Circulatory systemBloodstream redirects here. For
thesongbyEdSheeran, see Bloodstream (song).This article is about
the animal circulatory system. Forplants, see Vascular
tissue.Thecirculatorysystem,also called thecardiovascu-larsystem,
is an organ system that permits blood tocirculate and transport
nutrients (such as amino acidsand electrolytes), oxygen, carbon
dioxide, hormones, andblood cells to and from the cells in the body
to providenourishment and help in ghting diseases, stabilize
tem-perature and pH, and maintain homeostasis. The study ofthe
blood ow is called hemodynamics. The study of theproperties of the
blood ow is called hemorheology.The circulatory system is often
seen to comprise both thecardiovascular system, which distributes
blood, and thelymphatic system, which circulates lymph.[1] These
aretwo separate systems. The passage of lymph for exam-ple takes a
lot longer than that of blood.[2] Blood is auid consisting of
plasma, red blood cells, white bloodcells, and platelets that is
circulated by the heart throughthe vertebrate vascular system,
carrying oxygen and nu-trients to and waste materials away from all
body tissues.Lymph is essentially recycled excess blood plasma
after ithas been ltered from the interstitial uid (between
cells)and returned to the lymphatic system.The cardiovascu-lar
(from Latin words meaning 'heart' and 'vessel') sys-tem comprises
the blood, heart, and blood vessels.[3] Thelymph, lymph nodes, and
lymph vessels form the lym-phatic system, which returns ltered
blood plasma fromthe interstitial uid (between cells) as
lymph.While humans, as well as other vertebrates, have a
closedcardiovascular system(meaningthat thebloodneverleaves the
network of arteries, veins and capillaries), someinvertebrate
groups have an open cardiovascular system.The lymphatic system, on
the other hand, is an open sys-tem providing an accessory route for
excess interstitialuid to be returned to the blood.[4] The more
primitive,diploblastic animal phyla lack circulatory systems.1
Structure1.1 Cardiovascular systemDepiction of the heart, major
veins and arteries con-structed from body scans.Cross section of a
human arteryThe essential components of the human
cardiovascularsystem are the heart, blood and blood vessels.[5] It
in-cludes the pulmonary circulation, a loop through thelungs where
blood is oxygenated; and the systemic cir-culation, a loop through
the rest of the body to provideoxygenated blood. The systemic
circulation can also beseen to function in two partsa
macrocirculation and amicrocirculation. An average adult contains
ve to sixquarts (roughly 4.7 to 5.7 liters) of blood, accounting
forapproximately 7% of their total body weight.[6] Bloodconsists of
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, andplatelets. Also, the
digestive system works with the cir-culatory system to provide the
nutrients the system needsto keep the heart pumping.[7]The
cardiovascular systems of humans are closed, mean-12 1 STRUCTUREing
that the blood never leaves the network of blood ves-sels. In
contrast, oxygen and nutrients diuse across theblood vessel layers
and enter interstitial uid, which car-ries oxygen and nutrients to
the target cells, and carbondioxide and wastes in the opposite
direction. The othercomponent of the circulatory system, the
lymphatic sys-tem, is open.1.1.1 ArteriesSee also: Arterial
treeOxygenated blood enters the systemic circulation whenleaving
the left ventricle,through the aortic semilunarvalve. The rst part
of the systemic circulation is theaorta, a massive and thick-walled
artery. The aorta archesand branches into major arteries to the
upper body beforepassing through the diaphragm, where it branches
furtherinto arteries which supply the lower parts of the body.1.1.2
CapillariesArteries branch into small passages called arterioles
andthen into the capillaries.[8] The capillaries merge to
bringblood into the venous system.[9]1.1.3 VeinsAfter their passage
throughbodytissues, capillariesmerge once again into venules, which
continue to mergeintoveins. Thevenoussystemnallycoalescesintotwo
major veins: the superior vena cava (roughly speak-ing draining the
areas above the heart) and the inferiorvena cava (roughly speaking
from areas below the heart).These two great vessels empty into the
right atrium of theheart.1.1.4 Coronary vesselsMain article:
Coronary circulationThe heart itself is supplied with oxygen and
nutrientsthrough a small loop of the systemic circulation.1.1.5
Portal veinsThe general rule is that arteries from the heart branch
outinto capillaries, which collect into veins leading back tothe
heart. Portal veins are a slight exception to this.Inhumans the
only signicant example is the hepatic por-tal vein which combines
from capillaries around the gutwhere the blood absorbs the various
products of diges-tion; rather than leading directly back to the
heart, thehepatic portal vein branches into a second capillary
sys-tem in the liver.1.1.6 HeartMain article: HeartThe heart pumps
oxygenated blood to the body andSuperior Vena Cava Aorta Pulmonary
Artery Pulmonary Vein Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Right Atrium
