Chief John RossChief John Ross

Teresa Calderone, Zachariah George, Teresa Calderone, Zachariah George, Kristen Miragonator, Luisa TinapayKristen Miragonator, Luisa Tinapay

& Native Americans& Native Americans

What Jackson has done…What Jackson has done… Self-proclaimed superiority of Self-proclaimed superiority of

whites over Nativeswhites over Natives Unjustly forcing off of landUnjustly forcing off of land

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears Disobeying Supreme CourtDisobeying Supreme Court

Jackson only looking for benefit of Jackson only looking for benefit of U.S. U.S.

Use of Force to Leave LandUse of Force to Leave Land Jackson violated the beliefs of the NativesJackson violated the beliefs of the Natives Indian Removal Act of 1830Indian Removal Act of 1830 Pushed them off land Pushed them off land

Racism vs. Ethnic Cleansing?* (where does this come Racism vs. Ethnic Cleansing?* (where does this come from)from)

Ignored ritual ceremonies requiring river waterIgnored ritual ceremonies requiring river water Trail of TearsTrail of Tears

Smallpox & other diseasesSmallpox & other diseases Over 2,000/12 million Cherokee deathsOver 2,000/12 million Cherokee deaths Jackson – “Great White Father” or “Jack-sin-a”?*Jackson – “Great White Father” or “Jack-sin-a”?*

Natives’ Attempts at CompromiseNatives’ Attempts at Compromise Multiple attempts to make peace with the whitesMultiple attempts to make peace with the whites Five Civilized TribesFive Civilized Tribes 19 members of a church were Native Americans19 members of a church were Native Americans Jeremiah Evarts – active critic of Indian removalJeremiah Evarts – active critic of Indian removal Cherokee Phoenix – Newspaper defending Cherokee Cherokee Phoenix – Newspaper defending Cherokee

right and need for the land right and need for the land Council, government, constitution, alphabetCouncil, government, constitution, alphabet Americans – “key to economic success”Americans – “key to economic success”

Chief John RossChief John Ross Part Native lawyer, speaking on Part Native lawyer, speaking on

behalf of Native tribesbehalf of Native tribes March to Washington D.C.March to Washington D.C. ““Treaty” – wrong word?Treaty” – wrong word? Feelings of denationalismFeelings of denationalism

Worcester vs. GeorgiaWorcester vs. Georgia Issue – should Natives have their own nation?Issue – should Natives have their own nation? Marshall’s decisionMarshall’s decision

YesYes U.S. trades with Indians as though they are a nationU.S. trades with Indians as though they are a nation

Act of 1802 – considers several Indian nations as Act of 1802 – considers several Indian nations as distinct political communties with boundaries within distinct political communties with boundaries within which their authority is exclusive and guaranteed by which their authority is exclusive and guaranteed by the U.S. the U.S.

Jackson used “executive privilege” and ignored Jackson used “executive privilege” and ignored Supreme Court decision Supreme Court decision