Chapter 9 1

Chapter 9

Power Electronics and Clean Energy

“Introduction to Modern Power Electronics”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley 2010by

Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski

Voltage and power as functions of the current drawn from a solar array

Chapter 9 2

Fig. 9.1

CURRENT

VO

LTA

GE

& P

OW

ER

VOLTAGE

POWER

MPP

Voc

IscIMMP

PV array-to-grid interface with a voltage-source inverter

Chapter 9 3

Fig. 9.2

PV ARRAYDC LINK

GR

ID

FILTER

PV array-to-grid interface with a dc-to-dc boost converter and voltage-source inverter

Chapter 9 4

Fig. 9.3

BOOST CONV ERTERPV ARRA Y

INV ERTER

GR

ID

FILTER

PV array-to-grid interface with a boost current-source inverter

Chapter 9 5

Fig. 9.4

INV E RTE R

GR

ID

F ILTE R

P V A RRA YD C LINK

PV array-to-grid interface with a three-phase three-level neutral-clamped inverter (one leg shown only)

Chapter 9 6

Fig. 9.5

F IL TER

to other two ph ases

PV ARRAY 1

PV ARRAY 2

INVERT ER

G RID

PV array-to-grid interface with a single-phase l-level cascaded H-bridge inverter

Chapter 9 7

Fig. 9.6

GRID

FILTE R

INV E RTE R

P V A RRA Y ( l - 1) /2

P V A RRA Y ( l - 3) /2

P V A RRA Y 1

P V A RRA Y 2

Power coefficient versus tip-speed ratio of a typical wind turbine

Chapter 9 8

Fig. 9.7

TIP SPEED RATIO

0 3 6 9 12 15

PO

WE

R C

OE

FF

ICIE

NT

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

opt

Output power of a typical wind turbine as a function of the wind speed

Chapter 9 9

Fig. 9.8

WIND SPEED (m/s)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

PO

WE

R (

p.u.

)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

vco

Wind turbine system with an induction generator (soft-starter not shown)

Chapter 9 10

Fig. 9.9

GEAR BOXT R AN SF OR M ER

GR

ID

R EAC TIVE POW ERC OM PEN SAT OR

T U R BIN E

SQU IR R EL-C AGEIN D U C TION GEN ER ATOR

Wind turbine system with an induction generator and a frequency changer

Chapter 9 11

Fig. 9.10

IN D UC T IONGEN E RA T OR

GEA R BOXT UR B IN ET RA N SFOR MER

GR

IDAC

DC AC

DC

Wind turbine system with an electrically excited synchronous generator and a frequency changer

Chapter 9 12

Fig. 9.11

G E A R B O XT UR B IN E

AC

DC AC

DC

T RA N S F OR M E R

GR

ID

AC

DC

S Y N C HR O NO U S G E NE R A T O R

Wind turbine system with a doubly-fed induction generator

Chapter 9 13

Fig. 9.12

GEA R BOXT UR B IN ET RA N SF OR MER

GR

ID

AC

DC AC

DC

W OUN D -R OT ORIND U CT ION GE N ER A T OR

FC-powered drive system of vehicle

Chapter 9 14

Fig. 9.13

D C

D C

A C

D C

D C

D C

MOTOR

BATTERY

FC

FUEL CELL

WHEELS

TRANSMISSION

FC power system with a boost converter for distributed generation

Chapter 9 15

Fig. 9.14

FC

FUE L CE L L

GR

ID

F IL T E RINV E RT E RB O O S T C ON V E R T E R

FC power system with transformer isolation for distributed generation

Chapter 9 16

Fig. 9.15

FC

FUEL CELL INVERTER

GR

ID

F ILTER

CYCLOCONVERTERTRANSFORMER

Simplified block diagram of the powertrain of an electric vehicle

Chapter 9 17

Fig. 9.16

A C

D C

A C

D C

A C

D C D C

A C

Series electric hybrid powertrain

Chapter 9 18

Fig. 9.17

AC

DC

GENERATOR MOTOR

TRANSMISSION

BATTERY

ENGINE

WHEELS

DC

AC

DC

DC

Parallel electric hybrid powertrain

Chapter 9 19

Fig. 9.18

COUPLING

MOTOR

ENGINE

W HEELS

TRANSMISSION

DC

A C

BATTERY

Series-parallel electric hybrid powertrain

Chapter 9 20

Fig. 9.19

D C

A C

MO T O R W HE E LS

E N GIN EG E NE R ATO R

D C

A C

B ATT E R Y T R ANS MIS S IO N

P O W E R S P L IT D E VIC E