11 August 2014

Twentieth-Century Death

Professor Richard Bessel

I. Introduction

People were born in the house and they died in the house.Hardly anyone is born or dies at home today.(woman interviewed by in Körle, Hessen, in 1978)

During the twentieth century the contexts in which people were born and died underwent profound change. Life expectancy, on the whole, increased considerably in the developed world. Death in childbirth, high infant mortality, and death due to infectious diseases largely ceased to be common occurrences. As the hold of organised religion waned, the ceremonies and rituals linked to death changed. And, cutting across these longer-term changes, the twentieth century was marked by the most terrible violence and blood-letting the world had ever seen. How did people die in the twentieth century? How were they buried? How have they been remembered? These questions will be at the centre of this seminar, which will offer students an opportunity to explore contemporary history from an unfamiliar angle.

II. Seminar I:

A. Death rates and causes of death

Required seminar reading:

Expectation of Life Tables (PDF to be supplied)Mortality Tables England and Wales (PDF to be supplied)Vital Statistics United Kingdom (PDF to be supplied)

Las estadísticas de mortalidad en Chile (to be supplied)

Discussion question:

What were that main changes in causes of death over the twentieth century?

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B. The 'loneliness of the dying' and the medicalization of death

Required seminar reading:

Norbert Elias, La soledad de los moribundos (Ciudad de México, 2009). (128.5 ELI 2009][= Norbert Elias, Über die Einsamkeit der Sterbenden (Frankfurt am Main, 1982); Norbert Elias, The Loneliness of the Dying (Oxford, 1985).]

Discussion question:

‘Never before have people died as noiselessly and hygienically as today, ... and never in social conditions so much fostering solitude.’ (Norbert Elias, The Loneliness of the Dying, p. 85.) Discuss.

Seminar II:

A. Commemorating the dead of war and dictatorship

Required seminar reading:

George Mosse, ‘National Cemeteries and National Revival: The Cult of the Fallen Soldier in Germany’, Journal of Contemporary History, xiv (1979), 1-20. (PDF to be supplied) (Available via JSTOR)

Fotos de monumentos de guerra (PDF to be supplied)

WEBSITE: http://www.museodelamemoria.cl/el-museo/

Discussion question:

From ‘sacrifice’ to ‘victim’: Does this signal a basic change in attitudes towards war and death?

B. Remembering the victims of mass murder

Required seminar reading:

Catherine Merridale, ‘Death and Memory in Modern Russia’, History Workshop Journal, issue 42 (autumn 1996), 1-19. . (PDF to be supplied) (Available via JSTOR)

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Sarah Farmer, Martyred Village. Commemorating the 1944 Massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1999), pp. 99-133. . (PDF to be supplied)

Web Site of The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (Monumento en Memoria de los Judíos Asesinados de Europe y Centro de Información) in Berlin: www.stiftung-denkmal.deInformación en Español: http://www.stiftung-denkmal.de/fileadmin/user_upload/projekte/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/pdf/Faltblaetter/StiftDenk_Holo_SPA_2013_Web.pdf

Discussion question:

What have been the functions of public memorials to the victims of campaigns of mass murder?

III Essay Questions:

1. Discuss the causes and effects of the changes in the death rate over the twentieth century.2. Account for 'the loneliness of the dying' (Norbert Elias) in the twentieth century.3. To what extent have changes in funeral ceremonies and/or cemeteries reflected a decline in the influence of organised religion?4. How have the victims of twentieth-century genocide been remembered?5. Discuss the changing attitudes towards the war dead during the twentieth century?

