China’s Research Progress on Black Carbon Aerosols · China’s Research Progress on Black Carbon Aerosols Joint Research Project CRAES –IMG Olympic Project-CRAES Joint Research

China’s Research Progress on Black Carbon Aerosols

Joint Research Project CRAES – IMG

Olympic Project- CRAES

Joint Research Project (Olympic) CRAES-HKPolyU

Gao Jian1, Chai Fahe1, Wang Sulan1, Chen Yizhen1, Nina Schleicher2, Stefan Norra2, Tao Wang3, Wenxing Wang1

1. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences2. Institute of Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Karlsruher Institute of Technology3. HongKong Polytechnic University

The Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science

Ministry of Environmental Protection

Global vs. Arctic Warming 1830 to the Present

BC Significantly Impacts the Arctic

Quinn et al. (AMAP Technical Report, 2008)

Arctic averageGlobal average Arctic averageGlobal average

BC May Have Bigger Role Than

Previously Understood

Warming Effect of Air Pollutants

0.35~0.9

(Carry Zhang, presentation in CRAES, 2010)

bacterias

virus

H2SO4

HNO3

SO2

NH3

O3

OH

Climate

Hazy

Visibility

PhotoChemistry

HumanHealth

BC

The bridge among different science sectors

Black Carbon (BC)

Sources of BC

Coal-burning cook stoves

in Xi’an, China

Black Carbon (BC)

Pita Bread Soaked in Lamb Soup

Asian Brown Cloud（（（（ABC））））

The South Asian Brown haze over the Nepalese town of Phaplu

taken March 25, 2001,

Black Carbon (BC) Research in China






Cao, J.J., Lee, S.C., Ho, K.F., Zhang, X.Y., Zou, S.C., Fung, Kochy, Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G., 2003. Characteristics of

carbonaceous aerosol in Pearl River Delta region, China during 2001 winter period. Atmospheric Environment 37, 1451–1460.

Cao, J.J., Lee, S.C., Chow, J.C., Watson, J.G., Ho, K.F., Zhang, R.J., Jin, Z.D., Shen, Z.X., Chen, G.C., Kang, Y.M., Zou, S.C.,

Zhang, L.Z., Qi, S.H., Dai, M.H., Cheng,Y., Hu,K., 2007. Spatial and seasonal distributions of carbonaceous aerosols over China.

Journal of Geophysical Research 112, D22S11.

Concentration(ngm-3)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Ho

urs

0

300

600

900

1200

1500


Prof Jie Tang-CAMS

The variation of BC in Mt. WLG in the past ten years

Hour

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Mo

nth

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

150ng.m-3

200ng.m-3

250ng.m-3

300ng.m-3

350ng.m-3

400ng.m-3

Hour

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Mo

nth

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1000ngm -3

1500ngm -3

2000ngm -3

2500ngm -3

3000ngm -3

QinghaiQinghai

WLGWLG

BeijingBeijing

SDZSDZ

Hour

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Mo

nth

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

2000 ng.m-3

3000 ng.m-3

4000 ng.m-3

5000 ng.m-3

6000 ng.m-3

ZhejiangZhejiang

LinLin’’anan

Hour

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Mo

nth

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

2000ng.m-3

4000ng.m-3

6000ng.m-3

8000ng.m-3

10000ng.m-3

12000ng.m-3

14000ng.m-3

SichuanSichuan

WenjiangWenjiang


Prof Jie Tang-CAMS

The composition of PM2.5in Mega Cities of China

PM2.5PM2.5 BeijingBeijing ShenzhenShenzhen ChengduChengdu GuangzhouGuangzhou HongkongHongkong

