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Gender Stratification
Inequalities by Gender
Ch. 9
First things first
SEX GENDER
First things first
SEX
Physical and biological
differences of the body
GENDER
First things first
SEX
Physical and biological
differences of the body Genitals Reproductive organs Breasts vs. chest Muscle mass/ body type Facial hair Sound of voice
GENDER
First things first
SEX
Physical and biological
differences of the body Genitals Reproductive organs Breasts vs. chest Muscle mass/ body type Facial hair Sound of voice
GENDER
Psychological, Social and
Cultural difference between
men and women
First things first
SEX
Physical and biological
differences of the body Genitals Reproductive organs Breasts vs. chest Muscle mass/ body type Facial hair Sound of voice
GENDER
Psychological, Social and
Cultural difference between
men and women The ways in which we are
expected to think and act Different roles & identities Society self Society gender
Nature vs Nurture
SEX GENDER
Nature vs Nurture
SEX
Biology Behavior
Differences between men &
women are biologically
determined
GENDER
Nature vs Nurture
SEX
Biology Behavior
Differences between men &
women are biologically
determined
GENDER
Society behavior
Differences between men &
women are socially created
Nature vs Nurture
SEX
Biology Behavior
Differences between men &
women are biologically
determined
GENDER
Society behavior
Differences between men &
women are socially created
Debate: How much learning is there about gender identity? To what degree is it one over the other?
Nature vs Nurture
men take part in warfare
Nature vs Nurture
men take part in warfare Men are biologically
more aggressive
Nature vs Nurture
men take part in warfare Men are biologically
more aggressive Male sex hormones
Testosterone Propensity to violence
Nature vs Nurture
men take part in warfare Men are biologically
more aggressive Male sex hormones
Testosterone Propensity to violence
Men -physically stronger
Nature vs Nurture
men take part in warfare Men are biologically
more aggressive Male sex hormones
Testosterone Propensity to violence
Men -physically stronger Identical twins
Hormones behavior
Nature vs Nurture
men take part in warfare Men are biologically
more aggressive Male sex hormones
Testosterone Propensity to violence
Men -physically stronger Identical twins
Hormones behavior
Nature vs Nurture
men take part in warfare Men are biologically
more aggressive Male sex hormones
Testosterone Propensity to violence
Men -physically stronger Identical twins
Hormones behavior
Nature–data on animals
Nature vs Nurture
men take part in warfare Men are biologically
more aggressive Male sex hormones
Testosterone Propensity to violence
Men -physically stronger Identical twins
Hormones behavior
Nature–data on animals
Women spend time to care for children
Nature vs Nurture
men take part in warfare Men are biologically
more aggressive Male sex hormones
Testosterone Propensity to violence
Men -physically stronger Identical twins
Hormones behavior
Nature–data on animals
Women spend time to care for children
Neglect vital role of social interaction Not readily available to
take part in warfare
Nature vs Nurture
men take part in warfare Men are biologically
more aggressive Male sex hormones
Testosterone Propensity to violence
Men -physically stronger Identical twins
Hormones behavior
Nature–data on animals
Women spend time to care for children
Neglect vital role of social interaction Not readily available to
take part in warfare Behavior hormones
Nature vs Nurture
men take part in warfare Nature–data on
animals Women spend time to
care for children Neglect vital role of
social interaction Not readily available to
take part in warfare Behavior hormones
Gender Socialization
Gender Socialization
Born with SEX develop GENDER
Biologically determined Culturally produced
Gender Socialization
Born with SEX develop GENDER
Biologically determined Culturally produced
Learn gender roles Agents of Socialization Socialized into different
roles Gender interaction with
others
Gender Socialization
Born with SEX develop GENDER
Biologically determined Culturally produced
Learn gender roles Agents of Socialization Socialized into different
roles Gender interaction with
others
Gender Socialization
Born with SEX develop GENDER
Biologically determined Culturally produced
Learn gender roles Agents of Socialization Socialized into different
roles Gender interaction with
others
Begins at Birth Assigned gender
physical characteristics Dressed in gender
differentiating clothing
Gender Socialization
Born with SEX develop GENDER
Biologically determined Culturally produced
Learn gender roles Agents of Socialization Socialized into different
roles Gender interaction with
others
Begins at Birth Assigned gender