Left Atrium Inferior Vena Cava Mitral Valve Aortic Valve Tricuspid
Valve Pulmonary Valve View from the frontdeoxygenated blood to the
lungs. In the human heartthere is one atrium and one ventricle for
each circula-tion, and with both a systemic and a pulmonary
circula-tion there are four chambers in total: left atrium, left
ven-tricle, right atrium and right ventricle. The right atriumis
the upper chamber of the right side of the heart.Theblood that is
returned to the right atrium is deoxygenated(poor in oxygen) and
passed into the right ventricle tobe pumped through the pulmonary
artery to the lungs forre-oxygenation and removal of carbon
dioxide. The leftatrium receives newly oxygenated blood from the
lungsas well as the pulmonary vein which is passed into thestrong
left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta tothe dierent organs
of the body.The coronary circulation system provides a blood
supplyto the heart muscle itself. The coronary circulation be-gins
near the origin of the aorta by two arteries: the rightcoronary
artery and the left coronary artery. After nour-ishing the heart
muscle, blood returns through the coro-nary veins into the coronary
sinus and from this one intothe right atrium. Back ow of blood
through its openingduring atrial systole is prevented by the
Thebesian valve.The smallest cardiac veins drain directly into the
heartchambers.[7]1.1.7 Pulmonary circulationMain article: Pulmonary
circulationThe circulatory system of the lungs is the portion of
thecardiovascular system in which oxygen-depleted blood is1.2
Lymphatic system 3The pulmonary circulation as it passes from the
heart.Showingboth the pulmonary artery and bronchial
arteries.pumped away from the heart, via the pulmonary artery,to
the lungs and returned, oxygenated, to the heart via thepulmonary
vein.Oxygen deprived blood from the superior and inferiorvena cava
enters the right atrium of the heart and owsthrough the tricuspid
valve (right atrioventricular valve)into the right ventricle, from
which it is then pumpedthroughthepulmonarysemilunar
valveintothepul-monary artery to the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in
thelungs, whereby CO2 is released from the blood, and oxy-gen is
absorbed. The pulmonary vein returns the nowoxygen-rich blood to
the left atrium.[7]Aseparate systemknown as the bronchial
circulation sup-plies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of
the lung.1.1.8 Systemic circulationThe systemic circulation is the
circulation of the blood toall parts of the body except the lungs.
Systemic circu-lation is the portion of the cardiovascular system
whichtransports oxygenated blood away from the heart throughthe
aorta from the left ventricle where the blood has beenpreviously
deposited from pulmonary circulation, to therest of the body, and
returns oxygen-depleted blood backto the heart.[7]1.1.9 BrainMain
article: Cerebral circulationThe brain has a dual blood supply that
comes from ar-teries at its front and back. These are called the
ante-rior and posterior circulation respectively. The ante-rior
circulation arises from the internal carotid arteriesand supplies
the front of the brain. The posterior circu-lation arises from the
vertebral arteries, and supplies theback of the brain and
brainstem. The circulation fromthe front and the back join together
(anastomise) at theCircle of Willis.1.1.10 KidneysThe renal
circulation receives around 20% of the cardiacoutput. It branches
from the abdominal aorta and returnsblood to the ascending vena
cava. It is the blood supply tothe kidneys, and contains many
specialized blood vessels.1.2 Lymphatic systemThe lymphatic system
is part of the circulatory system. Itis a network of lymphatic
vessels and lymph capillaries,lymph nodes and organs, and lymphatic
tissues and circu-lating lymph. One of its major functions is to
carry thelymph, draining and returning interstitial uid back
to-wards the heart for return to the cardiovascular system,
byemptying into the lymphatic ducts.Its other main func-tion is in
the immune system.1.3 PhysiologyAn animation of a typical human red
blood cell cycle in the circu-latory system. This animation occurs
at real time (20 seconds ofcycle) and shows the red blood cell
deformas it enters capillaries,as well as changing color as it
alternates in states of oxygenationalong the circulatory
system.Main article: Blood Oxygen transportAbout 98.5% of the
oxygen in a sample of arterial bloodin a healthy human, breathing
air at sea-level pressure, ischemically combined with hemoglobin
molecules. About1.5%is physically dissolved in the other blood
liquids andnot connected to hemoglobin. The hemoglobin moleculeis
the primary transporter of oxygen in mammals andmany other
species.2 DevelopmentMain article: Fetal circulation4 3 CLINICAL
SIGNIFICANCEThe development of the circulatory system starts
withvasculogenesis in the embryo. The human arterial andvenous
systems develop from dierent areas in the em-bryo. The arterial
system develops mainly from the aorticarches, six pairs of arches
which develop on the upperpart of the embryo. The venous system
arises from threebilateral veins during weeks 4 8 of embryogenesis.