Mass conc. (ug/m3)Mass conc. (ug/m3) 83 61.63 56 67.7 37.06

OCOC 16.95 14.06 14.5 24.37 8.7

ECEC 3.53 5.79 3.52 2.71 5.37

EC/PM2.5EC/PM2.5 4.3% 9.4% 6.3% 4.0% 14.5%

OC/ECOC/EC 4.80 2.43 4.12 9 1.62

SOSO4422-- 9.79 10.35 8.68 9.48 9.09

NHNH44++ 3.65 4.88 3.27 2.03 2.91

NONO33-- 3.78 2.63 3.68 1.35 1.29

SOSO4422--+NO+NO

33--+ NH+ NH

44++ 17.22 17.86 15.63 12.86 13.29

Location of Sampling Sites

A

B

C

D

E

NW

SE

Joint Research Project CRAES - IMG

km 0

km 17

km 29

km 52

km 43- Mini-volume-

sampler

- 200 l/h

- QF filter

- weekly samples

- day/night sampling

Aerosol pollution in Beijing TSP

Results of

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Anthropogenic particle:

Soot

Sampling period:

03/29 – 04/05/2006


(Schleicher, et al., 2008)



1.8 to 12.2 μg/m3

(site E)

5.2 μg/m3 and 6.0 μg/m3

for all five sampling sites.

The percentage of BC of total PM2.5 ranges from 2.2 to 14.2% with an average value of 7.4% at site E.



High average BC concentrations were found in autumn and winter (6.6 and 6.0 μg/m3 at site E), whereas lower concentrations occurred in spring and summer

(4.4 and 4.5 μg/m3 at site E)



For the majority of the sampled weeks, night samples showed slightly

higher BC concentrations than day samples. This observation could be

explained by the regulation, that lorries are only allowed to drive during night time in most parts of Beijing.

BC measured in Mega-cities

(Zhou and Gao et al., 2009)

Location Sampling Dates

Particle Size Cut

um/Analytical

Method*

BC

PM2.5/

PM10/

TSP

The Ratio of

BC/PM2.5 or PM10

or TSP

Description of sampling

places References

Beijing 2005 2.5/O 2.37 76.8 0.031 Rural This work

Shanghai 2005 2.5/O 5.47 70.3 0.078 suburban This work

Shanghai1 Summer 1999 2.5/TOR 5.71 35.85 0.159 urban (near road) Ye et.al.[2003]

Shanghai2 Summer 1999 2.5/TOR 4.61 36.8 0.125 urban Ye et.al.[2003]

Beijing1 Summer 1999 2.5/TOR 6.27 / / urban He et.al.[2001]

Beijing2 Jul-Aug 2001 2.5/2ST 4.9 104.1 0.047 urban Dan et.al.[2004]

Beijing3 Jun-Jul 2002 2.5/2ST 5.2 99.4 0.052 Urban ( ) Dan et.al.[2004]

Beijing4 Jun-Jul 2002 2.5/2ST 6.6 86.7 0.076

Urban ( near the Capital

Steel Company) Dan et.al.[2004]

Beijing5 Jun-Jul 2002 2.5/2ST 5.3 86.8 0.061 urban ( ) Dan et.al.[2004]

Beijing6 Jul-Aug 2001 2.5/2ST 4.5 121.7 0.037 suburban Dan et.al.[2004]

Seoul 31/05– 2.5/TMO 8.4 44.4 0.189 urban ( a high school) Park et.al.[2001]

Chongju 24 July- 2.5/TOR 3.37 43.1 0.078 urban Lee et.al.[2001]

Jun-2000 2.5/TMO 5.3 / / urban Park et.al.[2002]

Seoul2 2003.3-2005.2 summer 2.5/TOT 4.1 38.2 0.107 urban ( ) Kim et al. [2007]

May-93 TSP/TO 1.38 / / urban Castro et.al.[1999]

Apr-Sep 1993 TSP/TO 2.68 / / urban (large city) Castro et.al.[1999]

Tábua Jul 1994-Aug1995 TSP/TO 1.17 / / urban(small city) Castro et.al.[1999]

Aveiro Aug-96 TSP/TO 1.26 / / urban Castro et.al.[1999]

Summer 1997-1998 10/2ST O 2.86 22.4 0.128 urban Röösli et.al.[2001]

April-Sep 2003 2.5/TOT 1.2 20.2 0.059 urban Giovanni et.al.[2005]