physical characteristics Dressed in gender
differentiating clothing Once marked
everyone treats us accordingly
Social Construction of Gender
Social Construction of Gender Sex and Gender
socially constructed products Gender purely social
creation No fixed essence to
gender
Social Construction of Gender Sex and Gender
socially constructed products Gender purely social
creation No fixed essence to
gender
No biological basis to gender differences Gender identity
perceived sex differences
Jan Morris “Do Gender” Masculinity
encourage specific body types
Femininity encourage specific body types
Social Construction of Gender
No biological basis to gender differences Gender identity
perceived sex differences
Jan Morris “Do Gender” Masculinity
encourage specific body types
Femininity encourage specific body types
Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures
Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures Margaret Mead -- Studied 3
Tribes Papa New Guinea
Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures Margaret Mead -- Studied 3
Tribes Papa New Guinea
First Tribe Similar to that of Western
Society Both sexes were passive Emotionally responsive
Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures Margaret Mead -- Studied 3
Tribes Papa New Guinea
First Tribe Similar to that of Western
Society Both sexes were passive Emotionally responsive
Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures Margaret Mead -- Studied 3
Tribes Papa New Guinea
First Tribe Similar to that of Western
Society Both sexes were passive Emotionally responsive
Second Tribe Both sexes were aggressive Cruel, especially to children Suspicious of outsiders
Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures Margaret Mead -- Studied 3
Tribes Papa New Guinea
First Tribe Similar to that of Western
Society Both sexes were passive Emotionally responsive
Second Tribe Both sexes were aggressive Cruel, especially to children Suspicious of outsiders
Third Tribe Roles were reversed Women were tough and had
guts Men – carved and painted
Gossiped Tamper tantrums
Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures Margaret Mead -- Studied 3
Tribes Papa New Guinea
First Tribe Similar to that of Western
Society Both sexes were passive Emotionally responsive
Second Tribe Both sexes were aggressive Cruel, especially to children Suspicious of outsiders
Third Tribe Roles were reversed Women were tough and had
guts Men – carved and painted
Gossiped Tamper tantrums
NO UNIVERSALITY in gender differences
Social Construction of GenderFindings from other cultures Margaret Mead -- Studied 3
Tribes Papa New Guinea
First Tribe Similar to that of Western
Society Both sexes were passive Emotionally responsive
Second Tribe Both sexes were aggressive Cruel, especially to children Suspicious of outsiders
Third Tribe Roles were reversed Women were tough and
had guts Men – carved and painted
Gossiped Tamper tantrums
NO UNIVERSALITY in gender differences
CULTURE, not biology
Forms of Gender Inequality
Forms of Gender Inequality
Most Societies differentiate women and men’s roles
Forms of Gender Inequality
Most Societies differentiate women and men’s roles Women child rearing
Maintenance of the home
Forms of Gender Inequality
Most Societies differentiate women and men’s roles Women child rearing
Maintenance of the home Men political activities
Security military activities Child rearing – not primary responsibility
Forms of Gender Inequality
Most Societies differentiate women and men’s roles Women child rearing
Maintenance of the home Men political activities
Security military activities Child rearing – not primary responsibility
Performance of different jobs DOES NOT mean that men and women are unequal Division of Labor
3 question to determine inequality
3 question to determine inequality (1) Are men and women’s
activities valued differently?
3 question to determine inequality (1) Are men and women’s
activities valued differently?
(2)Are men and women’s roles valued differently?
3 question to determine inequality (1) Are men and women’s
activities valued differently?
(2)Are men and women’s roles valued differently?
(3)Do men and women have equal access to valued resources?
3 question to determine inequality (1) Are men and women’s
activities valued differently?
(2)Are men and women’s roles valued differently?
(3)Do men and women have equal access to valued resources?
Class
3 question to determine inequality (1) Are men and women’s
activities valued differently?
(2)Are men and women’s roles valued differently?
(3)Do men and women have equal access to valued resources?
Class
Status
3 question to determine inequality (1) Are men and women’s
activities valued differently?
(2)Are men and women’s roles valued differently?
(3)Do men and women have equal access to valued resources?
