Chapter 7Pages –

214 to 241

Section 1 –

The French Revolution Begins

I. The Old Order/Regime• _________ social classes called estates• 1st two estates had access to _____________ offices & exempt from

_________________________• 1st two estates also stated that the

_____________________________ were _____________________ & threatened their social status/privileges

• First Estate –– _________________________________________________

• _________% of population & Owned _______ % of land • Provided _________________________ & relief services to poor • Contributed _____ % of their income to ____________________

• Second Estate –– _________________________, ______% of population– Owned ___________% of land & paid almost _______ taxes

• Third Estate – • ________% of population & Paid high taxes• ______________________ THE ________ TWO ESTATES• Believed in ____________________________ Ideals & wanted

gov’t __________________________

– Bourgeoisie/Middle Class:• bankers, factory owners, merchants, artisans, etc. • ______________________________________

– Urban Workers:• apprentices, laborers, & servants. Received __________ wages

– Peasants/Farmers:• made up of __________% of the 3rd estate (_______ mill ppl)• Paid __________ of their wages to taxes

II. Forces of Change• Enlightenment Ideas:– Inspired by ___________________________ – Demanded ____________________________________

• Economic Troubles:– _______________ made it almost impossible to run a

profitable business– Cost of living was ____________________– Widespread _____________ failures = shortage of grain

= price of ______________________= ______________– Extravagant spending by ___________________________– ____________ from previous Kings & _______________– 1786: ______________ refused to lend gov’t money

• Weak Leader:– Louis ___________ • indecisive • paid little attention to __________ & his ________________ • Solution to $ problems --- _____________________________

– Marie Antoinette• Interfered in gov’t • Gave king/husband ____________________• Spent too much money on _______________, jewels, gifts, &

___________________________ – in one year she lost the equivalent of $_______________ playing cards

• Built her own _________________ on the Palace of Versailles grounds

III. Dawn of Revolution• National Assembly:– The Estates-General ______________________ Rules…• assembly of representatives from all ___________ estates• Each estate’s reps. met in a ______________________ hall to

________________________________________• Each estate had _________ vote = ______ votes total (no ties)

– 1789:• ______ estate insisted that all _______ meet together & each

delegate would have a vote• Would give a huge advantage to the _______ b/c they had

more ____________ • ___________ stated they MUST follow ___________________

– Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes: • _________________________ & member of 1st estate• Sympathetic to ______ estate’s cause & enlightenment ideals• Suggested 3rd estate create the __________________________

which would be able to __________________________ & reforms

– June 17, 1789:• National Assembly ________________________• Abolished ___________________________ & started

________________________________________• First deliberate act of the

________________________________

Tennis Court Oath:

• ______ estate ____________________________ of their meeting room

• Broke down a door to an ____________________________________ & pledge to stay until new __________________________ was written

• _____________________ & Clergy who agreed with 3rd estate joined them

• ______________________________surrounded the Palace of Ver. with ____________________________________for protection

• Storming the Bastille:– Rumors…• ______________________was going to use force against the

________________________________• Foreign troops were arriving to ________________________________________________________

– People started gathering __________________ to protect themselves & the ______________________

– July _______, 1789 a mob went looking for ________________ & arms at the _______________ (the prison ran by gov’t)• _____________ guards & seized control of _______________

– Fall of Bastille is symbolic act of ___________________ • July 14th is Bastille Day & celebrated like our

_________________________________

IV. A Great Fear Sweeps France

• Rebellion overcame Paris & then traveled to rural lands

• Rumors…– _____________ hired outlaws to terrorize ___________

• Peasant Reaction…– became ______________ & armed themselves with

______________________ & other farming tools– Broke into ______________________ & burn

________________________ &/or homes

• Price of Bread Rises…

– __________________________ started riots

• Demanded National Assembly provide _________________

• _______________ guards & broke into ___________________ & demanded that the king & queen return to ______________

• Louis XVI _______________ to return, then a few hours later him & his family left the palace __________________________________________

Section 2-

Revolution Brings Reform & Terror

I. The Assembly Reforms France

• The Rights of Man:

– Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen• “_________________________________________________”

• _______________ = “liberty, property, security, & resistance to oppression”

• __________________________ = equal justice, freedom of speech, & freedom of religion

– Leaders adopted slogan: “________________________”

– Ideals didn’t apply to everyone (___________ excluded)

• A State-Controlled Church:

– N. Assem. Reforms: • took over __________________________• Declared that church officials & _______________ were to be

