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Chapter OneFoundations of Civilization
Prehistory-3000 B.C.
Section Three
Beginnings of Civilization
Farmers began cultivating lands along river valleys and producing surplus, or extra, food.
Surpluses helped populations expand.
As populations grew, some villages swelled into cities.
The Neolithic Revolution turned nomads into farmers. It took surpluses of agricultural products to create the first
civilizations.
What Are the Basic Features of Civilization?
A civilization is a complex, highly organized social
order. Historians have identified eight basic features found
in most early civilizations.
Early civilizations began near rivers.
River Valley Civilizations
The earliest civilizations developed along rivers in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China.
cities
job specialization
art and architecture
public works
complex religions
social classes
writing
central governments
The eight basic features found in most early civilizations are:
evidence of cities
Ston
The Neolithic
city of Catalhoyuk,
in central Turkey,
dates back to 7400 B.C.
evidence of cities In the New World, the domestication of plants and
animals occurred independently of Old World
developments.
By 1500 B.C., Neolithic cultures based on the
cultivation of corn, beans, squash, and
other plants led to the rise of the Inca and Aztec civilizations.This is Machu Picchu in Peru’s Andes Mountains
evidence of central governments
The earliest governments were
patriarchal. Fathers governed their families; and from the family to
the tribe, from the tribe to the nation -
governments were extensions of that
patriarchal authority.
evidence of central governments
Cuneiform tablets, like this one from the ancient city of Nuzi in northern
Iraq, recorded laws that codified the
patriarchal structure of early civilizations.
Such laws allowed childless
couples to adopt a male servant who
would become their heir.
A father was required to find a wife for his sons and arrange marriage contracts for the daughters
evidence of central governments
Zhengzhou, in Central China’s
Henan province, is the site of an archaeological
study of a palace from the early Shang Dynasty (1600 B.C. to 1046 B.C.).
evidence of writing
Pictographs are signs or symbols that represent words or phrases. The
earliest forms of writing were pictographs, like these
on a clay tablet from 4th century B.C. Sumer.
evidence of writing
These are some modern pictographs.
evidence of writing
Akhet is the Egyptian hieroglyph representing the place where the sun rises and sets. It is
often translated as “horizon.”
Pictographs like these from ancient Egypt are the earliest
known form of writing.
evidence of writing
Egyptian hieroglyphics used pictographic and alphabetic elements. The football shapes in the image on the left represent the “s” and “r” sounds.
evidence of writing
These Maya glyphs (at left) were created in stucco.
These are Egyptian hieroglyphs inscribed
on clay. (below)
evidence of writing
This is the scapula of an ox with
an inscription from the
Shang dynasty. This is an oracle bone pit at the
Shang Dynasty capitol at Henan.
evidence of writing
The Code of Hammurabi
was inscribed in cuneiform on stele, like this one, and
placed in public so that
everyone could see it.
evidence of writing
Scribes had to undergo training.
Scribes became members of a
privileged élite who might look with contempt
upon their fellow citizens. An ancient Egyptian scribe from
around 2400 B.C.
evidence of social classes
Hammurabi’s 8th law
If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold therefor; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if
the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death.
Penalties for breaking the law varied according to the social class of the offender and the victim.
evidence of social classes
In ancient Egypt, a
person’s social class was
determined by his practical
distance from the pharaoh.
evidence of complex religions
In the Neolithic Period, early civilizations like the
Sumerians and the Egyptians had polytheistic religions, or religions with many gods, like the many gods of Greek and Roman
mythology.
This carving shows the Sumerian sun god
Shamash being visited by a king and two other gods.
evidence of complex religions
Egyptian religious practice centered on the pharaoh, the king of Egypt. Although a human, the Pharaoh was believed to be descended from the gods.