Fetalcirculation begins within the 8th week of development.Fetal
circulation does not include the lungs, which are by-passed via the
truncus arteriosus. Before birth the fetusobtains oxygen (and
nutrients) from the mother throughthe placenta and the umbilical
cord.[10]2.1 Arterial developmentMain article: Aortic
archesThehumanarterial systemoriginatesfromtheaorticarches and from
the dorsal aortae starting from week 4 ofembryonic life. The rst
and second aortic arches regressand forms only the maxillary
arteries and stapedial arter-ies respectively. The arterial
systemitself arises fromaor-tic arches 3, 4 and 6 (aortic arch 5
completely regresses).The dorsal aortae, present on the dorsal side
of the em-bryo, are initially present on both sides of the
embryo.They later fuse to form the basis for the aorta itself.
Ap-proximately thirty smaller arteries branch from this at theback
and sides. These branches formthe intercostal arter-ies, arteries
of the arms and legs, lumbar arteries and thelateral sacral
arteries.Branches to the sides of the aortawill form the denitive
renal, suprarenal and gonadal ar-teries. Finally, branches at the
front of the aorta consist ofthe vitelline arteries and umbilical
arteries. The vitellinearteries form the celiac, superior and
inferior mesentericarteries of the gastrointestinal tract. After
birth, the um-bilical arteries will form the internal iliac
arteries.2.2 Venous
developmentThehumanvenoussystemdevelopsmainlyfromthevitelline
veins, the umbilical veins and the cardinal veins,all of which
empty into the sinus venosus.3 Clinical signicanceMany diseases
aect the circulatory system. This in-cludes cardiovascular disease,
aecting the cardiovascu-lar system, and lymphatic disease aecting
the lymphaticsystem. Cardiologists are medical professionals
whichspecialise in the heart, and cardiothoracic surgeons
spe-cialise in operating on the heart and its surrounding
areas.Vascular surgeons focus on other parts of the
circulatorysystem.3.1 Cardiovascular diseaseMain article:
Cardiovascular diseaseDiseases aecting the cardiovascular system
are calledcardiovascular disease.Many of these diseases are called
"lifestyle diseases" be-cause they develop over time and are
related to a per-sons exercise habits, diet, whether they smoke,
and otherlifestyle choices a person makes. Atherosclerosis is
theprecursor to many of these diseases. It is where
smallatheromatous plaques build up in the walls of mediumandlarge
arteries. This may eventually grow or rupture to oc-clude the
arteries. It is also a risk factor for acute coronarysyndromes,
which are diseases which are characterised bya sudden decit of
oxygenated blood to the heart tissue.Atherosclerosis is also
associated with problems such asaneurysm formation or splitting
(dissection) of arteries.Another major cardiovascular disease
involves the cre-ation of a clot, called a thrombus. These can
origi-nate in veins or arteries. Deep venous thrombosis,
whichmostly occurs in the legs, is one cause of clots in the
veinsof the legs, particularly when a person has been stationaryfor
a long time. These clots may embolise, meaning travelto another
location in the body. The results of this mayinclude pulmonary
embolus, transient ischaemic attacks,or stroke.Cardiovascular
diseases may also be congenital in nature,such as heart defects or
persistent fetal circulation, wherethe circulatory changes that are
supposed to happen afterbirth do not. Not all congenital changes to
the circulatorysystem are associated with diseases, a large number
areanatomical variations.3.2 Measurement techniquesMagnetic
resonance angiography of aberrant subclavian artery5The function
and health of the circulatory system andits parts are measured in a
variety of manual and auto-mated ways. These include simple methods
such as thosethat are part of the cardiovascular examination,
includingthe taking of a persons pulse as an indicator of a
per-sons heart rate, the taking of blood pressure through
asphygmomanometer or the use of a stethoscope to listento the heart
for murmurs which may indicate problemswith the hearts valves. An
electrocardiogram can also beused to evaluate the way in which
electricity is conductedthrough the heart.Other more invasive means
can also be used. A cannulaor catheter inserted into an artery may
be used to measurepulse pressure or pulmonary wedge pressures.
