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CHAPTER NINE:Leadership and Leaders
What is Leadership?
The use of communication to modify others’ attitudes & behaviors to meet goals Accomplished through
communication Involves persuasion and
discussion
Types of Power & Influence
Influence: use of interpersonal power to modify actions/attitudes
Legitimate power: based on title or position
Reward power: derived from ability to give members what they want/need
Punishment power: derived from ability to take away what members want/value
Coercion: Use of threats or force to ensure compliance
Types of Power & Influence
Expert power: based on person’s perceived knowledge/skills
Referent power: based on a person’s ability to be liked/admired
Information power: degree of control a person has over flow of information
Ecological power: derived from ability to control how work is organized & physical environment
What is a Leader?
Individual who uses interpersonal influence to help group achieve its goals Designated leader: Appointed or
elected; title identifies him/her as leader
Emergent leader: Begins at same status as others, but gradually emerges as informal leader in eyes of other members
Characteristics of Leaders
Communication regarding task is significant predictor of leadership emergence
Other traits include: Effective listening
Self-monitoring
Extraversion & sociability
Intelligence
Leadership Myths
Leadership is an inherent personality traitBut…no single trait differentiates leaders from members
…not all situations require same trait
…leadership traits are behaviors that can be learned
There is one ideal leadership styleBUT…different situations call for different styles
Leadership Styles Autocratic Leaders: task-oriented; make all
decisions for group NEGATIVE: Can stifle creativity & enthusiasm
POSITIVE: Can make for very productive groups
Democratic leaders: want participation from all members Members tend to be more satisfied &
participate more
Members are more committed to group’s decision
Laissez-Faire leaders: extremely hands-off Because there is no structure, groups tend to
waste time
Other Leadership Styles
Transformative Leadership: ability to inspire others to a greater good beyond self-interest
Charismatic leadership: focused on the extraordinary qualities of leader that move others to act
Leadership Dynamics
Functional Concept of Group Leadership: says that all group members can & should perform all group functions
• Requires leader to figure out what functions are needed & supply them
• Assumes that all members can learn a variety of behaviors & can be leaders
Contingency Concept of Group Leadership: the situation determines the best leadership approach
• Requires leader consider type of task, how well members work together, and how well they work with leader
• Different situations call for different leadership styles
Leadership Dynamics
Distributed Concept of Group Leadership: leadership is spread among members, with each member expected to perform the communication behaviors needed to move the group toward goal
Leader acts as guide & completer monitor the group’s process
identify what functions are missing
supply missing functions or ask a member to do so
Leadership Duties
Meeting planning
Define purpose, communicate it to members
Communicate logistics (time, place, etc.)
Acquire resource people/experts
Make physical arrangements for meeting
Meeting Followup
Keep track of assignments
Serve as liaison with other groups
Managing Written Communication
Leadership Duties
Leading Group Discussions Initiating Discussion
Reduce primary tension
Review meeting purpose, outcomes
Provide handouts
Establish special roles as needed
Suggest procedures
Structuring Discussions Stay goal-focused; watch for digression
Summarize each major step or decision
Structure time
Bring discussion to close
Leadership Duties
Leading Group Discussions Equalizing Opportunity to Participate
Address comments to group, not individuals
Control dominating members
Encourage quiet members
Avoid commenting after members’ remarks
Bounce back questions of interpretation
Remain neutral during arguments
Stimulating Creative Thinking Suggest techniques that will tap into creativity
Encourage continual flow of ideas
Discuss problem components individually
Force alternative perspectives
Leadership Duties
Leading Group Discussions Stimulating Critical Thinking
Encourage members to evaluate information & reasoning
Ensure all members understand criteria used in making judgments
Test all solutions
Appoint “devil’s advocate” to poke holes
Fostering Improvement See how previous meeting could have
been improved
Establish goals for improvement for next meeting
Group Development
Establish climate of trust• Establish norms that build trust
• Function as coordinator, not dictator
• Encourage interaction between members
Develop teamwork & promote cooperation• Use “us” & “we,” not “I” & “you”
• Develop group name, logo, or symbol
• Watch for hidden agendas that conflict with group goals
• Use appropriate conflict management tactics
• Share rewards with the group
• Lighten up!
Encouraging Distributed Leadership
Analyze group needs Adapt your behavior to fit group
needs Focus on task rather than social
relationships Balance participation with listening Express yourself clearly Be knowledgeable about group
processes & techniques
Ethical Guidelines for Leaders
Never lie or send deceptive/harmful messages Place concern for the group ahead of your own
personal gain Be respectful & sensitive to others Stand behind others when they carry out tasks
approved by group Treat members with equal respect regardless of
gender, ethnicity, social background, lifestyle, sexual orientation, etc.
Establish clear policies that all members are expected to follow
Follow the group rules yourself