Ch. 22 and 23 Organic Chemistry: The Chemistry of

Covalently Bonded Carbon MoleculesExcludes: Oxides (CO, CO2) and Carbonates

(Na2CO3)

Just how important is Carbon?

Carbon is the element of life - it is in all living matter. It forms 4 covalent bonds with itself or with other atoms, making long chains, rings, and all kinds of compounds.

Carbon compounds in just about everything we touch or use - plastics, fuels, oils, tires, foods…. the list goes on and on.

Allotropes of Carbon “Allotropes” are made of only one kind of

atom, bonded in different ways. Carbon has 3 allotropes:

Diamond Graphite

                                                              

Isomers What’s the same about these two

molecules? What’s different? They’re both C4H10, just bonded differently. These are called isomers.

                                                                               

The Alkanes: “Saturated hydrocarbons” These have single carbon-carbon bonds. What do the prefixes mean?

                                                    

The prefixes tell you the number of carbon atoms in the molecule:

  

Some Alkanes:

The Alkenes and Alkynes (of fun!)

Alkenes have a double C ═ C bond. Alkynes have a triple bond. They are both “Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Ethene Ethyne

                                          

How Alkenes look:

How the double and triple bonds look, from a “hybrid orbital” perspective:

Draw the Lewis structure for pentane, pentene and pentyne.

Movie

Put some small molecules together and make a big one, and you’ve made a polymer!These are a bunch of ethenes hooked up to make “polyethylene,” or plastic:

                                                                             

How polymers are made:

Smaller “monomers” are reacted to make the long chain “polymers.”                                                               

                                                                           

Recycling codes for plastics:

Proteins - Organic polymers made of amino acid subunits. Proteins are important building blocks of all cells.

The various amino acids you need:

Organic chemistry is all about “functional groups.” These are little clumps of molecules which

attach to the hydrocarbons to give them unique character and properties.

Here’s ethane turning into ethanol, the alcohol in beverages:

                                                                             

Important Functional Groups:

A common hydrocarbon “ring” molecule called “benzene.” This ring is in just about all odors.

Some aldehydes and ketones:

Citric Acid:

The suffixes to use for the functional groups:

Teflon, a polymer with halogens attached, or a “Halide.”

Esters give us flavors and smells.

Common flavors and odors of esters:

The first woman lands on the moon!