IV Obras en Español

Ariès, Phillippe, Historia de la muerte en occidente: desde la Edad Media hasta nuestros días (Barcelona, 2000). [393 ARI 2000]

Ariès, Phillippe, La muerte en occidente (Barcelona, 1982). [128 ARI 1982]

Ariès, Phillippe, El hombre ante la muerte (Madrid, 1999). [155.937 ARI 1999]

Behm Rosas, Hugo, Mortalidad infantil y nivel de vida (Santiago, 2010), [362.7 BEH 2010]

Cipolla, Carlo M., Historia económica de la poblacíon mundial (Barcelona, 1982). [330.09 CIP 1982]

Elias, Norbert, La soledad de los moribundos (Ciudad de México, 2009). (128.5 ELI 2009]

Elizaga, Juan, Metodos demográficos para el studio de la mortalidad (Santiago, 1972). [304.64 ELI 1972]

Ferrechio, Catherina; González, Claudia, Perfil de mortalidad y epidemiológico de la mujer (Santiago, 1992). [613.042 FER 1992]

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Freedman, Ronald, La revolución demográfica mundial (Ciudad de México, 1966). [304.6 FRE 1966]

Glass, D.V. Revelle, Roger, Población y cambio social: estudios de demografica histórica (Madrid, 2000) [304.6 GLA 1978]

Hauser, Philip Morris; Duncan, Otis Dudley, El estudio de la población (Santiago, 1975). [304.6 HAU 1975]

Landsberg, P.L., Experiencia de la muerte (Santiago, 1962). [291.23 LAN 1962]

Livi-Bacci, Massimo, Introduccíon a la demografía (Barcelona, 1993). [304.6 LIV 1993]

Llagostera Martínez, Agustín. Hubert Robinet, André. González Pizarro, José Antonio, Vida y muerte en el Desierto de Atacama (Antofagasta, 2013). [983.14 LLA 2013]

Martinez Pizarro, Jorge, La transición demográfica y las diferencias socials des la fecundidad y la mortalidad en Chile (Santiago, 1998). [339.46 MAR 1998]

Miranda San Martin, Carolina, Urbanizacíon, aspectos religiosos y muerte en la formación de una cuidad – 1880-1900 (Tesis, Viña del Mar, 2002). [711.4 MIR 2005]

Morales Alvarez, Marta, Sepulcro y cementerios (Tesis, Santiago, 1949). [363.75 MOR 1949]

Mouchez, Philippe, Demografía (Barcelona, 1966). [304.6 MOU 1966]

ODEPLAN, Encuesta demográfica y socio económica (Santiago, 1976). [304.6 ODE 1976]

Ojeda Fernández, Ana María, Rasgos culturales de la muerte en Valparaiso entre los años 1860-1930: estudio de los Cementerios N § 1 y Disidentes y algunos elementos iconográficos (Tesis, Valparaiso, 2004). [363.75 OJE 2004]

Sauvy, Alfred, La población: sus movimientos, sus leyes (Buenos Aires, 1971). [304.6 SAU 1971]

Somozy, Jorge L., La mortalidad en la Argentina entre 1869 y 1960 (Buenos Aires, 1971). [304.64 SOM 1971]

UNICEF. CELADE, Nuevo procedimiento para recolectar información sobre la mortalidad de la niñez: investigación experimental en Bolivia y Honduras (Santiago, 1985). [304.64 UNI 1985]

Vallin, Jacques, La demografia (Santiago, 1994). [304.6 VAL 1994]

Vilches Seguel, Liliana, Psicología de la muerte (Santiago, 2004) [155.937 VIL 2004]

Zuñiga Quiroz, Carlos, Algunos indicadores demográficos y modelos de proyección de población (Tesis, Valparaiso, 1998). [304.6 ZUÑ 1997]English Bibliography

Ambrosius, Gerold, and Hubbard, William H., A Social and Economic History of Twentieth Century Europe (Cambridge, Mass., 1989).

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Ariès, Phillippe, 'The Reversal of Death: Changes in Attitudes Toward Death in Western Societies', American Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 5 (Special Issue: Death in America) (1974), pp. 536-60. (available via JSTOR)

Ariès, Phillippe, Western Attitudes toward Death from the Middle Ages to the Present (London, 1976).

