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Lesson 1: The Pulmonary-Circulatory System

Lesson 2: Pressure and the Body

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pulmonary system

breathing

lungs

pneumonia

suffocation

asthma

circulatory system

atrium

10.1 The Pulmonary-Circulatory System

ventricle

artery

capillary

vein

heart attack

stroke

heart

The Pulmonary System

• Our pulmonary system contains tissues and organs specialized for:


– Taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from out bodies

– Exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide

Breathing

• Breathing is the process of air entering and exiting our lungs.


Breathing (cont.)

• The trachea forks into two branches called bronchi.


• The bronchi are connected to the lungs—the organs of the pulmonary system.

Breathing (cont.)

• The bronchi divide into bronchioles, which are further divided many times into alveoli.


• Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the alveoli.

• The air that now is high in carbon dioxide is exhaled and flows out in the reverse path.

Problems in the Pulmonary System

• We cannot live without air.

• Cells combine food and oxygen to produce energy.

• Problems in the pulmonary system prevent oxygen from reaching the lungs.


Pneumonia

• Caused by contact with mucus from an infected person or the introduction of bacteria or viruses from the mouth and throat into the lungs

• One of the leading causes of death in the U.S.


Suffocation

• Suffocation occurs when the lungs and body do not receive enough oxygen.

• Causes of:

– Choking

– Children with blankets or plastic bags covering their faces

– Gases such as carbon monoxide


Asthma

• A disease of the airways to the lungs


• Most common long-term disease in children

• Triggers include air pollution, smog, and ozone

Normal bronchiole

Constricted bronchiole

The Circulatory System

• Oxygen, food, other nutrients, and waste products are transported to and from cells by blood.


• The circulatory system contains the heart and blood vessels, and transports blood throughout the body.

Circulatory System

Blood

• Blood is a tissue that contains many different substances, including cells.


– Plasma is 90% water.

– The remaining 10% is ions, proteins, and other substances.

• Blood is 55% plasma.

Blood (cont.)


Heart• The heart is the organ of the circulatory system that

pumps blood.


• The atria (singular, atrium) are the two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood.

• The ventricles are the two lower chambers that pump blood out of the heart.

Heart (cont.)

• Deoxygenated blood travels from the right atrium to the right ventricle, the lungs, the left atrium, the left ventricle, and to the body.


Heart (cont.)10.1 The Pulmonary-

Circulatory System

Blood Vessels• Blood travels to and from the

heart in vessels.

• Arteries are vessels that carry blood away from the heart to organs of the body.


• Arteries branch into smaller vessels called capillaries, which deliver oxygen and nutrients to the organs.

Blood Vessels (cont.)

• The capillaries transport carbon dioxide and wastes, then join with larger vessels that carry the blood on its return path.

• These vessels connect to larger vessels called veins that carry blood to the heart.


Blood Vessels (cont.)

• All blood vessels have the same structure.

– Inner lining: thin, flat layer of cells where the blood and the vessel wall meet

– Next layer: connective tissue followed by a layer of smooth muscle

– Final layer: connective tissue that contains nerves and supplies the larger vessels with nutrients


Problems in Circulatory System• Circulatory system problems prevent oxygen from

reaching cells and can lead to health problems and death.

• Cardiovascular disease are the diseases of the heart and blood vessels.

• Cardiovascular disease causes more than half the deaths in the U.S.


Problems in Circulatory System (cont.)

• Risk factors include:– being overweight

– a diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol

– smoking

– high blood sugar

– physical inactivity

– consuming too much alcohol


Heart Attack• A heart attack occurs if the coronary arteries cannot

supply enough blood to the heart.


Stroke

• A stroke is the death of brain tissue.


Exchanges Between the Pulmonary and Circulatory Systems• The air in the alveoli and blood in the

capillaries must be able to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide freely.


Gas Exchange• Perhaps the most important exchange between the pulmonary

and circulatory systems is gas exchange in the lungs.


• No energy is required—the gases move from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.

Exchange in the Lungs

• Alveoli are surrounded by capillaries.


• When the level of carbon dioxide in your lungs becomes great enough, you exhale without thinking.

Exchange in the Lungs (cont.)

• Respiration and breathing are not the same.


• Respiration uses oxygen and food to produce energy.

• Breathing is the physical process of inhalation and exhalation.

