The mythical founders of Rome: twin brothers Romulus and Remus
The legend says that they were raised by a wolf! They want to build
a city - Romulus kills Remus in a fight over where to build their
city, and Romulus builds Rome
Slide 4
The Tiber River flows through Rome from mountains in central
Italy Rome is at the center of a long, narrow peninsula called
Italy Italy is located on the Mediterranean Sea The hills in the
area made Rome easy to defend The fertile soil made it easier to
grow food
Slide 5
Here is a map of Italy and Greece. What similarities do you see
in the geography of the two countries?
Slide 6
900 B.C. The first people settle Rome 600 B.C. A group of
people called the Etruscans held power in Rome They spoke a
different language than most other ancient Italian languages they
probably came from Turkey An Etruscan king ruled, but the Romans
did not like having an all-powerful king tell them what to do 509
B.C. Romans defeated Etruscans and their harsh king, Tarquinius
Superbus The Romans borrowed ideas from Etruscan culture Worshipped
many of the same gods Etruscans and Romans both used Greek alphabet
They both wore the toga a long flowing garment, that almost looked
like a sheet
Slide 7
Republic government was established Republic: Citizens who have
the right to vote select their leaders Romans spoke a language
called Latin 264 B.C. The Romans gain power of the entire Italian
peninsula and the Republic rules over Italy
Slide 8
In the Roman Republic, the most powerful part of the government
was the senate At first, the senate was made up of 300 upper- class
men Patrician a member of a wealthy family in the Roman Republic
only patricians could become Senators in the government Plebeian an
ordinary citizen in Roman Republic Early in the Roman Republic,
plebeians could not be senators
Slide 9
Consul chief official of the government, similar to a U.S.
President 2 consuls led the government They were responsible for
enforcing laws and policies They ruled for one year They usually
did what senate wanted them to do the senate was really more
powerful than the consuls, even though the consuls had the highest
title The senate advised consuls on foreign affairs, laws, and
finances Power was divided equally, both consuls had to agree on
any decision If one made a veto, the matter was dropped Veto the
rejection of any planned action by a person in power Today,
Presidents veto a proposed law if he doesnt like it Consuls were
elected by citizens 367 B.C. plebeians were allowed to become
consuls
Slide 10
A dictator was appointed to handle emergency situations when
consuls disagreed constantly Dictator A Roman official who had the
powers of a king but could only hold office for six months Praetors
Judges in Roman trials Helped to develop rules for courts of
law
Slide 11
Why do you think the Romans wanted to limit the dictators term
of rule to only 6 months?
Slide 12
Patricians and plebeians had different attitudes and interests
Patricians (the rich class) They thought of themselves as leaders
They fought to keep control of the government They grew wealthy
from Roman war conquests With this money, they bought farms, and
slaves worked for them on the farms Plebeians (the average people)
They just wanted to be respected and treated fairly They believed
the Senate was unfair for not allowing them to take part in it They
formed groups to protect their interests They often were out of
work
Slide 13
Since they believed they were being shown disrespect, the
plebeians refused to fight in the Roman army as a protest As a
result, the patricians agreed to establish the Laws of the Twelve
Tables Twelve Tables a set of laws that applied to all citizens, no
matter who they were
Slide 14
The Roman armies conquered new territory Carthage A North
African city, located in modern day Tunisia Carthage held power in
surrounding territory and Spain Rome took over Carthages territory
By 146 B.C., the Romans had destroyed Carthage and conquered Greece
Eventually, Rome took control of Spain and Gaul (modern day
France)
Slide 15
120 B.C. The patricians and plebeians fought over land Private
armies, led by powerful Roman politicians, also fought for power,
resulting in civil war Roman republic was breaking up, but a man
named Julius Caesar emerged as a strong leader
Slide 16
Julius Caesar stepped in to rule Rome From 58 51 B.C., he led
the army that conquered Gaul He helped bring new territory and many
people under Roman control He was much like Alexander the Great he
inspired loyalty from his troops with his strong leadership In 48
B.C., Caesar made himself dictator of Roman lands Dictators were
only supposed to rule for 6 months, but in 44 B.C., Caesar
proclaimed himself dictator for life Caesar ruled with great power
He took power that had belonged to the senate for himself
Slide 17
Caesar slowly took all the powers of government for himself 45
B.C. Caesar became the only consul 44 B.C. Became dictator for life
These actions made many enemies for Caesar March 15, 44 B.C. Caesar
was killed by a group of senators at a senate meeting The Romans
felt Caesar had taken his power too far
Slide 18
After Caesar died, the Romans fought in civil wars, or wars
against people in their own country The civil wars lasted 13 years
After the wars were over, Caesars adopted son, Octavian, held power
The senate gave Octavian the title Augustus, meaning highly
respected Augustus was the first emperor of Rome This began the
Roman Empire, which was led by an all- powerful emperor, and ended
the Roman Republic The republic had lasted 500 years, and Rome had
grown
Slide 19
Slide 20
Before we proceed to 8.2, lets review 8.1. To do this, we are
going to play Two Truths and a Lie. Each group will use their 8.1
Guided Notes to come up with three pieces of information about the
Roman Republic. Two will be true, and one will be false. The other
groups will have to guess which statement is fiction.
