Chem_1_(2nd)_pdf.pdf

8/20/2019 Chem_1_(2nd)_pdf.pdf

1/20

Planet Earth

Part I


2/20

Part I

Our planet Earth provides us with plenty of natural

resources.

Planet Earth

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Chemistry

Chapter 2 The atmosphere

Chapter 3 The ocean

Chapter 4 Rocks and minerals


3/20

1.1 What is Chemistry about?

1.2 How is Chemistry related to daily life?

1.3 Observations, analyses and interpretations in Chemistry

1.4 Laboratory safety

1.5 Common apparatus in the chemistry laboratory

Chapter 1Fundamentals of Chemistry

Learning goal

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

• recognize what matter is and what Chemistry is about

•

understand the importance of Chemistry to daily life

• recognize the importance of making observations in studying Chemistry

• realize the necessary steps in drawing conclusions from experiments

• state the basic laboratory safety rules

• know what hazardous chemicals are

• recognize the use of common laboratory apparatus

• draw vertical section diagrams of common laboratory apparatus

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5


4/20

Fundamentals of Chemistry

What is Chemistry?

Why is Chemistry important to us?

What are the basic skills required for studying Chemistry?

After studying this chapter, you should be able to answer the above questions.

An urban scene of Hong Kong where light pollution problems are serious.

Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. In recent years, light pollution

problems have aroused the government’s concern.

In 2010, some Taiwanese researchers had an idea of replacing streetlights with trees. They found

that placing gold nanoparticles within the tree leaves would cause the leaves to give off red light.

Hence, the road could be lightened without the need of electricity. Besides, the light given off is softer

and far less polluting than traditional light bulbs and even LEDs.

The study of new materials like gold nanoparticles is a branch in Chemistry. Chemistry plays an

important role in changing the world we live in.

Chapter 1

light pollution 光污染nanoparticle 納米粒子

Chemistry is the study of substances, including their compositions, structures, properties and the changes among them.

Many new substances can be made by applying the knowledge of Chemistry. Hence, Chemistry helps provide us with a good standard of living

and is important for our survival.

We have to observe carefully and fully when doing experiment, report experimental results clearly and accurately, analyse the results and

try to interpret them, draw conclusions for the experiment.


5/20

What is matter?

The world around us is made up of matter. Matter is anything that

occupies space and has mass. One particular type of matter is calledsubstance. Iron, water and air are examples of substances.

What is Chemistry?

Chemistry is the study of substances, including their compositions,

structures, properties and the changes among them. Chemists always

ask questions about the substances they study.

For example, chemists would ask the following questions about water:

3

1 Fundamentals of chemistry

What is Chemistry about?1.1

1. How do the hydrogen particle and oxygen particle combine to

give a water particle?

2. What are the structures of water at different states?

3. What are the properties of water?

4. Why does water have different properties when compared with

hydrogen and oxygen?

5. Can we change water into other substances?

Chemistry is the study of substances, including their compositions,

structures, properties and the changes among them.

Key point

Chemistry and alchemy

The word chemistry comes from the word ‘alchemy ’. During the Middle

Ages (about AD 500–1500), some people, known as alchemists, tried to

turn some cheap metals like iron or lead into gold. They tried to do that

by mixing and heating the metals with different substances together.

Although they did not succeed at last, the properties of many

substances became known during the process. Besides, various chemical

methods and laboratory techniques were developed. The efforts and

hard work of alchemists helped greatly in the development of Chemistry.

Historical note

Alchemists at work.

change 變化

Chemistry 化學

composition 成分

matter 物質

property 性質

structure 結構

substance 物質

alchemist 煉金術士alchemy 煉金術

Note 1

Structures of substances will be

further discussed in chapter 9 of

Book 1.

N1

PowerPointPowerPoint


6/20

Many inventions in Chemistry were made, one after the other, starting in

the 20th

century. These inventions play an essential role in many parts of

our daily life, for example, clothing, food, housing, transport and medical

care. See Figure 1.1.

41

I Planet Earth

How is Chemistry related to dailylife?

1.2

Synthetic fibres are

products of the

petrochemical industry.

They are very popular in

making clothes.

(a) Synthetic fibres are used

in making clothes.