HORUS SET THOTH KHNUM HATHOR SOBEK RA AMON PTAH ANUBIS OSIRIS ISIS
evidence of complex religions
Stone statues are believed to have had religious meaning. Statues of
pregnant women suggest that early people worshiped
earth-mother goddesses. This is Mut, one of Egypt's earliest mother goddesses
Early people began
burying their dead with care, suggesting a belief in life after death.
evidence of complex religions
This is a Maya temples in Chichén Itzá on the Yucatán
Peninsula in southern Mexico.Temple I, Tikal,
Guatemala
The Temple of the Cross pyramid at the Maya ruins of Palenque in the
state of Chiapas in Mexico.
This is a corridor with an
irrigation canal at the royal quarters
of Phaistos on the
island of Crete.
Many Neolithic
public works projects
were meant to improve
irrigation for agriculture.
Much of that
evidence is lost.
evidence of public works
Mohenjo-Daro was built around 2600 B.C. It had a central marketplace, with
a large central well. Individual households or
groups of households obtained their water from
smaller wells. Waste water was channeled to covered drains that lined
the major streets.
evidence of public works
This is the Great Bath at Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan’s Indus River Valley. It is 39 feet long.
evidence of public works
These are Russian
photographers atop the Great
Pyramid at Giza in 2013.
Climbing the pyramids is
illegal.
When surpluses allowed Neolithic
tool makers recreational time,
some began to create works of art.
evidence of arts and architecture
evidence of art and architectureThis is the reconstructed
facade of the Great Ziggurat of Ur, near
Nasiriyah, Iraq. Below, U.S. soldiers climb the ziggurat
in 2010.
evidence of job specialization
This Neolithic grindstone was used for processing grain.
Reliable food sources led to job specialization. Food surpluses allowed societies to support leaders, artists, craftsmen,
priests, scribes, and soldiers because it wasn’t necessary for everyone to grew his own food.
Musicians were trained in schools and formed an important
professional class in Mesopotamia.
evidence of job specialization
Some ancient Egyptians were
craftsmen, doctors, lawyers,
engineers, military leaders,
scribes, and priests, but
most people were farmers.
A flat, copper chisel used for stone work in
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egyptians invented the Chorobates like the one
above. A Chorobates helped engineers to create level
structures.
Cultural Diffusion
Cultural diffusion is the spread of ideas,
customs, and technologies from one people to another. In the Neolithic period,
cultural diffusion occurred through
migration, trade, and warfare.
Cultural DiffusionPeople was discovered in about 9000 B.C. in the Middle East. A
copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC.
Just like agriculture, copper smelting was
invented locally in several different
places.
Cultural Diffusion
Gunpowder technology followed the same routes as the Mongol invasions of the Middle East and Europe.
Gunpowder emerged in
China in about 900
A.D. In 1000 A.D.,
the Chinese invented the flame thrower.
and now…
some more final exam questions…
Which geographic feature had a major influence on the development of both Egyptian and
Mesopotamian civilizations?
a) cool temperatures
b) mountains
c) locations near a strait
d) river valleys
Which geographic feature had a major influence on the development of both Egyptian and
Mesopotamian civilizations?
a) cool temperatures
b) mountains
c) locations near a strait
d) river valleys
Which is a characteristic shared by the Ancient Egyptian Civilization, Ancient Mesopotamian
civilizations, Ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and Ancient Chinese Civilization?
a) Anyone who wasn’t wealthy was a slave.
b) Each had an organized religion.
c) They used the same coins for money.
d) They spoke the same language.
Which is a characteristic shared by the Ancient Egyptian Civilization, Ancient Mesopotamian
civilizations, Ancient Indus Valley Civilization, and Ancient Chinese Civilization?
a) Anyone who wasn’t wealthy was a slave.
b) Each had an organized religion.
c) They used the same coins for money.
d) They spoke the same language.
The most common farming feature shared by all river civilizations of the ancient world was
a) using cattle for work.
b) designing and using irrigation in fields.
c) the practice of sifting grain from a screen.
d) the use of plows only made from stones.
The most common farming feature shared by all river civilizations of the ancient world was
a) using cattle for work.
b) designing and using irrigation in fields.
c) the practice of sifting grain from a screen.
d) the use of plows only made from stones.