Chapter 1 -Chapter 1 - Prehistory to Prehistory to

2500 B.C. 2500 B.C.

Section 1- Human Origins in Section 1- Human Origins in AfricaAfrica

►Main IdeaMain Idea -Fossil -Fossil Evidence shows that Evidence shows that the earliest humans the earliest humans originated in Africaoriginated in Africa

► This matters today This matters today because it shows us because it shows us what humans used what humans used to survive, grow in to survive, grow in numbers, and spread numbers, and spread across the globe.across the globe.

Nariokotome Boy, or “Turkana Boy,” a Homo erectus found by Alan Walker and Richard Leakey, Lake Turkana, Kenya is the most complete Homo erectus ever found.

Scientists discover cluesScientists discover clues► Fossil – human or Fossil – human or

animal remainsanimal remains

► Artifacts – tools, Artifacts – tools, jewelry, and other jewelry, and other human made human made objectsobjects

► Culture –ways of life Culture –ways of life and behaviorsand behaviors

Two Kinds of ScientistsTwo Kinds of Scientists

►Archaeologists are scientists who learn Archaeologists are scientists who learn about early people by excavating and about early people by excavating and studying the traces of early studying the traces of early settlements.settlements.

►Anthropologists study artifacts and Anthropologists study artifacts and fossils discovered by archaeologists to fossils discovered by archaeologists to describe prehistoric ways of life and describe prehistoric ways of life and behaviorsbehaviors

What did they find?What did they find?

►Hominids – creatures and humans that Hominids – creatures and humans that walk upright started 3 to 4 million years walk upright started 3 to 4 million years agoago

►Page 8 of your textbook has a timeline Page 8 of your textbook has a timeline of early man and his accomplishmentsof early man and his accomplishments

►The inventions of tools, use of fire, and The inventions of tools, use of fire, and development of language occurred in development of language occurred in the era called the Stone Age.the era called the Stone Age.

Stone AgeStone Age

► Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age is is also called the old also called the old Stone Age lasted Stone Age lasted from 2.5 million to from 2.5 million to 8000 B.C. 8000 B.C.

► The oldest chopping The oldest chopping tools date back to tools date back to this era. this era.

► Same time as Ice Same time as Ice Age in Earth’s Age in Earth’s history.history.

►Neolithic AgeNeolithic Age or or the new Stone Age the new Stone Age is 8000 B.C. to 3000 is 8000 B.C. to 3000 B.C. B.C.

► People learned to People learned to grow crops and grow crops and raise animals during raise animals during this time.this time.

► They also polished They also polished stone tools and stone tools and made potterymade pottery

Where do we come from?Where do we come from?

► Homo erectus Homo erectus eventually developed eventually developed into Homo sapiens or into Homo sapiens or “wise man”.“wise man”.

► Though modern Though modern Homo sapiens Homo sapiens resembled Homo resembled Homo erectus the homo erectus the homo sapiens had much sapiens had much larger brains.larger brains.

► Cro-Magnons were Cro-Magnons were the earliest Homo the earliest Homo sapienssapiens

Section 2 - Humans Try to Section 2 - Humans Try to Control NatureControl Nature

►Main IdeaMain Idea The development of The development of agriculture spurred an increase in agriculture spurred an increase in population and growth in a settled way population and growth in a settled way of life.of life.

►This is important to know today This is important to know today because the new methods of obtaining because the new methods of obtaining food and the development of food and the development of technology laid the foundation for technology laid the foundation for modern civilization.modern civilization.

Achievements in Technology Achievements in Technology and Artand Art

►Nomads –wondering Nomads –wondering people who move people who move place to placeplace to place

►Hunter-gatherers- Hunter-gatherers- hunting animals and hunting animals and collecting plant foodcollecting plant food

►Nomads were Nomads were mainly hunter-mainly hunter-gatherersgatherers

► They invented tools They invented tools such as special such as special spears for hunting spears for hunting and digging sticks and digging sticks for prying plants for prying plants from their roots.from their roots.

Neolithic RevolutionNeolithic Revolution

Causes of the Agricultural Revolution

Change in Climate- It got warmer

Longer Growing seasons

Farming steady source of food unlike hunting

Neolithic Revolution continued:Neolithic Revolution continued:

►Slash and burn farming – cutting of Slash and burn farming – cutting of trees and burning of grasses to clear a trees and burning of grasses to clear a fieldfield

►Domestication- taming of animals for Domestication- taming of animals for food or work. food or work.

►Taming of horses and dogs were to Taming of horses and dogs were to help man with their labors. help man with their labors.

► Taming goats, pigs, cows was for foodTaming goats, pigs, cows was for food

Farming Develops around the Farming Develops around the worldworld

► Africa – Nile River Valley – grew wheat, Africa – Nile River Valley – grew wheat, barley, and other crops - huge agricultural barley, and other crops - huge agricultural centercenter

► China – Chang Jiang River Delta –first China – Chang Jiang River Delta –first domestication of wild rice - and Huang He domestication of wild rice - and Huang He River Valley – type of grain called milletRiver Valley – type of grain called millet

► Mexico and Central America – cultivated Mexico and Central America – cultivated corn, beans, and squashcorn, beans, and squash

► Peru- first to grow tomatoes sweet potatoes Peru- first to grow tomatoes sweet potatoes and white potatoesand white potatoes

Section 3 – Civilization Section 3 – Civilization Case Study: Ur in SumerCase Study: Ur in Sumer

►Main Idea Main Idea Prospering agricultural Prospering agricultural villages, food surpluses and new villages, food surpluses and new technology led to the rise of technology led to the rise of civilization.civilization.

►This is important to know today This is important to know today because contemporary civilization because contemporary civilization share the same characteristics typical share the same characteristics typical of ancient civilizations.of ancient civilizations.

Ur of Sumer Ur of Sumer

A drawing of the Ziggurat at Ur.

Artist's painting of a Sumerian city.

Another conception of a Sumerian city.The houses were constructed of dried

clay bricks with woven reed roofs.

Ur of Sumer TodayUr of Sumer Today

Key Traits of CivilizationKey Traits of CivilizationCharacteristicsCharacteristics Examples From SumerExamples From Sumer

Advanced CitiesAdvanced Cities • Uruk- population of about 10,000 which doubled in Uruk- population of about 10,000 which doubled in two centuriestwo centuries• Lagash – population of about 19,000Lagash – population of about 19,000• Umma – about 16,000Umma – about 16,000

SpecializedSpecialized

WorkersWorkers

•Priests TeachersPriests Teachers•Metal workers ScribesMetal workers Scribes•Soldiers FarmersSoldiers Farmers•Merchants Government officialsMerchants Government officials

Complex InstitutionsComplex Institutions • Formal governments with officials and lawsFormal governments with officials and laws•Priests with both religious and political powerPriests with both religious and political power•A rigorous education system for training of scribesA rigorous education system for training of scribes

Record KeepingRecord Keeping Cuneiform tablets – records of business transactions, Cuneiform tablets – records of business transactions, historical events, customs, and traditionshistorical events, customs, and traditions

Advanced TechnologyAdvanced Technology •The wheel, the plow, and the sailboat probably in The wheel, the plow, and the sailboat probably in daily usedaily use•Bronze weapons and body armor that gave Bronze weapons and body armor that gave Sumerians a military advantage over their enemy.Sumerians a military advantage over their enemy.