Class
Status
Power
Status
Status
Women and the Work Place Few women worked in the
paid occupations When one did her wages
were sent to her parents When she was married, she
withdrew from work Now their participation
has arisen 2008 – 59% were employed 1960 – 38%
Married mothers with children 1978 – 14% 1998- 35%
Status
Women and the Work Place Few women worked in the
paid occupations When one did her wages
were sent to her parents When she was married, she
withdrew from work Now their participation
has arisen 2008 – 59% were employed 1960 – 38%
Married mothers with children 1978 – 14% 1998- 35%
Status
Women and the Work Place Few women worked in the
paid occupations When one did her wages
were sent to her parents When she was married, she
withdrew from work Now their participation
has arisen 1996 – 59% were employed 1960 – 38%
Married mothers with children 1978 – 14% 1998- 35%
Status
Status
Why the change? Increased demand for
clerical and service work 1960’s --Women who
were past their child bearing age were in demand
1970’s- 80’s – marriage age rose Fertility declined Educational attainment
increased
Class
Class
Mechanization of the office Typewriters Downgraded the status of
clerks
Class
Mechanization of the office Typewriters Downgraded the status of
clerks
Women filled these occupations As pay and prestige declined
Class
Mechanization of the office Typewriters Downgraded the status of
clerks
Women filled these occupations As pay and prestige declined
Lower level jobs drew in myriad of women
Class
Mechanization of the office Typewriters Downgraded the status of clerks
Women filled these occupations As pay and prestige declined
Lower level jobs drew in myriad of women
Once marked as “women’s jobs” Inertia set in
Class
Mechanization of the office Typewriters Downgraded the status of clerks
Women filled these occupations As pay and prestige declined
Lower level jobs drew in myriad of women
Once marked as “women’s jobs” Inertia set in
Class
Mechanization of the office Typewriters Downgraded the status of clerks
Women filled these occupations As pay and prestige declined
Lower level jobs drew in myriad of women
Once marked as “women’s jobs” Inertia set in
Class
Mechanization of the office Typewriters Downgraded the status of clerks
Women filled these occupations As pay and prestige declined
Lower level jobs drew in myriad of women
Once marked as “women’s jobs” Inertia set in
YEAR Earnings Ratio______________________________
1970 .621980 .641990 .712000 .762005 .782006 .792007 .802008 .81
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statisticshttp://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat2.pdf 2009
Class
Glass Ceiling Promotional barrier that
prevents women’s upward mobility In male dominated
occupations No sponsorship of powerful
senior colleagues No articulation of their value No good network College educated white males
in professional jobs, identify potential leaders as people like themselves
YEAR Earnings Ratio______________________________
1970 .621980 .641990 .712000 .762005 .782006 .792007 .802008 .81
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statisticshttp://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat2.pdf 2009
Class
Glass Ceiling Promotional barrier that
prevents women’s upward mobility In male dominated
occupations No sponsorship of powerful
senior colleagues No articulation of their value No good network College educated white
males in professional jobs, identify potential leaders as people like themselves
Glass Escalator Men who work in female
dominated professions Pushed to the top of their
corporate ladder They have to try to not to
move up
Power
Power
Gender Inequalities and Politics
Women are serving more and more important roles in politics U.S. Senate
1993 2 2009 17
29/ 435 US House of Representative 59 now
22 % State Legislature 5X more that in 1969
Power
Gender Inequalities and Politics
Women are serving more and more important roles in politics U.S. Senate
1993 2 2009 17
29/ 435 US House of Representative 59 now
22 % State Legislature 5X more that in 1969
Power
Gender Inequalities and Politics
Women are serving more and more important roles in politics U.S. Senate
1993 2 2009 17
29/ 435 US House of Representative 59 now
22 % State Legislature 5X more that in 1969
Power
Gender Inequalities and Politics
Women are serving more and more important roles in politics U.S. Senate
1993 2 2009 17
29/ 435 US House of Representative 59 now 16%
24% State Legislature 5X more that in 1969
1981 1st woman US Supreme Court
2000 2nd 19 years later
12 Governorships Vice Presidential
nomination 1984 Geraldine Ferraro (D) Sarah Palin 2008 (R)
Hillary Clinton president?
