 2000).

author year

first author

yearcomma

second author

ampersand

Samples of APA Citations Author’s work cited in another source

The words we use simple appear, as Britton says, “at the point of utterance” (as cited in Smith, 1982, p. 108).

indication that you are referring to a

citation in the workyearcomm

aauthor of

source you used

page number

Work Cited in Another Source

“In the United States, the American Cancer Society (2007) estimated that about 1 million cases of NMSC and 59,940 cases of melanoma would be diagnosed in 2007, with melanoma resulting in 8,110 deaths” (Miller et al., 2009, p. 209).

Samples of APA Citations More than one work in one citation

Criticisms of large-scale educational testing abound (Crouse & Trusheim, 1988; Nairn, 1978, 1980; Sacks, 2003).

separate sources with a semi-colon

comma

Author(s)year

Samples of APA Citations Corporation, government agency, or

organization as author A survey by the College Entrance

Examination Board (CEEB) showed that 43% of total enrollment in higher education was in two-year public institutions. Full-time enrollment was different, with only 24% enrolled in two-year public schools (CEEB, 2002). comm

aAbbreviated

author year

Samples of APA Citations No author names

Use the complete title if it is short, with capital letters for major words. Within parentheses, you can shorten the title.

The reference list at the end of a work provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. Include only the sources that you used in the research and preparation of the work.

Reference List

References What to list (only those items cited in paper) Format (alphabetical by author’s last name,

hanging indenture, double spaced) Conventions of the list Date Periods Capitals Italics Page numbers**Refer to example references posted in forum**