Chemistry 6.11Chemistry 6.11

Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

Based on the Based on the ability of Carbonability of Carbon to to covalently bond with atoms to form various covalently bond with atoms to form various structures (i.e. chains and rings).structures (i.e. chains and rings).

Organic compounds that contain only Organic compounds that contain only single bonds are said to be single bonds are said to be saturatedsaturated. .

Unsaturated Unsaturated compounds contain compounds contain double double and triple bonds with Carbon.and triple bonds with Carbon.

Organic moleculeOrganic molecule

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

Alkanes:Alkanes:Contain single bonded carbons with hydrogen.Contain single bonded carbons with hydrogen.CCnn H H2n+22n+2

Alkenes:Alkenes:Contain double bonded carbons with hydrogen.Contain double bonded carbons with hydrogen.CCnn H H2n2n

Alkynes:Alkynes:Contain triple bonded carbons with hydrogen.Contain triple bonded carbons with hydrogen.CCnn H H2n-22n-2

AlkynesAlkynes

IsomersIsomers

When a molecular formula containing the When a molecular formula containing the same number of atoms has a different same number of atoms has a different structural arrangement. structural arrangement.

Naming Organic CompoundsNaming Organic Compounds

1.1. Find the longest (parent) continuous Find the longest (parent) continuous chain.chain.

2.2. Any attached group is assigned the Any attached group is assigned the lowest number carbon attached, and is lowest number carbon attached, and is given the “yl” ending. given the “yl” ending.

3.3. More than one attached group is given More than one attached group is given the prefix “di” or “tri” for “2” and “3”.the prefix “di” or “tri” for “2” and “3”.

Name this compound:Name this compound:

2-Methyl-2-butene2-Methyl-2-butene

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups

Organic RxsOrganic Rxs

CombustionCombustionSubstitutionSubstitutionAdditionAdditionEsterificationEsterificationSaponificationSaponificationFermentationFermentationPolymerizationPolymerization

Nuclear ChemistryNuclear Chemistry

All nuclei with atomic numbers greater All nuclei with atomic numbers greater than 83 are radioactive due to instability.than 83 are radioactive due to instability.

FissionFission refers to the splitting of a heavy refers to the splitting of a heavy nucleus to make lighter more stable ones.nucleus to make lighter more stable ones.

FusionFusion refers to the combining of light refers to the combining of light nuclei to produce a heavier one.nuclei to produce a heavier one.

TransmutationsTransmutations

Artificial transmutation:Artificial transmutation:When a nucleus is bombarded with high-energy When a nucleus is bombarded with high-energy

particles to bring about radioactivity.particles to bring about radioactivity.

Natural transmutation:Natural transmutation:A nuclear reaction; beta,positron, or alpha decay A nuclear reaction; beta,positron, or alpha decay

are examples.are examples.

Alpha DecayAlpha Decay

Beta decayBeta decay

Positron EmissionPositron Emission

Half-lifeHalf-life

The amount of time it takes for one half of The amount of time it takes for one half of a substance to decay. a substance to decay.

You will be given the half-life (in the You will be given the half-life (in the reference table) plus either an amount that reference table) plus either an amount that was used up, or the amount of time was used up, or the amount of time passed. You must then solve for the passed. You must then solve for the missing variable. missing variable.

Finger counting works here!Finger counting works here!