Angiogra-phy, which involves injecting a dye into an artery to
visu-alise an arterial tree, can be used in the heart
(coronaryangiography) or brain. At the same time as the arteries
arevisualised, blockages or narrowings may be xed throughthe
insertion of stents, and active bleeds may be managedby the
insertion of coils. An MRI may be used to imagearteries, called an
MRI angiogram. For evaluation of theblood supply to the lungs a CT
pulmonary angiogrammaybe used.Ultrasound can also be used,
particularly to identify thehealth of blood vessels, and a Doppler
ultrasound of thecarotid arteries or Doppler ultrasound of the
lower limbscan be used to evaluate for narrowing of the carotid
ar-teries or thrombus formation in the legs, respectively.3.3
SurgeryThere are a number of surgical procedures performed onthe
circulatory system:Coronary artery bypass surgeryCoronary stent
used in angioplastyVascular surgeryVein strippingCosmetic
proceduresCardiovascular procedures are more likely to performedin
the inpatient setting than in an ambulatory care setting;in the
United States, only 28%of cardiovascular surgerieswere performed in
the ambulatory care setting.[11]4 Society and cultureA number of
alternative medical systems such as Chinesemedicine view the
circulatory system in dierent ways.5 Other animals5.1 Other
vertebratesTwo-chambered heart of a shThecirculatorysystemsofall
vertebrates, aswell asof annelids (for example, earthworms) and
cephalopods(squids, octopuses and relatives) are closed, just as in
hu-mans. Still, the systems of sh, amphibians, reptiles, andbirds
show various stages of the evolution of the circula-tory system.In
sh, the system has only one circuit, with the bloodbeing pumped
through the capillaries of the gills and onto the capillaries of
the body tissues. This is known assingle cycle circulation. The
heart of sh is, therefore,only a single pump (consisting of two
chambers).In amphibians and most reptiles, a double
circulatorysystem is used, but the heart is not always
completelyseparated into two pumps. Amphibians have a
three-chambered heart.In reptiles, the ventricular septum of the
heart is in-complete and the pulmonary artery is equipped with
asphincter muscle. This allows a second possible routeof blood ow.
Instead of blood owing through the pul-monary artery to the lungs,
the sphincter may be con-tracted to divert this blood ow through
the incompleteventricular septum into the left ventricle and out
throughthe aorta. This means the blood ows from the capillar-ies to
the heart and back to the capillaries instead of tothe lungs. This
process is useful to ectothermic (cold-blooded) animals in the
regulation of their body temper-ature.Birds and mammals show
complete separation of theheart into two pumps, for a total of four
heart chambers; itis thought that the four-chambered heart of birds
evolvedindependently from that of mammals.5.2 Open circulatory
systemSee also: HemolymphThe open circulatory system is a system in
which a uidin a cavity called the hemocoel bathes the organs
di-rectly with oxygen and nutrients and there is no distinc-6 6
HISTORYtion between blood and interstitial uid; this combineduid is
called hemolymph or haemolymph.[12] Muscularmovements by the animal
during locomotion can facili-tate hemolymph movement, but diverting
ow from onearea to another is limited. When the heart relaxes,
bloodis drawn back toward the heart through open-ended
pores(ostia).Hemolymph lls all of the interior hemocoel of the
bodyand surrounds allcells. Hemolymph is composed ofwater,
inorganic salts (mostly Na+, Cl, K+, Mg2+, andCa2+), and organic
compounds (mostly carbohydrates,proteins,and lipids). The primary
oxygen transportermolecule is hemocyanin.There are free-oating
cells, the hemocytes, within thehemolymph. They play a role in the
arthropod immunesystem.Flatworms, such as this Pseudoceros
bifurcus, lack specializedcirculatory organsAbove is a diagram of
an open circulatory system. An open cir-culatory system is made up
of a heart, vessels, and hemolymph.This diagramshows howthe
hemolymph, uid present in most in-vertebrates that is equivalent to
blood, is circulated throughout thebody of a grasshopper. The
hymolymph is rst pumped throughthe heart, into the aorta, dispersed
into the head and throughoutthe hemocoel, then back through the
ostium that are located inthe heart, where the process is
repeated.5.3 Absence of circulatory systemCirculatory systems are
absent in some animals, includ-ing atworms (phylumPlatyhelminthes).
