Circulation Notes Continued

Rh antigen/factor

• Rh positive – Antigen is present– Dominant trait

• Rh negative– Antigen is absent – Recessive trait

• Rh+ and Rh- are incompatible

Potential Pregnancy

• Mom: Rh -• Father: Rh +• Child: Rh + • Mother creates antibodies against the Rh factor

– Rh + baby is treated like an intruder in the mother’s body • Rh immunoglobulin (RhIg) is a blood product given via

injection to help the Rh – mother• Suppresses her ability to react to the Rh + red cells

Compatibility of Blood Activity

When an antiserum is added to blood and clotting occurs, the blood

contains that antigen

Tissue Types (There are four types you should know.)

Tissue Types of Muscle(You should know all three.)

Blood vessels

• Arteries– Structure

• Inner endothelium – single layer of cells• Smooth muscle • Connective tissue

– Types• Aorta• Arterioles (small arteries)

Blood Vessels

• Veins– Structure

• Inner endothelium• Smooth muscle• Connective tissue• VALVES – prevents backflow

– Types• Vena cavas• Venules

Special Note

• Depends on surrounding skeletal muscle to bring blood back to the heart

Be sure to know how to tell the difference between an artery and vein by description and/or picture.

Blood Vessels

• Capillaries– One cell thick – Connects arteries

and veins– Diffusion takes

place in these blood vessels.

– Found all over the body & easy to break

• Be sure to know the following picture

below.

Blood

• Type of connective tissue - in liquid form• Allows for transport within the circulatory system• Functions

– Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells– Transports wastes and carbon dioxide away from cells– Transfers heat to the surface of the skin– Defends the body against disease

Blood composition

• Plasma– Makes up 55% of of blood– Sticky, yellowish fluid– Made up mostly of water– Made up of dissolved substances like vitamins,

minerals, amino acids, glucose, hormones, and wastes

Blood composition

• Proteins– Fibrinogen

• Helps in the formation of blood clots– Serum albumin

• Regulates osmotic pressure between the plasma and blood cells and the plasma and tissue

– Serum globulin• Acts as antibodies, fight invaders

Blood composition

• Blood solids– Makes up 45% of blood– Red blood cells (RBC)

• Erythrocytes• Transports oxygen with the help of hemoglobin• Mature RBCs have no nucleus or organelles• Have a life span of 120 days• RBC removed by the liver and spleen• 30 trillion circulate in the body at any one time• Produced in the bone marrow

Blood solids

• White blood cells– Leukocytes– Defends against disease– Made in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen– Larger than RBCs but less is present– Life span long– Two types

• Phagocytes (engulf foreign invaders)• Antibodies (localizes invaders for phagocytes to ingest)

Blood solids

• Platelets– Thrombocytes– Cell fragments

(pieces of cytoplasm with no nucleus)– Life span of about 1 week– Help form blood clots

Blood clotting

• Cut• Platelets congregate to the site of cut• Blood vessels constrict• Blood flow decreases• Clotting factors are released• Prothrombin (a protein) is added• Thrombin (enzyme) work with fibrinogen• Forms fibrin (long, sticky threads) • Fibrin with erythrocytes form a clot, or scab

Click on the following link for an animation. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lx0zWdQqTWE

Bruising

• Blood vessel broken under the skin• Red blood cells that leak out into the tissue

lose their oxygen and the hemoglobin turns a bluish purple color

• Later, as hemoglobin is broken down, the bruise may turn yellowish or greenish

Transplants

• Rejection of transplanted organs results from recipients’ body producing antibodies in response to donor’s organ

• Like in pregnancies, antiserums may be taken

Blood transfusion

• Patient MUST receive a matching blood type or Blood type O- or else agglutination may occur

Blood Donation GuideBlood Type Receive from Donate To

Type A A, O A, ABType B B, O B, ABType AB AB, A, B, O ABType O O A, B, AB, O

• Type AB – universal receiver• Type O – universal donor

Lymphatic System

• A network of organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, and lymph vessels

Function

• Maintains fluid balance in the internal environment– Returns excess fluid to the blood– Example:

• When a body part swells, it may be because there is too much fluid in the tissues in that area

• Immunity – Defends the body against foreign invaders– Example:

• Contain phagocytic cells serving to filter bacteria and dead cells and alerts the immune system

Other systems involved…

• Closely connected with the circulatory system & immune system

• WHY?– Lymph comes from blood and returns to blood– Lymph vessels are similar to veins & capillaries– Aids in immunity

Lymph

• Clear fluid that circulates around the body tissues

• Contains a high number of lymphocytes (WBC)• Process

– Plasma leaks out of the capillaries to surround and bathe the body tissues

– Drains into the lymph vessels

Lymph Process

• The fluid, now called lymph, flows through the biggest lymph vessel (thoracic duct)

• Thoracic duct then empties back into the blood circulation via the subclavian veins

Transportation system

• Lymph capillaries• Lymph vessels• Two large ducts

– Right lymphatic duct– Thoracic duct

• Two large veins (subclavian veins) in the upper chest

Lymph Nodes

• Small clumps of cells found on many vessels– Neck, armpits, inner elbows, and groin– Abdomen, pelvis, chest

• Filter lymph to rid the body of foreign particles, tissue debris, and microorganism

• Produce lymphocytes to help fight disease

Other organs

• Spleen– Helps in immunity

(protection against infection)

– Stores blood for the body & releases it when needed

– Destroys bacteria – Destroys worn out & damaged platelets– Destroys worn out & damaged RBCs

Other organs…

• Thymus– Small gland under the breast bone– Helps produce white blood cells

• Tonsils– Help protect the

against bacteria and viruses