Food additives help improve the

taste, colour and freshness of food.

(b) Food additives are commonly

used in food production.

Clo thing Food

Building houses requires cement, steel, glass,

plastics, paints, etc. All of them come from the

chemical industry.

(c) Many different construction materials

are needed for building houses.

Modern transport like cars, aeroplanes and

ships requires fuels that come from the

petroleum industry.

(d) The fuel used by an aeroplane comes

from the refining of petroleum.

Housing Transpor t

Figure 1.1 Chemistry is closely

related to daily life.

Humans fight diseases

with drugs. Drugs are

chemical products.

(e) Drugs for fighting diseases are

chemical products.

Medical care

cement 水泥chemical industry 化學工業

essential 必不可少的

food additive 食品添加劑

petrochemical industry 石油化學工業 petroleum industry 石油工業

steel 鋼

synthetic fibre 合成纖維

Note 2

Nylon and polyesters are

commonly used synthetic

fibres in textile.

N2

N3

N4

Note 3

The common fuels for modern transport include

petrol, kerosene, diesel oil and fuel oil. They are

obtained from refining of petroleum.

Note 4

The active ingredient of aspirin is acetylsalicylic

acid with the formula of C9H8O4.

PowerPoint


7/20

We can see that Chemistry helps provide us with a good standard of

living. Chemistry is not just a subject studied in school, but is also closely

related to other branches of science, technology and society.

Observations in Chemistry

Since Chemistry is a science based on experiments, observations are very

important. Observations in Chemistry involve the uses of our senses:

• Seeing with eyes

• Feeling with hands

• Smelling with nose

• Hearing with ears

5


Observations, analyses andinterpretations in Chemistry

1.3

Tasting with thetongue is also one

way of observation,

but it is NOT allowed

in the laboratory.

Learning tip

Class pracce 1.1

The photograph below shows some items commonly found in the kitchen.

Which one(s) do you think is/are related to Chemistry? Circle them out.

observation 觀察

N5

Note 5

1. Fertilizers provide important nutrients to

enhance plant and fruit growth.

Insecticides help reduce the amount of

plants destroyed by pests.

2. Window frames are made of anodized

aluminium.

3. Tap water is steril ized by chlorine.

4. Detergents improve the cleansing ability

of water.

5. The outer layer of plastic gloves in the

picture is made of latex.

6. Town gas is produced from naphtha,

which comes from the petroleum industry.

7. Preservatives increase the shelf life of

instant cup noodles.

8. Baking powder is used in making bread.

9. Food container in the picture is made of

polypropene.

10. Food wrap is made of low-density

polyethene.

11. The bowl and dish in the picture are made

of ceramic and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2).

12. etc.

A1.1

1

2

34

6

5

17

8

11

9

10

PowerPoint


8/20

To be a good observer, we must be patient. We must try to notice even

small details or changes in an experiment.

Consider a burning candle (Figure 1.2). Write down as many

observations as you can make within five minutes.

Compare your observations with those of your classmates. Did you

make the same observations? How many different observations did the

whole class make? Check your observations against those suggested by

your teacher.

61

I Planet Earth

Figure 1.2 How many

things can you notice about

a burning candle?

Example 1.1

Making observations

Add an effervescent vitamin C tablet to a glass containing 200 cm3 of water (Figure 1.3). Record your

observations.

H 2 0

Solution

(1) There is effervescence — colourless gas

bubbles evolve from the tablet. (sight)

(2) The tablet gradually becomes smaller in size

and eventually dissolves completely to form a

colourless solution. (sight)

(3) The glass becomes cold. (touching)

(4) A pleasant smell is detected. (smelling)

(5) A hissing sound is heard. (hearing)

Figure 1.3 Adding a vitamin C tablet to water.

effervescence 泡騰 /起泡

vitamin C 丙種維生素

evolve 釋出hissing sound 「嘶嘶」聲

patient 有耐性的

Experiment 1.1

Recording the observations of chemical reactions

In this experiment, you are going to record the observations of some chemical

reactions.