Their body cav-ity has no lining or enclosed uid. Instead a
muscularpharynx leads to an extensively branched digestive
sys-temthat facilitates direct diusion of nutrients to all
cells.The atworms dorso-ventrally attened body shape alsorestricts
the distance of any cell from the digestive systemor the exterior
of the organism. Oxygen can diuse fromthe surrounding water into
the cells, and carbon dioxidecan diuse out. Consequently every cell
is able to obtainnutrients, water and oxygen without the need of a
trans-port system.Someanimals, suchasjellysh,
havemoreextensivebranching from their gastrovascular cavity (which
func-tions as both a place of digestion and a form of
circula-tion), this branching allows for bodily uids to reach
theouter layers, since the digestion begins in the inner layers.6
HistoryHuman anatomical chart of blood vessels, with heart, lungs,
liverand kidneys included. Other organs are numbered and
arrangedaround it. Before cutting out the gures on this page,
Vesaliussuggeststhat readersgluethepageontoparchment
andgivesinstructions on how to assemble the pieces and paste the
multi-layered gure onto a base muscle man
illustration.Epitome,fol.14a. HMD Collection, WZ 240 V575dhZ
1543.7The earliest known writings on the circulatory systemare
found in the Ebers Papyrus (16th century BCE), anancient Egyptian
medical papyrus containing over 700prescriptions and remedies, both
physical and spiritual.In the papyrus,it acknowledges the
connection of theheart to the arteries.The Egyptians thought air
came inthrough the mouth and into the lungs and heart. Fromthe
heart, the air travelled to every member through thearteries.
Although this concept of the circulatory systemis only partially
correct, it represents one of the earliestaccounts of scientic
thought.In the 6th century BCE, the knowledge of circulation
ofvital uids through the body was known to the Ayurvedicphysician
Sushruta in ancient India.[13]He also seemsto have possessed
knowledge of the arteries, describedas'channels byDwivedi
&Dwivedi (2007).[13]Thevalves of the heart were discovered by a
physician of theHippocratean school around the 4th century BCE.
How-ever their function was not properly understood then. Be-cause
blood pools in the veins after death, arteries lookempty. Ancient
anatomists assumed they were lled withair and that they were for
transport of air.TheGreekphysician, Herophilus,
distinguishedveinsfrom arteries but thought that the pulse was a
propertyof arteries themselves. Greek anatomist Erasistratus
ob-served that arteries that were cut during life bleed. He
as-cribed the fact to the phenomenon that air escaping froman
artery is replaced with blood that entered by very smallvessels
between veins and arteries. Thus he apparentlypostulated
capillaries but with reversed ow of blood.[14]In 2nd century AD
Rome, the Greek physician Galenknew that blood vessels carried
blood and identied ve-nous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and
thinner) blood,each with distinct and separate functions. Growth
andenergy were derived from venous blood created in theliver from
chyle, while arterial blood gave vitality by con-taining pneuma
(air) and originated in the heart. Bloodowed from both creating
organs to all parts of the bodywhere it was consumed and there was
no return of bloodto the heart or liver. The heart did not pump
bloodaround, the hearts motion sucked blood in during dias-tole and
the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteriesthemselves.Galen
believed that the arterial blood was created by ve-nous blood
passing from the left ventricle to the right bypassing through
'pores in the interventricular septum, airpassed from the lungs via
the pulmonary artery to the leftside of the heart. As the arterial
blood was created 'sooty'vapors were created and passed to the
lungs also via thepulmonary artery to be exhaled.In 1025, The Canon
of Medicine by the Persian physi-cian, Avicenna, erroneously
accepted the Greek notionregarding the existence of a hole in the
ventricular sep-tum by which the blood traveled between the
ventricles.Despite this, Avicenna correctly wrote on the cardiac
cy-cles and valvular function, and had a vision of bloodcirculation
in hisTreatiseonPulse.[15] While also re-ning Galens erroneous
theory of the pulse, Avicennaprovided the rst correct explanation
of pulsation:Ev-ery beat of the pulse comprises two movements and
twopauses. Thus, expansion : pause : contraction : pause.[...] The
pulse is a movement in the heart and arter-ies ... which takes the
form of alternate expansion andcontraction.[16]In 1242, the Arabian
physician, Ibn al-Nas, becametherst
persontoaccuratelydescribetheprocessofpulmonary circulation, for
which he is sometimes con-sidered the father of circulatory
physiology.[17] Ibn al-Nas stated in his Commentary on Anatomy in
AvicennasCanon:"...thebloodfromtheright chamberofthe heart must
arrive at the left chamber butthere is no direct pathway between
them. Thethick septum of the heart is not perforated anddoes not
have visible pores as some peoplethought or invisible pores as
Galen thought.The blood from the right chamber must owthrough the
vena arteriosa (pulmonary artery)to the lungs, spread through its
substances, bemingled there with air, pass through the arte-ria
venosa (pulmonary vein) to reach the leftchamber of the heart and
there form the vitalspirit...In addition, Ibn al-Nas had an insight
into what wouldbecome a larger theory of the capillary circulation.