Slide 21
To refresh your memory on topics from 8.1, write the correct
answers to these questions on your Do Now paper. 1. Which Roman
leader made himself dictator for life in 44 B.C.? 2. Who was the
first emperor of Rome? 3. How many members did the Roman senate
have at a time? 4. In what year was Julius Caesar
assassinated?
Slide 22
When Augustus gained power, Roman control had spread far beyond
Italy
Slide 23
Augustus gained power in 27 B.C. He did not want to be an
all-powerful emperor instead, he wanted to restore the republic
Augustus respected the senate and wanted to share power with them
He was a good ruler; he did such a good job that the Roman people
wanted to make him an all-powerful emperor
Slide 24
Do you find it strange that the Roman people would want
Augustus to be an all- powerful ruler, instead of sharing power?
Why?
Slide 25
The rule of Augustus began the Roman Empire The Roman Empire
was ruled by a powerful emperor The senate still existed to help
the emperor make decisions, but they had very little power
Slide 26
The Romans expanded their empire by conquering a large amount
of land The Romans took some slaves after conquering lands, but
most people remained free Rome divided its empire into provinces in
order to organize the government Province: an area of the empire
ruled by a Roman governor and supported by an army
Slide 27
The Romans allowed conquered people to follow their own
religions and way of life; they did not force them to do everything
the Romans did As long as there was peace, Roman governors did not
interfere, they only supervised the people The Roman governments
one requirement: they did want people to pay taxes Many people
adopted Roman culture anyway, such as the Latin language and Roman
religion
Slide 28
Augustus died in 14 A.D. After Augustus death, Rome had several
bad emperors Caligula He believed he was a god and was cruel and
unfair Nero He murdered his half- brother, mother, and wife
Caligula and Nero were hated by Romans so much that they removed
them from the official Roman records
Slide 29
In 96 A.D., Rome entered into a period of having good emperors
Hadrian He built a strong government He made laws to protect women,
children, and slaves, which extended throughout the empire He
reorganized and improved the army, making them more
disciplined
Slide 30
As you have learned, a republic is a government in which
citizens elect leaders to make laws for them. An empire is a
government in which an all-powerful emperor makes all the decisions
for everyone and you cant argue with him. If you are facing the
windows, you will write 2 pros and 2 cons of a republic. If you are
facing the door, you will write 2 pros and 2 cons of an empire with
an all-powerful ruler.
Slide 31
Now, discuss the pros and cons of your type of government with
the person next to you, who wrote about the same type of
government. Now, discuss both types of government with your whole
group. As a group, decide which kind of government you would like
to live under, and tell us why.
Slide 32
The Romans greatly admired the Greeks Greek religion influenced
Roman religion Both practiced polytheism belief in more than one
god Many Roman gods were similar or the same as Greek gods Zeus =
Jupiter Poseidon = Neptune The Romans also told stories using
heroes from Greek mythology
Slide 33
The Romans studied Greek knowledge of mathematics, astronomy,
and philosophy They also wanted to understand the world through
reason The Romans developed new concepts in architecture and
engineering The Romans studied Greek styles of art and
architecture, and used them to develop their own styles
Slide 34
In what ways did the Greeks and Romans value learning?