Experiment Workbook 1

N6

Note 6

Observations:

1. There is a flame with the shape of a water drop.

2. The flame is hot.

3. The flame gives out light (i.e. a luminous flame).

4. The colour of the main part of the flame is yellow.

5. The flame is less bright at the lower part, i.e. near the wick. This part of the flame is less luminous.

6. The lowest part of the flame has a blue rim.

7. The flame is wavy even when there is no wind.

8. The tip of the flame is often irregular in shape (not having a smooth, sharp tip).

9. There is a stream of black smoke rising from the tip of the flame.

10. The wick turns black.

11. The tip of the wick occasionally gives a red glow.

12. The wick slowly shortens.

13. The wax directly under the flame melts to a liquid.

14. The wax is consumed during the burning of the candle.

15. If listened very carefully, the hot molten wax right below the flame may give a faint hissing sound.

16. Some of the molten wax may flow down along the shank of the candle.

17. The molten wax flowing down the shank of the candle soon becomes viscous and then solidifies again.

18. etc.

N7

N8

Note 7

Some students have the misconception that they need not mention the colour of a substance if it is colourless or white.

Another misconception is that when no observable change is noticed, ‘no reaction’ is written as answer. However, ‘no observable change’ does

NOT mean ‘no reaction’.

Note 8

This question asks for observations. Thus, it is wrong to write ‘Carbon dioxide evolves from the tablet.’. Further test is needed to identify the gas

evolved.

PowerPoint Experiment

Video


9/20

Analyses and interpretations in Chemistry

During an experiment, other than making observations, we should also

record the experimental results carefully and fully. Then we should

analyse the experimental results and try to interpret (explain) them.

Finally, we should draw conclusions for the experiment.

For all experiments we will do, we should try our best to:

In this course, we often do experiments in the laboratory. To avoid

accidents, always remember: ‘Laboratory safety is of first importance

in any experimental work.’ (Figure 1.4).

7


Laboratory safety1.4

Figure 1.4 Posters on laboratory safety.

(1) observe and record the experimental results carefully and fully.

(2) analyse the experimental results and interpret them.

(3) draw conclusions for the experiment.

Key point

laboratory safety 實驗室安全 analyse 分析interpret 詮釋

PowerPoint


10/20

Basic laboratory safety rules

We must follow all the basic laboratory safety rules when doing

experiments.

81

I Planet Earth

For more details on the

safety precautions in

the Chemistry

laboratory, refer to the

‘Laboratory Handbook’.

Learning tip

Laboratory Safety Rules(1) Do not work in the laboratory unless your teacher is present.

(2) Follow strictly the instructions given by your teacher.

(3) Never run around or play in the laboratory. Do not leave your bench

unless it is necessary.

(4) Do not touch any chemicals with bare hands.

(5) Dispose of solid waste (e.g. broken glass, filter paper, copper turnings,

etc.) in the waste bin, never in the sink.

(6) Clean up all the spillage (on the floor or bench) at once. Clean up the

bench after experiment.(7) Report all accidents and breakages to your teacher at once.

(8) In case any chemical gets into eyes, flush the eyes with running water

immediately for at least three minutes.

(9) For chemical burns on skin, place the affected area under slowly running

water until the pain fades.

(10) Take all necessary safety precautions.

Class pracce 1.2

Study the following picture. Some of the students in the laboratory have improper actions against the laboratory

safety rules. Point them out and explain your answers.

A

B

G

FE

DC

safety precaution 安全措施 burn 灼傷spillage 濺出 /溢出

A1.2

• Student A should not run in the

laboratory as she may knock on the

other students who are doing

experiments and cause accidents.

Besides, she should wear safety

spectacles.

• Student B should not smell the gas

directly as the gas may be poisonous.

• Student C should wear safety

spectacles when doing experiment as

the chemical may spill into her eyes. In

addition, the flammable chemical should

not be placed near the flame as it

catches fire easily.

• Student E should not throw rubbish into

the sink as the solid waste may block

the drain of the sink. In addition, he

should wear safety spectacles.

• Student F should not touch the hot

beaker with bare hands as she would

get heat burns.

• Student G should not eat in the

laboratory as the food and drinks may

be contaminated with chemicals.

Besides, he should wear safety

spectacles.

N9

Note 9

For example, never heat strongly when only gentle heating is required; never use concentrated acid/alkali when only a dilute one

is needed; never use excessive amounts of chemicals; never do any experiment not allowed/instructed by teachers.