Hestated that there must be small communications or pores(manadh in
Arabic) between the pulmonary artery andvein, a prediction that
preceded the discovery of the cap-illary systemby more than 400
years.[18] Ibn al-Nas the-ory, however, was conned to blood transit
in the lungsand did not extend to the entire body.Michael Servetus
was the rst European to describe thefunction of pulmonary
circulation, although his achieve-ment was not widely recognized at
the time, for a fewreasons. He rstly described it in the Manuscript
ofParis[19][20] (near 1546), but this work was never pub-lished.
And later he published this description, but in atheological
treatise, Christianismi Restitutio, not in a bookon medicine. Only
three copies of the book survived, therest were burned shortly
after its publication in 1553 be-cause of persecution of Servetus
by religious authorities.Better known was its discovery by
Vesalius's successor atPadua, Realdo Colombo, in 1559.Finally,
WilliamHarvey, a pupil of Hieronymus Fabricius(who had earlier
described the valves of the veins withoutrecognizing their
function), performed a sequence of ex-periments, and published
Exercitatio Anatomica de MotuCordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in
1628, which demon-strated that there had to be a direct connection
betweenthe venous and arterial systems throughout the body, andnot
just the lungs.Most importantly, he argued that the8 8
REFERENCESImage of veins fromWilliamHarvey's Exercitatio Anatomica
deMotu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibusbeat of the heart produced
a continuous circulation ofblood through minute connections at the
extremities ofthe body. This is a conceptual leap that was quite
dif-ferent from Ibn al-Nas renement of the anatomy andbloodow in
the heart and lungs.[21] This work, with itsessentially correct
exposition, slowly convinced the med-ical world. However, Harvey
was not able to identify thecapillary systemconnecting arteries and
veins; these werelater discovered by Marcello Malpighi in 1661.In
1956, Andr Frdric Cournand, Werner ForssmannandDickinsonW.
RichardswereawardedtheNobelPrize in Medicine for their discoveries
concerning heartcatheterization and pathological changes in the
circula-tory system.[22]7 See alsoCardiologyVital heatCardiac
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SystemReiber C. L. & McGaw I. J. (2009). A Reviewof the Open
and Closed Circulatory Systems:New Terminology for Complex
Invertebrate Cir-culatorySystemsinLight ofCurrent
Findings.International Journal ofZoology2009: 8
pages.doi:10.1155/2009/301284.PatwardhanK. Thehistoryof
thediscoveryofbloodcirculation: unrecognizedcontributionsofAyurveda
masters. AdvPhysiol Educ. 2012Jun;36(2):7782.Michael Servetus
Research Study on the Manuscriptof Paris by Servetus (1546
description of the Pul-monary Circulation)10 10 TEXT AND IMAGE
SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES10 Text and image sources,
contributors, and licenses10.1 Text Circulatory system
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system?oldid=674823649
Contributors:AxelBoldt, Kpjas, BryanDerksen, Alex.tan, Xaonon,
William Avery, Heron, Someone else, Lir, Patrick, Menchi, Ixfd64,
Ellywa, Ahoerstemeier, Darkwind, Glenn,Bogdangiusca, Michael
Shields, Nikai, Netsnipe, Ilyanep, DJ Clayworth, Saltine,
Topbanana, Cvaneg, Nufy8, Robbot, Cdang, Fredrik,Chris 73,
WormRunner, Nurg, Mayooranathan, Postdlf, Academic Challenger,
Hadal, Mushroom, Lupo, Diberri, Jholman, Fabiform,Giftlite,
DocWatson42, Inter, Tom harrison, Ferkelparade, SoCal, Everyking,
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gasboy, Utcursch, Andycjp, Alexf, Knutux, Sonjaaa, Pdefer,
Antandrus, JoJan, Ot, Rdsmith4, Oneiros, PFHLai, Ktvoelker,Ukexpat,
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Unenthusiastic and Anonymous: 220010.2 Images
File:2119_Pulmonary_Circuit.jpgSource:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/2119_Pulmonary_Circuit.jpgLi-cense:
CCBY3.0 Contributors: Anatomy &Physiology, Connexions Web site.
