Chapter13 Gender Stratification

8/18/2019 Chapter13 Gender Stratification

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Sociology, 12th Edition by John Macionis

Gender Stratifcation


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#ender and $ne%ality

• #ender&Personal traits and socialpositions that 'e'bers of a society

attach to being fe'ale and 'ale• #ender strati(cation&)ne%al

distribtion of *ealth, po*er, andprivilege bet*een 'en and *o'en

• Male+fe'ale biological dierences


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#ender in a #lobalPerspective

• $sraeli -ibbt.i'

– #ender e%ality is a stated goal!

• Margaret Mead/s research

– Cltre is -ey to gender dierences!

• #eorge Mrdoc-/s research

– So'e global agree'ent abot fe'inine and'ascline tas-s!

• #ender and cltre

– hat it 'eans to be 'ale or fe'ale is 'ostlya creation of society!


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Figure 13.1Men’s and Women’s Athletic Performance


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Patriarchy and Seis'" for' of social organi.ation in *hich 'ales do'inate

fe'ales

• Matriarchy&" for' of social organi.ation in*hich fe'ales do'inate 'ales

• Seis'&elief that one se or the other is

innately inferior or sperior• $nstittional seis'

–3ond throghot the econo'y

• 4he costs of seis'

–Seis' li'its half of the h'an poplation!• $nevitability of patriarchy

–Most sociologists believe gender is sociallyconstrcted and can be changed!


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Global Map 13.1Women’s Power in Global Perspective


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#ender and Sociali.ation

• #ender roles 5se roles6&"ttitdes andactivities that a society lin-s to each se

• #ender aects ho* *e thin- oforselves and teaches s ho* tobehave!

• 7esearch sggests that 'ost yongpeople develop personalities that are a'i of fe'inine and 'ascline traits!



#ender and the 3a'ily

• $s it a boy or girl

– Color+coding gender

• 4raditional notions of gender identity

• Handling of children

– 3e'ale9 passivity and e'otion

– Male9 independence and action



#ender and Peer #rops• Janet :ever 51;


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#ender and the Mass

Media• hite 'ales have center stage!

• Minorities loc-ed ot ntil the early

1;


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Social Strati(cation

• @;A of all *o'en *or-!

• o'en hold pri'ary responsibility forhosehold dties!

• Br cltre gives 'ore responsibility forparenting to *o'en!

• Bn average, *o'en earn 'en/s *or-?


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Table 13.1Jobs with the Highest Concentrations of Women, 2!


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Figure 13.2Ho"sewor#$ Who %oes How M"ch&


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Table 13.2a'ignificant ()irsts* for Women in +' Politics contin"ed on ne-t two slides.


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Table 13.2b (cont.)


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Table 13.2c (cont.)


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Edcation, Politics,and Military

•#ender and edcation•0A of all associate and bachelor degrees areearned by *o'en! Since 1;;2, *o'en earned'ost postgradate degrees!

•Politics•Dineteenth "'end'ent 51;206

•o'en active in local, state politics

•Military•1@A of )S 'ilitary personnel are *o'en and 1@Aof all deployed forces!

•Cltre inences or vie*s of *o'en in the

'ilitary!


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National Map 13.1Women in 'tate Government across the +nited 'tates


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"re o'en a Minority• "t every class level, *o'en have less

inco'e, *ealth, edcation, and po*erthan 'en!

• $ntersection theory&4he interplay of

race, class, and gender, often resltingin 'ltiple di'ensions of disadvantage!

– Fisadvantages lin-ed to gender and raceoften co'bine to prodce especially lo*

social standing!• Mltilayered syste' of disadvantage for

so'e and privilege for others


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Giolence "gainst o'en• $n the 1;th centry, 'en clai'ed the right

to physically discipline their *ives!

• Seal assalts, rapes, atte'pted rapes,

and physical assalts

• Ca'ps and niversity gender violence

• Mch gender+lin-ed violence occrs in theho'e!

• 3e'ale genital 'tilation


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Global Map 13.2)emale Genital M"tilation in Global Perspective


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Giolence "gainst Men

• Br society 'ight encorage 'oreviolence against 'en than *o'en!

• Br cltre tends to de(ne'asclinity in ter's of aggression andviolence!

• Men/s lives involve 'ore stress andisolation than *o'en/s lives!


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Seal Harass'ent

• 7les for *or-place interaction

• Cases of seal harass'ent– Cltre encorages 'en to be seally

assertive and perceive *o'en in seal ter's!

– Men occpy 'ost positions of po*er!

– y the >eect standard,? a hostile environ'entinvolves dierent perceptions of the sa'ebehavior!

Co''ents, gestres, or physical contact of a seal

natre that are deliberate, repeated, andn*elco'e!


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Pornography

• People ta-e dierent vie*s of *hat is andisn/t pornographic!

• Concerns abot pornography as a 'oral

isse• 4he gender+strati(cation point of vie*

considers pornography a po*er isse!

• Concern that pornography pro'otesviolence against *o'en by portrayingthe' as *ea- and ndeserving of respect


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Applying TheoryGender


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4heoretical "nalysis of #ender• Strctral+fnctional analysis

– Parsons9 #ender for's a co'ple'entary set ofroles that lin-s 'en and *o'en into fa'ilynits and gives each se responsibility fori'portant tas-s!

– Modern societies rela traditional gender rolesas they beco'e 'ore 'eritocratic becaserigid roles *aste h'an talent!

• Social+conict analysis

– #ender involves dierences in behavior and po*er!

– Engels9 Capitalis' strengthens 'aledo'ination!


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Figure 13.3+se of Contraception b/ Married

Women of Childbearing Age


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3e'inis'

• or-ing to increase

e%ality• Epansion of h'an choice

• Eli'inate genderstrati(cation

• Ending seal violence

• Pro'otes seal freedo'

4he advocacy of social e%ality for *o'en and'en, in opposition to patriarchy and seis'


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4ypes of 3e'inis'•

:iberal fe'inis'– 3ree to develop o*n talents and interests

• Socialist fe'inis'

– Prses collective personal liberation

• 7adical fe'inis'– Eli'inate idea of gender

– Egalitarian, gender+free revoltion

•Bpposition to fe'inis'– 4hreat to 'ale stats and self+respect

– #ro*ing evidence that 'en and *o'en thin-and act in dierent *ays


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Applying Theory)eminism


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Sociology 12th Edition by John Macionis

Figure 13.40pposition to )eminism among )irst1ear College 't"dents, 3451267he share of college st"dents e-pressing antifeminist views declined after 3458 Men are still more li#el/ than women to hold s"ch attit"des8

'o"rce$ Astin et al8 22. and Pr/or et al8 26.

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Chapter13 Gender Stratification