N10

Note 10

In case students are working in groups, it is a good practice to appoint a group leader, by

rotation each time. He/she is the only person allowed to get and return apparatus and

chemicals. In so doing, ‘movement’ in the laboratory can be minimized.

N11Note 11

Remind students that the only reliable

immediate treatment for all chemical burns

is washing with a lot of water.


11/20

Hazardous chemicals

Hazardous chemicals are substances which may cause injury to people or

damage to property. Chemicals can be classified according to their

hazardous nature. A bottle containing a hazardous chemical should display

the appropriate hazard warning label(s). Figure 1.5 shows some common

hazard warning labels.

Common laboratory apparatus

We use many different pieces of apparatus when doing experiments in the

laboratory. Figures 1.7–1.13 show some common laboratory apparatus.

9


Figure 1.5 Some examples of common hazard warning labels.Figure 1.6 A hazard warning label

(corrosive) is shown on a bottle of

concentrated hydrochloric acid.

Common apparatus in the chemistrylaboratory

1.5

Figure 1.7

(a) Test tube rack

(b) Rubber stopper

(c) Test tube

(d) Boiling tube

(e) Test tube holder

(f) Test tube brush

(g) Dropping bottle

(h) Reagent bottle

Figure 1.8

(a) Measuring cylinder

(b) Beaker

(c) Dropper

(d) Filter funnel

(e) Wash bottle

(f) Watch glass

(g) Thermometer

(h) Glass rod

dropping bottle 滴瓶

filter funnel 漏斗

hazard warning label 危險警告標籤

hazardous chemical 危險化學品

laboratory apparatus 實驗室儀器

measuring cylinder 量筒

reagent bottle 試劑瓶

damage 破壞injury 傷害

nature 性質 property 財產

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(g)

(f)(e)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(e)

(d)

(f)

(h)

(g)

(h)

N12Note 12

Some household substances may

have potential risks. Take the

example of bleaching solution. It

liberates toxic chlorine gas when

mixed with acidic substance.

CE2005(II)18

PowerPoint


12/20

Some chemistry experiments can be done on a reduced scale. These

experiments are microscale experiments in which microscale apparatus

are used. See Figure 1.14. One major advantage of microscale experiments

is to save the amounts of chemicals used.

101

I Planet Earth

Figure 1.9

(a) Stand and clamp

(b) Round-bottomed flask

(c) Flat-bottomed flask

(d) Conical flask

Figure 1.10

(a) Crucible (with lid)

(b) Pipe-clay triangle

(c) Tripod

(d) Bunsen burner

(e) Evaporating dish

(f) Heat-resistant mat

(g) Crucible tongs

(h) Wire gauze

Figure 1.11

(a) Desiccator(b) Gas jar

(c) Mortar(d) Pestle

Figure 1.12

(a) Weighing bottle(b) Electronic balance

(c) Spatula

Figure 1.13 Safety spectacles

Figure 1.14 Microscale apparatus

8-well reaction strip 八孔井穴條

conical flask 錐形瓶

crucible tongs 坩堝鉗

desiccator 乾燥器

heat-resistant mat 耐熱墊

microscale experiment 微型實驗

microsyringe微量調節注射器

micro-tip plastic pipette微端塑膠移液管

mortar 研缽

pestle 研棒

pipe-clay triangle 管土三角

spatula 刮勺

tripod 三腳架

weighing bottle 稱量瓶

wire gauze 鐵絲網

(a)(b)

(c) (d)

(h)

(d)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(e)

(g)(f)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

8-well reaction strip

microsyringe

micro-tip plastic

pipette

N13Note 13

Some advantages of microscale experiments:

1. The amounts of chemicals used and hence

the costs for chemicals can be reduced.

2. Reduce the wastage of chemicals.3. Experiments can be completed in a shorter

period of time.

4. Reduce the space for storing the apparatus.


13/20

Vertical section diagrams of common laboratory

apparatus

For convenience, we usually use simple diagrams to represent laboratory

apparatus and experimental set-ups in chemistry experiments. These

diagrams must be clear and easy to understand.