Ariès, Phillippe, The Hour of Our Death (Harmondsworth, 1983).

Ariès, Phillippe, Images of Man and Death (Cambridge, Mass., 1985).

Baird, Jay W., To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon (Bloomington, 1992).

Barber, Paul, Vampires, Burial, and Death: Folklore and Reality (New Haven, 1988).

Bartlett, J., and Ellis, K.M., 'Remembering the Dead in Northrop: First World War Memorials in a Welsh Parish', Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 34, no. 2 (1999), 231-42. (available via JSTOR)

Bartov, Omer, Murder in Our Midst. The Holocaust, Industrial Killing and Representation (New York and Oxford, 1996).

Bassett, S., Death in Towns (London, 1993).

Behrenbeck, Sabine, 'The Transformation of Sacrifice: German Identity between Heroic Narrative and Economic Success', in Paul Betts and Greg Eghigian (eds.), Pain and Prosperity: Reconsidering Twentieth-Century German History (Stanford, 2003), pp. 110-36.

Behrenbeck, Sabine, 'Between Pain and Silence: Remembering the Victims of Violence in Germany after 1949', in Richard Bessel and Dirk Schumann (eds.), Life after Death: Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe during the 1940s and 1950s (New York, 2003), pp. 37-64.

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Bond, Brian, War and Society in Europe, 1870-1970 (London, 1984).

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Borg, Alan, War Memorials: From Antiquity to the Present (London, 1991).

Bourke, Joanna, Dismembering the Male. Men's Bodies, Britain and the Great War (London, 1996).

Bourke, Joanna, An Intimate History of Killing. Face-to Face Killing in Twentieth-Century Warfare (London, 1999).

Bowers, William J., Legal Homicide: Death as a Punishment in America 1864-1982 (Chicago, 1984).

Bowker, John, The Meanings of Death (Cambridge, 1991).

Bradbury, Mary, Representations of Death: A Social Psychological Perspective (London, 1999).

Brandt, Susanne, 'The Memory Makers: Museums and Exhibitions of the First World War', History and Memory, vol. 6, no. 1 (1994).

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Brookes, Barbara, Abortion in England 1900-1967 (London, 1988).

Brown, Callum, The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularisation, 1800-2000 (London, 2001).

Browning, Christopher, Ordinary Men. Police Batallion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (New York, 1992)

Browning, Christopher, Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers (Cambridge, 2000).

Brüggemeier, Franz-Josef, 'Medicine and Science', in Colin Chant (ed.), Science, Technology and Everyday Life, 1870-1950 (London, 1989), pp. 294-315.

Bryder, Linda, Below the Magic Mountain: A Social History of Tuberculosis in Twentieth-Century Britain (Oxford, 1988).

Burleigh, Michael, Death and Deliverance. 'Euthanasia' in Germany 1900-1945 (Cambridge, 1994).

Cannadine, David, 'War, Death, Grief and Mourning in Modern Britain', in Joachim Whaley (ed.), Mirrors of Mortality: Studies in the Social History of Death (London, 1981), pp. 187-242.

Canning, Joseph, Lehmann, Hartmut, and Winter, Jay (eds.), Power, Violence and Mass Death in Pre-Modern and Modern Times (Aldershot, 2004).

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Charmaz, Kathy, Howarth, Glennys, and Kellehear, Allan (eds.), The Unknown Country: Death in Australia, Britain and the USA (Basingstoke, 1997).

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Cipolla, Carlo (ed.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Twentieth Century (2 vols., London, 1976).

Clark, David (ed.), The Sociology of Death: Theory, Culture, Practice (Oxford, 1993).

Clark, David, and Clark, Sarah, The Dark Uncertainty: Wrestling with Suffering and Death (London, 1993).

Clayson, A., Death Discs: Ashes to Smashes. An Account of Fatality in the Popular Song (London, 1992).