Analyzing Gender Inequality
Analyzing Gender Inequality
the Functionalist view Talcott Parsons Gender differences contribute to social
stability and integration
Analyzing Gender Inequality
the Functionalist view Talcott Parsons Gender differences contribute to social
stability and integration Stable, supportive families are the key to
successful socialization
Analyzing Gender Inequality
the Functionalist view Talcott Parsons Gender differences contribute to social
stability and integration Stable, supportive families are the key to
successful socialization Clear cut division of labor
o Women expressive roleso Men Instrumental roles
Analyzing Gender Inequality
the Feminist rebuttal
Analyzing Gender Inequality
the Feminist rebuttal Nothing natural about gender inequality
Analyzing Gender Inequality
the Feminist rebuttal Nothing natural about gender inequality Humans socialized into expected roles
o All for the convenience of men
Analyzing Gender Inequality
Feminism and its history
Analyzing Gender Inequality
Feminism and its history Biology is not destiny for gender inequality
Analyzing Gender Inequality
Feminism and its history Biology is not destiny for gender inequality Stratification by gender is wrong
Analyzing Gender Inequality
Feminism and its history Biology is not destiny for gender inequality Stratification by gender is wrong Women have accepted their status as morally
right
Analyzing Gender Inequality
Feminism and its history Biology is not destiny for gender inequality Stratification by gender is wrong Women have accepted their status as morally
right Resistance against this is in order
Feminism
First Wave 1920’s
Feminism
First Wave 1920’s
Liberals wanted to reform all institutions of society
Feminism
First Wave 1920’s
Liberals wanted to reform all institutions of society
Conservatives win the vote for women
Feminism
First Wave 1920’s
Liberals wanted to reform all institutions of society
Conservatives win the vote for women
Liberalist branch dissolved after the vote was won
Feminism
Second Wave 1960’s
Feminism
Second Wave 1960’s
Civil Rights Movements Equality in Job
opportunities and pay Changing policies
towards greater equality
Feminism
Second Wave 1960’s
Civil Rights Movements Equality in Job
opportunities and pay Changing policies
towards greater equality
Liberal Radicals hostility toward men
Feminism
Second Wave 1960’s
Civil Rights Movements Equality in Job
opportunities and pay Changing policies
towards greater equality
Liberal Radicals hostility toward men
Feminism
Second Wave 1960’s
Civil Rights Movements Equality in Job
opportunities and pay Changing policies
towards greater equality
Liberal Radicals hostility toward men
Conservative Radicals return to traditional family roleso Address the “real” needs
of today’s women
Feminism
Second Wave 1960’s
Dissolved with Civil rights movements dissolution
Too many voices demanding unrealistic expectation
Liberal Radicals hostility toward men
Conservative Radicals return to traditional family roleso Address the “real” needs
of today’s women
Feminism
Third Wave 1995 - Now
Feminism
Third Wave 1995 – Now
(1) Globalized approach greater focus on the problems of women in low income nations
o Genital mutilation – clitoradectimy
Feminism
Third Wave 1995 – Now
(1) Globalized approach greater focus on the problems of women in low income nations
(2) Criticize values that dominate work and society
Feminism
Third Wave 1995 – Now
(1) Globalized approach greater focus on the problems of women in low income nations
(2) Criticize values that dominate work and society
o Competition cooperationo Toughness connectiono Callous emotions opennesso Independence interdependence
Feminism
Third Wave 1995 – Now
(1) Globalized approach greater focus on the problems of women in low income nations
(2) Criticize values that dominate work and society (3) Remove impediments to women’s love and
sexual pleasures
The Third Wave: Feminism of TodayThe 4 most popular braches of Feminism in the
3rd wave: Liberal Feminism Radical Feminism Black Feminism Freudian Feminism
Feminism
Liberal Feminism
Feminism
Liberal Feminism• Looks into social and cultural attitudes
Feminism
Liberal Feminism• Looks into social and cultural attitudes• Establish equality through legislation
Democracy
Feminism
Liberal Feminism• Looks into social and cultural attitudes• Establish equality through legislation
Democracy• Work within the existing system reform
Feminism
Liberal Feminism• Looks into social and cultural attitudes• Establish equality through legislation
Democracy• Work within the existing system reform• Enshrine equality within the legal system
Feminism
Liberal Feminism• Looks into social and cultural attitudes• Establish equality through legislation
Democracy• Work within the existing system reform• Enshrine equality within the legal system
o Unsuccessful in dealing with root causes
Feminism
Liberal Feminism• Looks into social and cultural attitudes• Establish equality through legislation
Democracy• Work within the existing system reform• Enshrine equality within the legal system
o Unsuccessful in dealing with root causeso Doesn’t account for systematic nature of
inequality
Feminism
Radical Feminism
Feminism
Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women
Feminism
Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination
Feminism
Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination
Feminism
Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination
o Appropriation of women’s bodies and sexuality
Feminism
Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination
o Appropriation of women’s bodies and sexualityo Men control when women are to have children
dependence
Feminism
Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination
o Appropriation of women’s bodies and sexualityo Men control when women are to have children
dependence
o Free domestic labor
Feminism
Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination
o Appropriation of women’s bodies and sexualityo Men control when women are to have children
dependence
o Free domestic laboro Women denied positions of power
Feminism
Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination
o Appropriation of women’s bodies and sexualityo Men control when women are to have children
dependence
o Free domestic laboro Women denied positions of power Emancipation abolish family
Feminism
Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination
o Appropriation of women’s bodies and sexualityo Men control when women are to have children
dependence
o Free domestic laboro Women denied positions of power Emancipation abolish family Liberation is impossible through reforms
Feminism
Radical Feminism Men are responsible for the exploitation of women Systematic patriarchal domination Family primary source of domination
o Appropriation of women’s bodies and sexualityo Men control when women are to have children
dependence
o Free domestic laboro Women denied positions of power Emancipation abolish family Liberation is impossible through reforms Overthrow patriarchal order
Feminism
Black Feminism
Feminism
Black Feminism
Feminism
Black Feminism Ethnic divisions not considered by liberals and
radicals white, middle class, highly industrialized societies
Feminism
Black Feminism Ethnic divisions not considered by liberals and
radicals white, middle class, highly industrialized societies
Emphasize historyo Aspects of the past inform about current problemso Discrimination on bases of race and gender
Feminism
Black Feminism Ethnic divisions not considered by liberals and
radicals white, middle class, highly industrialized societies
Emphasize historyo Aspects of the past inform about current problemso Discrimination on bases of race and gender
Family main force against racism
Feminism
Black Feminism Ethnic divisions not considered by liberals and
radicals white, middle class, highly industrialized societies
Emphasize historyo Aspects of the past inform about current problemso Discrimination on bases of race and gender
Family main force against racism
Multiply Disadvantaged class, race, gender
Feminism
Freudian Feminism
Feminism
Freudian Feminism Upbringing is the unconscious part of the conscious woman
Feminism
Freudian Feminism Upbringing is the unconscious part of the conscious woman Growing up solidarity with mothers
Feminism
Freudian Feminism Upbringing is the unconscious part of the conscious woman Growing up solidarity with mothers Disclosure of all inner thought
strong bond with motherso Oedipus effect girl wants the father out of the way to have the
mother all to herself
Feminism
Freudian Feminism Upbringing is the unconscious part of the conscious woman Growing up solidarity with mothers Disclosure of all inner thought
strong bond with motherso Oedipus effect girl wants the father out of the way to have the
mother all to herself
Girls remain to bond further with their mothers Boys leave to embrace the misogynist culture
Feminism
Freudian Feminism
Girls maintain strong bonds with mothers until ready to leave to live with men
Feminism
Freudian Feminism
Girls maintain strong bonds with mothers until ready to leave to live with men
Unsatisfied in relationships with men
Feminism
Freudian Feminism
Girls maintain strong bonds with mothers until ready to leave to live with men
Unsatisfied in relationships with men Enter into relationships with women
o Analogous to lesbian relationshipso One is the mother the other is the daughtero Not good option Societal stigma
Feminism
Freudian Feminism
Girls maintain strong bonds with mothers until ready to leave to live with men
Unsatisfied in relationships with men Enter into relationships with women
o Analogous to lesbian relationshipso One is the mother the other is the daughtero Not good option Societal stigma
May want to bear a child daughtero Fill the void in the absence of their motherso May even want to give a daughter to their mothers
Feminism
Freudian Feminism
Mother
-
-
Daughter Grand-daughter
Feminism
Freudian Feminism
Mother
-
-
Daughter Grand-daughter
•Triangulated relationship mother, daughter & grand
oReinforce roles of women
Feminism
Freudian Feminism
Mother
-
-
Daughter Grand-daughter
•Triangulated relationship mother, daughter & grand
oReinforce roles of women
•OVERIDENTIFY with the role of women
Feminism
Freudian Feminism
Mother
-
-
Daughter Grand-daughter
•Triangulated relationship mother, daughter & grand
oReinforce roles of women
•OVERIDENTIFY with the role of women
Men are less socially dependent
Feminism
Freudian Feminism
Mother
-
-
Daughter Grand-daughter
•Triangulated relationship mother, daughter & grand
oReinforce roles of women
•OVERIDENTIFY with the role of women
Men are less socially dependent
Conflict between men and women