Preventing Problems in the Pulmonary and Circulatory Systems


• Family history, or genetics, partially determines your risk.

• However, a healthy lifestyle is the best way to prevent cardiopulmonary problems.

Lesson 1 Review

What two branches does the trachea fork into?

A lungs

B brachia

C bronchi

D bronchioles


Lesson 1 Review

What is the term for the iron-containing proteins in red blood cells?

A platelets

B plasma

C hemoglobin

D ions


Lesson 1 Review

What type of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart to organs of the body?

A arteries

B capillaries

C veins

D ventricles


End of Lesson 1

pressure

hypertension

shock

10.2 Pressure and the Body

What is pressure?

• Many different units are used to measure pressure—mmHg, psi, Pa.

• Pressure is the amount of force per unit area.


Deflated tire with very low pressure

Inflated tire with full

pressure

Changing Pressure

• Pressure increases as you decrease the size of the area to which a constant force is applied.

• The equation for finding pressure is:

• Pressure increases as you increase the amount of force applied to a constant area.


Pressure in the Pulmonary System

• The volume of the lungs is expanded, and the pressure in the alveoli decreases.

• When you inhale, air is pulled into your lungs, not pushed.


Pressure in the Pulmonary System


Pressure in the Circulatory System• Without pressure, blood vessels would not be able to

transport blood to all tissues.


• The heart is a muscle that contracts.

• When the heart contracts, the volume inside the chamber decreases.

• Blood is forced out of the chamber and the chamber gets smaller.

Pumping in One Direction• It is important for blood to move in one direction as the

heart pumps.


• The contractions of the heart muscles create areas of greater and lesser pressure, pumping blood through the heart.

Pumping in One Direction (cont.)


• Continuous surges keep the blood moving through the arteries.

Problems with Blood Pressure• Hypertension is a dangerous rise in blood pressure

caused by blockages in or the hardening of blood vessels.


Stress Inactivity

Normal

Atherosclerosis• Hypertension is a disease caused

by genetic and environmental factors.

What factors affect the likelihood of hypertension?

Problems with Blood Pressure (cont.)

• Shock is a condition in which a large amount of blood is lost, usually in a short period of time.


• Under some circumstances such as internal bleeding, blood leaves the vessels and blood pressure decreases.

• The heart is not able to pump blood to all tissues without pressure.

Lesson 2 Review

How is blood pressure measured?

A millimeters of mercury

B pounds per square inch

C grams per square millimeter

D pascal


Lesson 2 Review

When is air pulled into the lungs?

A when pressure in the alveoli increases

B when the pressure in the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure

C when the chest cavity contracts

D when the diaphragm moves upward


Lesson 2 Review

Which of the following does not contribute to hypertension?

A genetics

B a diet high in cholesterol

C lack of exercise

D a diet low in salt


End of Lesson 2

Chapter Assessment

California Standards Practice

Concepts in Motion

Image Bank

Science Online

Chapter Resources Menu

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

What is the term for the muscle below your rib cage which contacts and relaxes as you breathe?

A pharynx

B larynx

C trachea

D diaphragm

Chapter Assessment 1

What term describes fragments of cells in your blood?

A white blood cells

B hemoglobin

C platelets

D plasma


Which is not a risk factor for heart disease?

A smoking

B physical activity

C high blood sugar

D being overweight


How have you changed the pressure on your body if you change your position from lying down to standing up?

A increase in the amount of force applied

B increase in the size of the area to which a force is applied

C decrease in the amount of force applied

D decrease in the size of the area to which a force is applied


What is shock?

A hardening of the blood vessels

B internal bleeding

C loss of blood and blood pressure

D a genetic and environmental disease


What occurs if coronary arteries cannot supply enough blood to the heart?

A stroke

B heart attack

C asthma

D pneumonia

CA Standards Practice 1

SCI 5.b

What is the name of the smallest blood vessels?

A veins

B alveoli

C arteries

D capillaries


SCI 5.b

What disease is characterized by the build up of thick fluid in the lungs?

A pneumonia

B heart attack

C stroke

D asthma


SCI 5.b

What prevents the backflow of blood?

A contractions of the heart muscle

B the atria

C valves

D constant pumping


SCI 6.j

Where does blood from the lungs go to?

A right atrium

B left atrium

C right ventricle

D left ventricle


SCI 6.j

Concepts in Motion 1

Concepts in Motion 2

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Image Bank

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