10 June-21August 1998 2.0/TOT 1.5 20 0.075 urban background Kubátová et al.[2002]

Anadia Aug-96 TSP/TO 1.59 / / rural Castro et.al.[1999]

K-Puszta Jul-96 10/2ST 0.6 24 0.025 rural situation Zappoli et.al.[1999]

9 July-31 August 1990 2.5/TOR 0.36 2.69 0.135 urban Chow et.al.[1996]



Crows Landing 9 July-31 August 1990 2.5/TOR 1.76 29.93 0.059 urban Chow et.al.[1996]

Academy 9 July-31 August 1990 2.5/TOR 1.43 16.95 0.084 urban Chow et.al.[1996]

Buttonwillow 9 July-31 August 1990 2.5/TOR 1.86 18.74 0.099 urban Chow et.al.[1996]


Caliente 9 July-31 August 1990 2.5/TOR 3.33 19.98 0.167 urban Chow et.al.[1996]

Sequoia 9 July-31 August 1990 2.5/TOR 1.64 10.74 0.153 urban Chow et.al.[1996]

Yosemite 9 July-31 August 1990 2.5/TOR 1.87 15.97 0.117 urban Chow et.al.[1996]

Summer2001 2.5/TOR 1.1 20.1 0.055 urban Tanner et.al.[2004]

Lawrence co Summer 2001 2.5/TOR 0.74 17.7 0.042 rural site Tanner et.al.[2004]

BeijingBeijingBeijingBeijing ShanghaShanghaShanghaShanghaiiii



The mean BC concentration showed a small increase in the morning and a more pronounced enhancement in the afternoon.



The observed ratios are compared to those from the bottom-up emission

inventories for 2000, which were developed for the TRACE-P campaign (Streets et al., 2003)

CRAES

Changping

Olympic Project-CRAESJoint Research Project (Olympic) CRAES

Beijing-CRAES Urban site

Olympic Project-CRAES

Beijing-Changping Rural site

ChangpingBJ-CRAES

Olympic Project-CRAES

Soot Aging by Absorption of H2SO4 and H2O

Fresh soot agglomeratesSoot exposed to 1.5×1010 cm-3

H2SO4 vapor for ~12 s

(Kulmala: Science, 2003)

(Zhang RY: PNAS, 2008)

σext (

cm

2)

2e-10

4e-10

6e-10

σsca (

cm

2)

1e-10

2e-10

RH (%)

0 20 40 60 80 100σ

abs (

cm

2)

1e-10

2e-10

3e-10

a

b

c

Mt. TaiMt. TaiMt. TaiMt. Tai

ShanghaiShanghaiShanghaiShanghai----TaicangTaicangTaicangTaicangSuburban SiteSuburban SiteSuburban SiteSuburban Site

BeijingBeijingBeijingBeijing----ChangpingChangpingChangpingChangpingRural SiteRural SiteRural SiteRural Site

Olympic Project-CRAESJoint Research Project (Olympic) CRAES-HKPolyU

Cooking in the morning

Olympic Project-CRAESJoint Research Project (Olympic) CRAES-HKPolyU

D(n

m)

Further study is going on…

Fresh

Aged

Coated

BC control: for policy making

� to construct a monitoring network to make clear the

long-term trend and spatial distribution of black carbon

� to develop an emission inventory

� to identify emission sources

� to determine discharge factors;

� to set-up a national emission inventory based on GIS;

� to identify the source, transfer and transform

mechanism of BC, as well as a source analysis and

transform mechanism of particles characteristics;

� to develop an online coupling of chemical mode and

climate mode;

� to study the formation process of SOA;

� and to deeply understand BC environmental and climate

effects.

LOGOMinistry of Environmental ProtectionMinistry of Environmental ProtectionMinistry of Environmental ProtectionMinistry of Environmental Protection

Documents

China’s Research Progress on Black Carbon Aerosols · China’s Research Progress on Black Carbon Aerosols Joint Research Project CRAES –IMG Olympic Project-CRAES Joint Research