We can draw vertical section diagrams to represent laboratory

apparatus. The vertical section diagrams in fact represent the side-on

view of the apparatus. Some examples are shown in Table 1.1.

11


Table 1.1 Vertical section

diagrams of some common

laboratory apparatus.

Beaker

Test

tube

Conical

flask

Filter

funnel

vertical section diagram 縱切面圖


14/20

121

I Planet Earth

graduation 刻度shade 把…塗暗

Skill corner 1.1

Drawing vertical section diagrams of common laboratory apparatus

When we draw the vertical section diagram of a piece of laboratory apparatus, we should:

1. Find out the vertical section of the apparatus. Try to imagine as if a plane cut through the apparatus

into two halves from top to bottom.

For example, we can draw the vertical section diagram of a measuring cylinder as shown below:

2. Note the following points:

• Draw the diagram with simple lines.

• Draw straight lines with a ruler.

• Do not shade the diagram.

• Do not add graduation marks, if any, on the side of the apparatus.

Class pracce 1.3

For each of the following laboratory apparatus, write its name and draw a vertical section diagram that

represents it.

ApparatusName and vertical

section diagram

(a)


section diagram

(b)

(Cont’d)

A1.3

Test tube Conical flask


15/20

13



section diagram

(c)

(e)

(g)


section diagram

(d)

(f)

(h)

Glass rod Dropper

Tripod Wire gauze

Evaporating dish Watch glass


16/20

141

I Planet Earth

English term Chinese translation Page

1. Chemistry 化學 3

2. hazard warning label 危險警告標籤 9

3. hazardous chemical 危險化學品 9

4. laboratory apparatus 實驗室儀器 9

5. laboratory safety 實驗室安全 7

6. matter/substance 物質 3

7. microscale experiment 微型實驗 10

8. observation 觀察 5

9. safety precaution 安全措施 8

Key terms

Page

1. What is matter? 3

2. What is Chemistry? 3

3. How is Chemistry related to daily life? 4

4. How can we make observations during an experiment? 5

5. What are the necessary steps for drawing conclusions from experiments? 7

6. What are the basic laboratory safety rules when doing experiments? 8

7. What are hazardous chemicals? 9

8. How can we draw vertical section diagrams of common laboratory apparatus? 11

Can you answer the following questions? Put a ‘✓’ in the box if you can. Otherwise, review the relevant

part on the page as shown.

Progress check

owerPoint

owerPoint


17/20

15


1.1 What is Chemistry about?

1. Chemistry is the study of substances, including their compositions, structures, properties andthe changes among them.

1.2 How is Chemistry related to daily life?

2. Chemistry plays an essential role in clothing, food, housing, transport and medical care.

1.3 Observations, analyses and interpretations in Chemistry

3. Observations in Chemistry involve four senses:

• Seeing with eyes

• Feeling with hands

•

Smelling with nose • Hearing with ears

4. For all experiments we do, we should try our best to:

(1) observe and record the experimental results carefully and fully.

(2) report the experimental results clearly and accurately.

(3) analyse the results and interpret them. Then draw conclusions and make predictions.

1.4 Laboratory safety

5. Laboratory safety is of first importance in any experimental work. Refer to p.8 for basic

laboratory safety rules.

6. Hazardous chemicals are substances which may cause injury to people or damage to property.

7. Hazard warning labels are displayed on bottles containing hazardous chemicals. Thesechemicals must be handled with great care.

1.5 Common apparatus in the chemistry laboratory

8. Some common laboratory apparatus are shown in Figures 1.7–1.13 on p.9–10.

9. For convenience, vertical section diagrams are usually drawn to represent laboratory apparatusand experimental set-ups.

SummaryowerPoint


18/20

161

I Planet Earth

(Hints: compositions, experiments, observations, properties, science, structures)

Complete the following concept map.

CHEMISTRY

Importance to daily life:

• clothing• food• housing• transport• medical care

Laboratory apparatus

Laboratory safety

Changes

a branch of

study of substances

studied by

make

and record

need the

use of

need to

consider

Concept map

Science

Compositions Structures Properties

Experiments

Observations

owerPoint


19/20

17


Fill in the blanks

Section 1.1

1. The world around us is made up of, which is anything that

occupies and has .

2. Chemistry is the study of ,

including their , structures,

properties and the among them.