Cline, Sally, Lifting the Taboo: Women, Death and Dying (London, 1996).

Dye, Nancy Schrom, and Smith, Daniel Blake, 'Mother Love and Infant Death, 1850-1920', The Journal of American History, vol. 73, no. 2 (1986), pp. 329-353. (available via JSTOR)

Flurin Condrau, '"Who Is the Captain of All These Men of Death": The Social Structure of a Tuberculosis Sanatorium in Postwar Germany', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Autumn, 2001), pp. 243-262. (Available via JSTOR)

Confino, Alon, 'Collective Memory and Cultural History: Problems of Method', American Historical Review, vol. 102, no. 5 (1997). (available via JSTOR)

Cook, Chris, and Stevenson, John, The Longman Handbook of Modern European History 1763-1991 (London, 1992).

Corless, Inge B., Germino, Barbara B., and Pittman, Mary (eds,), Dying, Death and Bereavement: Theoretical Perspectives and Other Ways of Knowing (Boston, Mass., 1994).

Council of Europe, Population Decline in Europe: Implications of a Declining or Stationary Population (London, 1978).

Curl, James Stevens, A Celebration of Death: An Introduction to Some of the Buildings, Monuments and Settings of Funerary Architecture in the Western European Tradition (London, 1980).

Damousi, Joy, The Labour of Loss. Mourning, Memory and Wartime Bereavement in Australia (Cambridge, 1999).

Davies, Douglas James, Death, Ritual and Belief: The Rhetoric of Funerary Rites (London, 1997).

Davis, J., 'Reconstructing Enmities: War and War Memorials, the Boundary Markers of the West', History of European Ideas, vol. 19 (1994), No. 1-3.

Davies, Jon, 'War Memorials', in David Clark (ed.), The Sociology of Death: Theory, Culture, Practice (Oxford, 1993), pp. 112-28.

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Davies, Jon (ed..), Ritual and Remembrance: Responses to Death in Human Societies (Sheffield, 1994).

Dempsey, D., The Way We Die: An Investigation of Death and Dying in America Today (New York, 1975).

Dennie, Garrey Michael, 'Flames of Race, Ashes of Death: Re-inventing Cremation in Johannisburg, 1910-1945', Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Mar., 2003), pp. 177-192. (Available via JSTOR).

Dickenson, Donna, and Johnson, Malcolm L. (eds.), Death, Dying and Bereavement (London, 1993; second edition, London, 2000).

Dollimore, Jonathan, Death, Desire and Loss in Western Culture (Harmondsworth, 1999).

Dormandy, Thomas, The White Death: A History of Tuberculosis (London, 1999).

Dorling, Daniel, Death in Britain: How Local Mortality Rates Have Changed, 1950s-1990s (York, 1997).

Dyer, Colin, Population and Society in Twentieth-Century France (London, 1978).

Dyhouse, C., 'Working-Class Mothers at Infant Mortality in England, 1895-1914', Journal of Social History, vol. xii (1978), 248-67.

Eksteins, Modris, Rites of Spring. The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (Boston, 1989; reprint, London, 1999).

Elias, Norbert, The Loneliness of the Dying (Oxford, 1985).

Enright, D.J. (ed.), The Oxford Book of Death (Oxford, 1983).

Evans, Martin, and Lunn, Ken (eds.), War and Memory in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1997).

Evans, Richard J., Death in Hamburg. Society and Politics in the Cholera Years (Oxford, 1987).

Evans, Richard J., Rituals of Retribution. Capital Punishment in German History, 1600-1987 (Oxford, 1996).

Farmer, Sarah, Martyred Village. Commemorating the 1944 Massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1999).

Farrell, James, Inventing the American Way of Death, 1830-1920 (Philadelphia, 1980).

Flora, Peter, State, Economy, and Society in Western Europe 1815-1975: a DataHandbook (London, 1983-87).