http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013. Originalartist:
OpenStax College File:Arteria-lusoria_MRA_MIP.gif Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Arteria-lusoria_MRA_MIP.gifLicense:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hellerho
File:Artery.png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Artery.png
License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Orig-inal artist: Lord of
Konrad
File:Charta_ex_qva_figvram_parare_convenit,_illi_qvae_nervorvm_seriem_exprimit_appendendam,_1543..JPG
Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Charta_ex_qva_figvram_parare_convenit%2C_illi_qvae_nervorvm_seriem_exprimit_appendendam%2C_1543..JPG
License: Public domain Contributors: Courtesy of the National
Library of Medicine. Imagesfrom the History of Medicine (IHM),
http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/images/A109086. Also showcased in the book:
Hidden Treasure (New York,NY: Blast Books, 2012), p. 18. Original
artist: Vesalius, Andreas, 1514-1564. Andreae Vesalii Bruxellensis,
scholae medicorum Patauinaeprofessoris, suorum de humani corporis
fabrica librorum epitome. Call number: HMD Collection, WZ 240
V575dhZ 1543. File:Commons-logo.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg
License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?
File:Diagram_of_the_human_heart_(cropped).svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg
License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: ?
File:Erytrocyte_deoxy_to_oxy_v0.7.gif Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Erytrocyte_deoxy_to_oxy_v0.7.gifLicense:
CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: Own work, partly based on File:Grafik
blutkreislauf.jpg by Sansculotte. Original artist:Rogeriopfm
File:Open_Circulatroy.gif Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Open_Circulatroy.gif
License: CC BY-SA4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
Mdunton16 File:Pseudoceros_bifurcus_-_Blue_Pseudoceros_Flatworm.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Pseudoceros_bifurcus_-_Blue_Pseudoceros_Flatworm.jpg
License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/steve_childs/233603352/ Original
artist: Stephen Childs File:Two_chamber_heart.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Two_chamber_heart.svg
License: CCBY3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ahnode
File:Vein_art_near.png Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Vein_art_near.png
License: CC BY-SA 2.1 jpContributors: Anatomography Original
artist: BodyParts3D/Anatomography
File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svgSource:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svgLicense:CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Wiki_letter_w.svg Original artist: Wiki_letter_w.svg:
Jarkko Piiroinen File:Wikibooks-logo.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: Own work Original artist:
User:Bastique, User:Ramac et al.12 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES,
CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES File:Wikinews-logo.svgSource:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svgLicense:
CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: This is a cropped version of
Image:Wikinews-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Simon
01:05, 2 August 2006 (UTC)Updated by Time3000 17 April 2007 to use
ocial Wikinews colours and appear correctly on dark backgrounds.
Originally uploaded bySimon. File:Wikiquote-logo.svgSource:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svgLicense:
Public domainContributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg
License: CC BY-SA 3.0Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist:
Nicholas Moreau File:Wikiversity-logo-Snorky.svg Source:
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License:CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Snorky
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svgSource:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svgLicense:
Publicdomain Contributors: Vector version of
Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by
Fvasconcellos (talk contribs),based on original logo tossed
together by Brion Vibber
File:William_Harvey_(_1578-1657)_Venenbild.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/William_Harvey_%281578-1657%29_Venenbild.jpgLicense:
Public domainContributors: Sigerist,Henry E.
(1965)Groerzte,Mnchen,Deutschland: J.F. Lehmans Verlag (5. Auage)
(1. Auage 1958) plate 26 p 120 Original artist: Unknown10.3 Content
license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