Slide 35
Romans used the arch a curved structure used as a support over
an open space Romans began using concrete to build Concrete a mix
of stone, sand, cement, and water
Slide 36
Colosseum a large amphitheater built in Rome; the site of
combats and contests The Colosseum held between 50,000 and 75,000
people, depending on its setup
Slide 37
Please answer the following questions as you watch Engineering
an Empire: Colosseum.Engineering an Empire: Colosseum When did
construction on the Colosseum begin? How long did it take to
complete? How many people could the Colosseum hold? What are the
two types of games played in the Colosseum? How long did the
Colosseum stay in use?
Slide 38
Roman roads were built very well and spread throughout the
empire All roads lead to Rome Aqueducts structures that carried
water over long distances Aqueducts ran through mountains and
valleys Some are still used today
Slide 39
What are some characteristics of Roman buildings?
Slide 40
Roman law spread throughout the empire Roman system of justice
influences American system of justice it was created by Emperor
Justinian and called Justinians Code People accused of crimes would
have the right to face their accusers Accused person is innocent
until proven guilty
Slide 41
What were two features of Justinians code? Explain their
meaning.
Slide 42
Slide 43
Julius Caesar assassinated, 44 B.C. End of the Roman Republic
Civil war in Rome, 44 27 B.C. Octavian (Augustus) becomes emperor.
Rome is now an EMPIRE (rule by a single ruler) in 27 B.C.
Slide 44
When Augustus gained power, Roman control had spread far beyond
Italy
Slide 45
Augustus gained power in 27 B.C. He did not want to be an
all-powerful emperor instead, he wanted to restore the republic
Augustus respected the senate and wanted to share power with them
He was a good ruler; he did such a good job that the Roman people
wanted to make him an all-powerful emperor
Slide 46
Rome originally hated the idea of the Etruscans having an
all-powerful king that ruled over the area. They overthrew the
Etruscans and began a republic, a form of rule by the people. Now,
they were back to where they started an all- powerful ruler
(Octavian Augustus).
Slide 47
The rule of Augustus began the Roman Empire The Roman Empire
was ruled by a powerful emperor The senate still existed to help
the emperor make decisions, but they had very little power Rome
entered Pax Romana (Roman Peace) an era of 200 years with little
war in Rome
Slide 48
The Romans allowed conquered people to follow their own
religions and way of life; they did not force them to do everything
the Romans did As long as there was peace, Roman governors did not
interfere, they only supervised the people The Roman governments
one requirement: they did want people to pay taxes Many people
adopted Roman culture anyway, such as the Latin language and Roman
religion
Slide 49
Problem with having an all-powerful emperor: some were very bad
rulers! Caligula and Nero are two examples they were so cruel that
the Romans removed them from the official history of Rome!
Slide 50
After Pax Romana (around 180 C.E.), Rome continued expanding
their empire The Romans took some slaves after conquering lands,
but most people remained free Emperor Hadrian expanded as far as
Britain Rome divided its empire into provinces in order to organize
the government Province: an area of the empire ruled by a Roman
governor and supported by an army
Slide 51
Romans used the arch a curved structure used as a support over
an open space Romans began using concrete to build Concrete a mix
of stone, sand, cement, and water
Slide 52
Colosseum a large amphitheater built in Rome; the site of
combats and contests The Colosseum held between 50,000 and 75,000
people, depending on its setup
Slide 53
Please answer the following questions as you watch Engineering
an Empire: Colosseum.Engineering an Empire: Colosseum When did
construction on the Colosseum begin? How long did it take to
complete? How many people could the Colosseum hold? How long did
the Colosseum stay in use? How many people visit the Colosseum
every year?
Slide 54
Roman roads were built very well and spread throughout the
empire All roads lead to Rome Aqueducts structures that carried
water over long distances Aqueducts ran through mountains and
valleys Some are still used today