Freud, Sigmund, 'Our Attitude towards Death', in Thoughts for the Times on War and Death [1915], in Civilization, Society and Religion (The Pelican Freud Library vol. 12, Harmondsworth, 1973).

Fussell, Paul, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford, 1975).

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Fussell, Paul, Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War (Oxford, 1989).

Gillis, John R., A World of their Own Making. A History of Myth and Ritual in Family Life (Oxford, 1997).

Gillis, John R. (ed.), Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity (Princeton, 1994).

Gillis, John, Tilly, Louise, Tilly and Levine, David (eds.), The European Experience of Declining Fertility, 1850-1970: The Quiet Revolution (Oxford, 1992).

Glass, David V., Population Policies and Movements in Europe (2nd edn., London, 1967).

Goebel, Stefan, 'Re-Membered and Re-Mobilized: The "Sleeping Dead" in Interwar Germany and Britain', Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 39, No. 4, Special Issue: Collective Memory (Oct., 2004), pp. 487-501. (Available via JSTOR)

Goeschel, Christian, Suicide in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 2009).

Gorer, Geoffrey, Death, Grief and Mourning in Contemporary Britain (London, 1965).

Grainger, Hilary J., Death Redesigned: British Crematoria History, Architecture and Landscape (Reading, 2005).

Gregory, Adrian, The Silence of Memory: Armistice Day, 1919-1946 (Oxford, 1994).

Guthke, Karl Siegfried, The Gender of Death: A Cultural History in Art and Literature (Cambridge, 1999).

Halbwachs, Maurice, On Collective Memory (Chicago, 1992).

Hallam, Elizabeth, and Hockey, Jenny, Death, Memory and Material Culture (Oxford, 2001).

Hardy, Anne, 'Diagnosis, Death, and Diet: The Case of London, 1750-1909, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, vol. 18, no. 3 (1988), pp. 387-401. (Available via JSTOOR)

Hartman, Geoffrey (ed.), Holocaust Remembrance: The Shapes of Memory (Oxford, 1994).

Hijiya, James A., 'American Gravestones and Attitudes toward Death: A Brief History', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 127, no. 5 (1983), pp. 339-63. (available via JSTOR)

Hinton, John, Dying (Harmondsworth, 1967).

Hirsch, Herbert, Genocide and the Politics of Memory: Studying Death to Preserve Life (Chapel Hill, 1995).

Houlbrooke, Ralph (ed.), Death, Ritual and Bereavement (London, 1989).

Howarth, Glennys, Death and Dying: A Sociological Introduction (Cambridge, 2006).

Howarth, Glennys, Jupp, Peter, and Young, Michael (eds.), Contemporary Issues in the Sociology of Death, Dying and Disposal (Basingstoke, 1996).

Howarth, Glennys, and Leaman, Oliver, Encyclopedia of Death and Dying (London, 2001).

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Ignatieff, Michael, ‘Soviet War Memorials’, History Workshop Journal, 17 (spring 1984), 157-63.

Inglis, Ken S., 'Entombing Unknown Soldiers: From London to Paris to Bagdad', History and Memory, vol. 5, no. 2 (1993).

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Jalland, Patricia, Death in the Victorian Family (Oxford, 1996).

Jalland, Patricia, Australian Ways of Death: A Social and Cultural History, 1840-1918 (Melbourne and Oxford, 2002).

Jupp, Peter C., and Howarth, Glennys (eds.), The Changing Face of Death: Historical Accounts of Death and Disposal (Basingstoke, 1997).

Jupp, Peter, and Gittings, Clare (eds.), Death in England: An Illustrated History (Manchester, 1999).

Kaelble, Harmut, A Social History of Western Europe, 1880-1980 (Dublin, 1990).

Kearl, Michael C., Endings: A Sociology of Death and Dying (New York and Oxford, 1989).

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Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth, Living with Death and Dying (London, 1997).