Section 1.3

3. Observations in Chemistry include:

• seeing with eyes;

• with hands;

• with nose;

• with ears.

Section 1.4

4. To do experiments safely in the laboratory, we

should follow all the .

Multiple-choice questions

Section 1.2

5. Which of the following statements aboutChemistry are correct?

(1) Chemistry is the study of various substances.

(2) Chemistry is a branch of science.

(3) Chemistry helps provide us with a good

standard of living.

A. (1) and (2) only

B. (1) and (3) only

C. (2) and (3) only

D. (1), (2) and (3)

Section 1.3

6. What will be observed if a spoonful of sugar is

added to a glass of water?

A. The water becomes white. B. Colourless gas bubbles evolve from the

surface of sugar.

C. The sugar dissolves.

D. The glass becomes cold.

Section 1.4

7. If your finger is accidentally cut by a broken test

tube in the laboratory, you should

(1) report to the teacher at once.

(2) clean up the broken glass pieces with a towel.

Then dispose of the glass pieces in a rubbishbin.

(3) clean the wound with water and then apply a

dressing to it.

A. (1) only

B. (2) only

C. (1) and (3) only

D. (2) and (3) only

8. Which of the following hazard warning labels

should be shown on a gas jar containing

hydrogen?

A. Corrosive

B. Explosive

C. Flammable

D. Toxic

9. Which of the following hazard warning labels

should be shown on the reagent bottle containing

concentrated hydrochloric acid?

A. C.

B. D.

Chapter exercise

matter

space mass

substances

compositions

changes

feeling

smelling

hearing

laboratory safety rules

D

D

C

C

C

5. Refer to p.3 to 5 of chapter 1 for details.

7. Broken glass pieces should be cleaned

up with a broom and the glass pieces

should be disposed of in a waste bin

which is used for collecting broken

glass.

8. Hydrogen is flammable.

9. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is corrosive.


20/20

I Planet Earth

Structured questions

Section 1.4

10. Cathy heated a test tube containing ethanol in the laboratory as shown below.

Cathy made FIVE mistakes when conducting the experiment. List them out.

11. Peter wants to find the amount of calcium in an egg shell. In the experiment, the egg shell is first ground

into smaller pieces by using a mortar and a pestle. Then, a known amount of dilute hydrochloric acid is added

to the egg shell. Dilute hydrochloric acid is irritant and should be handled with care.

(a) Draw the hazard warning label that should be shown on a bottle of dilute hydrochloric acid.

(b) Suggest TWO safety precautions when handling dilute hydrochloric acid in the laboratory.

(c) State TWO observations when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the egg shell pieces.

Section 1.5

12. Below are some pieces of apparatus commonly used in the laboratory.

A. B. C.

E. G.

ethanol

D.

F. H.

(a) Name the pieces of apparatus A to H .

(b) Which piece(s) of apparatus would you use for each of the following purposes?

(i) Transferring a small amount of solid sodium chloride from the reagent bottle to a test tube.

(ii) Studying the reaction between a few cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid and an iron nail.

(iii) Heating a few cm3 of water.

(iv) Boiling 200 cm3 of water.

10. Any FIVE:

She did not stopper the reagent bottles

after taking the chemicals out from them. She did not tie up her long hair.

She did not wear safety spectacles (and

laboratory coat).

She should NOT have heated the ethanol

directly as ethanol is flammable.

She should not have pointed the test tube

to herself.

She should not have placed the bottle of

ethanol near the Bunsen flame as ethanol

is flammable.

11. (a)

IRRITANT

(b) Wear safety spectacles.

Avoid contact with the eyes and skin; when

accidentally spilt into the eyes or onto the

skin, wash the affected area with a lot of

water.

(c) Colourless gas bubbles evolve from the

egg shell pieces.

The egg shell pieces dissolve in the acid.

12. (a) A. Beaker

B . Test tube/boiling tube

C . Bunsen burner

D . Wire gauze

E . Tripod

F . Heat-resistant mat

G . Test tube holder

H . Spatula

(b) (i) H

(ii) B

(iii) B , C , F , G

(iv) A, C , D , E , F

Documents

Chem_1_(2nd)_pdf.pdf