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8/3/2019 Chapter1ccna(Internetwork Basic)
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CCNA 640-802Chapter 1: Internetworking
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Chapter 1 Objectives
The CCNA Topics Covered in this chapterinclude:
Internetworking Basics
Layered Models
The OSI Model
Ethernet Networking
Data Encapsulation
Ciscos Three-Layer Model
Chapter 1 Written Labs and ReviewQuestions
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Internetworking Basics
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How would you say the PC named Bob communicateswith the PC named Sally?
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Internetworking Basics
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Switches can replace the hub, breaking up collision domains.
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Internetworking Basics
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Heres a list of some of the things that commonly causeLAN traffic congestion:
Too many hosts in a broadcast domain
Broadcast storms
Multicasting
Low bandwidth
Adding hubs for connectivity to the network
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Internetworking Basics
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Routers create an internetwork.
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Internetworking Basics
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There are two advantages of using routers in your
network:
They dont forward broadcasts by default.
They can filter the network based on layer 3(Network layer) information (e.g., IP address).
Four router functions in your network can be listedas follows:
Packet switching
Packet Routing
Path selection
Packet filtering
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Internetworking Basics
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Internetworking devices
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Layered Models
The Layered Approach
A reference model is a conceptual blueprint of how
communications should take place. It addresses all the processes required for effective
communication and divides these processes intological groupings called layers.
When a communication system is designed in this
manner, its known as layered architecture.
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The OSI Model(Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model)
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The OSI Model
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The upper layers
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The OSI Model
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The lower layers
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The OSI Model
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The Layer Functions
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The OSI Model
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Peer to peer comunication
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The OSI Model
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Connection-Oriented Communication
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The OSI Model
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Windowing
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The OSI Model
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Network LayerRouting Table used in a router
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The OSI Model
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Router in an internetwork
Routers use the logical address in a Network layerheader to determine the next hop
Routers can use access lists, created by an
administrator, to control security Layer 3 devices (routers in this case) provide
connections between virtual LANs (VLANs).
Routers can provide quality of service (QoS) forspecific types of network traffic.
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The OSI Model
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Data Link Layer
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The OSI Model
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Logical Link Control LLC
Provides an interface between the MAC layer and upper-layer
Maintaining orderly delivery of frames through
sequencingControlling the flow or rate using:
AcknowledgmentBufferingWindowing
Removing framing information and foward to the Network
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The OSI Model
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Media Acess Control MAC
Defines specifications for controlling access to the media
Add Cyclical Redundancy Check(CRC) for error
checking Convert frames into bits to send across the network Identifying the network devices and networktopologies Defining an address(MAC) for each physical device
on the network Controlling access to the transmission medium
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Binary Addressing
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Binary to Decimal Memorization Chart10000000 12811000000 19211100000 22411110000 24011111000 24811111100 25211111110 25411111111 255
BINARY 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 DECIMAL
10000100 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 132
11010010 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 210
10111000 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 184
10100110 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 166
Conversion Example
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The OSI Model
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A hub in an network
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The OSI Model
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A Switch in an network
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Ethernet Networking
Ethernet is a contention media access method thatallows all hosts on a network to share thesamebandwidth of a link.
Ethernet is popular because its readily scalable,
meaning that its comparatively easy to integrate
new technologies, such as Fast Ethernet andGigabit Ethernet, into an existing networkinfrastructure.
Its also relatively simple to implement in the first
place, and with it, troubleshooting is reasonablystraightforward.
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Ethernet Collision Detection
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CSMA/CD
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Half and Full Duplex
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Half-duplex Ethernet is defined in the original 802.3Ethernet; Cisco says it uses only one wire pair with adigital signal running in both directions on the wire.
But full-duplex Ethernet uses two pairs of wires instead of
one wire pair like half duplex. And full duplex uses apoint-to-point connection between the transmitter of thetransmitting device and the receiver of the receivingdevice.
Full-duplex Ethernet can be used in three situations: With a connection from a switch to a host With a connection from a switch to a switch With a connection from a host to a host using acrossover cable
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Ethernet Addressing
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The MAC, or hardware, address is a 48-bit (6-byte) addresswritten in a hexadecimal format.
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Ethernet at the Physical Layer
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The IEEE 802.3 and original Ethernet Physical layerspecifications.
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Ethernet Cabling
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Ethernet cabling is an important discussion, especially if youare planning on taking the Cisco exams.
Three types of Ethernet cables are available:
Straight-through cable
Crossover cable Rolled cable
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Ethernet CablingUTP
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Straight Through
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The straight-through cable is used to connect Host to switch or hub Router to switch or hub
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Crossover Cable
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The crossover cable can be used to connect Switch to switch Hub to hub Host to host Hub to switch Router direct to host
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Rolled Cable
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Although rolled cable isnt used to connect any Ethernet
connections together, you can use arolled Ethernet cable toconnect a host to a router console serial communication (com)
port.
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Using Hyper Terminal
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Notice the settings for Hyper Terminal
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What type of cable is used?
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What type of cable is used foreach connection?
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Data Encapsulation
When a host transmits data across anetwork to another device, the data
goes through encapsulation:
It is wrapped with protocolinformation at each layer of the OSImodel.
Each layer communicates only withits peer layer on the receivingdevice.
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The OSI Model
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Data encapsulation
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The OSI Model
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Data De-encapsulation
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PDU
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Port Numbers
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The Transport layer uses port numbers to define both the virtual
circuit and the upper-layer process.
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Ciscos Three-Layer Model
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The following are the three layers and their typical functions: The core layer: backbone
The distribution layer: routing The access layer: switching
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Review Question
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Hub Hub
How many broadcast domains areshown?
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Review Question
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Hub HubHub HubHub Hub
Switch Switch
How many collision domains
are shown?
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Which of the hosts can transmitsimultaneously without causing
collisions?HubSwitch
How many collision and broadcast
domains are show?
A FEDB C
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How many collision domain, broadcastdomain.
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Written Labs and ReviewQuestions
Open your books and go through all thewritten labs and the review questions.
Review the answers in class.
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