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Merridale, Catherine, ‘Death and Memory in Modern Russia’, History Workshop Journal, issue 42 (autumn 1996), 1-19.

Merridale, Catherine, ‘War, Death, and Remembrance in Soviet Russia’, in Jay Winter and Emmanuel Sivan (eds.), War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 61-83.

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Mitchell, Allan, 'Philipp Ariès and the French Way of Death', French Historical Studies, 10 (1978), 684-95. (available via JSTOR)

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Otsuka, Shuji, and Stearns, Peter N., 'Perceptions of Death and the Korean War', War in History, vol. 6, no. 1 (1999), 72-87.

Parkes, Colin Murray, Laungani, Pitter, and Young, Bill, Death and Bereavement across Cultures (London, 1996).

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Parsons, Brian, Committed to the Cleansing Flame: The Development of Cremation in Nineteenth-Century England (Reading, 2005). (includes discussion of the first Cremation Act in 1902).

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Quigley, Christine, Modern Mummies: The Presentation of the Human Body in the Twentieth Century (London, 1998).

Ragon, Michel, The Space of Death: A Study of Funerary Architecture, Decoration and Urbanism (Charlottesville, N.C., 1983).

Raphael, Beverley, The Anatomy of Bereavement (New York, 1983).

Scaraffia, Lucetta, 'Marriage, Death and Nature', in Paul Thompson (ed.), Our Common History: The Transformation of Europe (London, 1982), pp. 201-9.

Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, Death Without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil(Berkeley, 1993).

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Schulte, Regina, ‘Käthe Kollwitz’s Sacrifice’, History Workshop Journal, issue 41 (spring 1996), 193-221.

Schulz, Felix Robin, Death in East Germany 1945-1990 (Oxford and New York, 2013).

Seale, Clive, Constructing Death: The Sociology of Dying and Bereavement (Cambridge, 1998).

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Sherman, Daniel, 'Mourning and Masculinity in France after World War One', Gender and History, vol. 8, No. 1 (1996).

Sherman, Daniel, 'Bodies and Names: The Emergence of Commemoration in Interwar France', American Historical Review, vol 103, no. 2 (1992). (available via JSTOR)

Shilling, Chris, The Body and Social Theory (London, 1993).

Sloane, David C., The Last Great Necessity: Cemeteries in American History (Baltimore, 1991).

Smith, Francis Barrymore, The Retreat of Tuberculosis 1850-1950 (London, 1988).

Stannard. David E. (ed.), Death in America (Philadelphia, 1975).

Stearns, Peter N., European Society in Upheaval: Social History since 1750 (London, 1975).

Stearns, Peter N., Old Age in European Society: The Case of France (London, 1977).

Stoddard, Sandol, The Hospice Movement: a Better Way of Caring for the Dying (London, 1979).

Strange, Julie-Marie, ‘Death and Dying: Old Themes and New Directions’, Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 35, no. 3 (2000), 491-9. (available via JSTOR)

Strange, Julie Marie, Death, Grief and Poverty in Britain, 1870-1914 (Cambridge, 2005).

Sudnow, David, Passing On: The Social Organization of Dying (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1967).

Swaan, Abram de, In Care of the State: Health Care, Education and Welfare in Europe and the USA in the Modern Era (Cambridge, 1990).

Tarlow, Sarah, Bereavement and Commemoration: An Archaeology of Mortality (Oxford, 1999).

Tatar, Maria, Lustmord. Sexual Murder in the Weimar Republic (Princeton, 1995).

Taylor, Lawrence, 'The Uses of Death in Europe', Anthropological Quarterly, 62 (1989), 149-54.

Taylor, Lou, Mourning Dress: A Costume and Social History (London, 1983).

Thane, Pat, Old Age in English History: Past Experiences, Present Issues (Oxford, 2000).

Therborn, Goran, European Modernity and Beyond: the Trajectory of European Societies, 1945-2000 (London, 1995).

Tipton, Frank B., and Aldrich, Robert, An Economic and Social History of Europe, 1890-1939 (Basingstoke, 1987).

Tipton, Frank B., and Aldrich, Robert, An Economic and Social History of Europe from 1939 to the Present (Basingstoke, 1987).

15

Titmuss, Richard Morris, Birth, Poverty and Wealth: A Study of Infant Mortality (London, 1943).

Todd, Janet M., Gender, Art and Death (Cambridge, 1993).

Troyanski, David, 'Monumental Politics: National History and Local Memory in French Monuments aux Morts in the Department of the Aisne since 1870', French Historical Studies, xv (1987), 121-41. (available via JSTOR)

Tumarkin, Nina, Lenin Lives! The Lenin Cult in Soviet Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1983).

Veatch, Robert M., Death, Dying, and the Biological Revolution: Our Last Quest for Responsibility (London, 1976).

Vögele, Jörg, Urban Mortality Change in England and Germany, 1870-1913 (Liverpool, 1998).

Walter, Tony, The Revival of Death (London, 1994).

Walter, Tony, The Eclipse of Eternity (London, 1996).

Walter, Tony, On Bereavement: The Culture of Grief (Philadelphia, 1999).

Wass, Hannelore, Berardo, Felix Mario, and Niemayer, Robert A. (eds), Dying: Facing the Facts (2nd edn. Washington, 1988).

Whaley, Joachuim. (ed.), Mirrors of Mortality: Studies in the Social History of Death (London, 1981).

White, Welsh S., The Death Penalty in the Eighties: An Examination of the Modern System of Capital Punishment (Ann Arbor, 1987).

Wilke, Gerhard, 'The Sins of the Fathers. Village Society and Social Control in the Weimar Republic', in Richard J. Evans and W.R. Lee (eds.), The German Peasantry (London, 1986), pp. 174-204.

Williams, R., A Protestant Legacy: Attitudes to Death and Illness Amongst Older Aberdonians (Oxford, 1991).

Wilson, Stephen, 'Death and the Social Historians. Some Recent Books in French and English', Social History, 5 (1980), 435-51.

Winter, Jay, The Great War and the British People (London, 1987).

Winter, J.M., Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge, 1996).

Winter, Jay M., 'Forms of Kinship and Remembrance in the Aftermath of the Great War', in Jay Winter and Emmanuel Sivan (eds.), War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1999).

Winter, Jay M., 'Representations of War on the Western Front, 1914-18: Some Reflections on Cultural Ambivalence', in Joseph Canning (ed.), Power, Violence and Mass Death in Pre-Modern and Modern Times (Aldershot, 2004), pp. 205-16.

16

Winter, Jay M., Remembering War: The Great War between Memory and History in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, 2006).

Young, M., and Cullen, L.A., A Good Death: Conversations with East Londoners (London, 1996).

V Some Sources on the World Wide Web

Encyclopedia of Death and Dyinghttp://www.deathreference.com/index.html

‘Postmortem’ Web site, with death links and search engine:http://www.alsirat.com/postmortem/index.html

Good UK cemetery web site:http://www.suzicemy.f2s.com/

York Cemetery web site:http://homepages.tesco.net/%7Ehugh.murray/about.htm

Official Buckingham Palace site, on Diana’s funeral:http://www.royal.gov.uk/main/service.htm

Imperial War Museum Web Site:http://www.iwm.org.uk

Houston Chronicle obituaries:http://www.chron.com/content/chronicle/deaths/todaynews.html

American funeral site:http://www.ourheavenlyangels.com

Potted history of the 'deathcare' industry:http://www.gravesolutions.com

U.K.-based funeral service:http://www.funeralshop.co.uk

"The Internet's leading online community for end of life care":http://www.growthhouse.org/

Interview with Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross:http://www.doubleclickd.com/kubler.html