________________ & __________________ as state officials• Proceeds from land helped pay off ______________________

– ___________________________ hated this reform:• Stated the church should be ____________________________

of the state• Believed __________________ should rule over the churches

in France _____________________________________

• Louis XVI Tries to Escape:

– Advisers warned him that he & his family were in danger– Supporters of monarchy/King _____________________

– 1791, Royal family tried to escape to _____________________________________• Marie Antoinette was the Austrian ______________________

– They were _________________ near ______________ & returned to __________________________

II. Divisions Develop

• Limited Monarchy:

– 1791 Nat’l Assem. creates new constitution & Louis XVI approves it with _______________________________

• Created limited _____________________________________

• Took most of king’s __________________________________

• Created “The ___________________________ Assembly”– Had power to ________________________________________– Approve or reject declarations of _______________________– King still had _________________________ power to enforce laws

• Factions Split France:

– _____________________________ & debt still problem

– Legislative Assem. split into __________ groups…• _____________________________ –

– sat on left side of hall – opposed monarchy & wanted LOTS of changes to gov’t

• ______________________________ – – sat in the center & wanted some changes in gov’t

• _______________________________ – – sat on right side of hall – liked limited monarchy & wanted few changes to gov’t

– Émigrés • ___________________ who fled France wanted to

____________ the revolution and reinstate the _____________________________

• Wore fancy ______________________________ pants

– Sans-Culottes “________________________________”

• Workers & small _______________________________

• Wanted _________________________ to bring bigger changes

• Wore regular _______________________________

III. War & Execution – ________________ & _________________ urged France

to restore Louis XVI to an ___________________

– France then ________________________ on ______________________ in April 1792

• France at War:– Prussians were going to destroy ___________ if the

French revolutionaries harmed the ____________________________ who was being held in the palace of _____________________

– French became upset. _________________ men & women stormed the palace, _____________ guards, & then ______________________ the Royal Family

– Rumors… ___________________ of king in ________________ were planning to break out & seize control of _________________________

– Result… ___________________________________…• citizens then took law into their own hands, raided prisons &

murdered over 1,000 prisoners• VICTIMS – ________________________________________

– Leg. Assem. then…• declared the king ________________________________• _________________________________ the Nat’l Assem.• called for election for a new legislature

– New governing body called “the National _______________________”» Abolished ___________________ & declared France a republic» Adult ___________________ granted right to vote & hold offices

• Jacobins Take Control:

– ____________________________• ________________ who brought on most of the gov’t changes• Tried Louis XVI for ____________________. He was found

_______________ & sentenced to death by _______________ on Jan. 21, 1793

– ________________________; most prominent member• Called for death of all those who still _____________________

• The War Continues:

– 1793; ______________________, Holland, & ___________________ became allies with Prussia & Austria

– French lost many battles & then took action…• Draft of ________________ citizens between ages of 18 – 40• 1794 army had over ________________ ppl including women

IV. The Terror Grips France– Jacobins had lots of enemies in France…• ___________________________ upset over execution of king• ____________________ upset over gov’t controlled churches • rival leaders who were causing rebellions

• Robespierre Assumes Control:– Jacobin leader who wanted a “____________________”– Changed calendar into _______ months of _______ days

& renamed the months. • Had no _________________ b/c radicals stated that religion

was old fashioned & dangerous

– Closed all ______________________ in Paris, then closed them all over France

– Became leader of the Committee of _______________________________________• Purpose – to protect ____________________ from its enemies• Enemies were tried in morning & _____________ by afternoon

– Governed France almost like a ___________________ & his rule became known as “_______________________” • Those who challenged his rules were ___________________;

even fellow radicals– Around _____________________________ people – ________________ % were peasants or members of urban

poor/middle class

• Had ________________________________ killed

V. End of the Terror• Members of ________________________turned on

Robespierre & demanded that he be ________________________ – July 1794 he was ________________________________

• 3rd new plan of gov’t was established…– _________________________ class had power– _____________ house legislature – ___________ people made up the _________________

body aka the ___________________________– ____________________________________ was made

commander of army

Section 3 –

Napoleon Forges an Empire

I. Napoleon Seizes Power• Napoleon Facts…– ________________ tall

– Born 1769 on the island of ___________________

– __________ years old sent to military school

– _____________ yrs. Finished school & became ________________________ in artillery

– During revolution joined army of the new gov’t

– Only took him ____________ years to go from officer to _________________________________

• Hero of the Hour:– 1795; thousands of ___________________ marched on

the Nat’l Conven. & he was in charge of defending them– Attackers fled in panic & Napol. became a hero– Known as the “_________________________________”– He then went onto win several victories against

____________________ & Sardinia

• Coup d'état “blow to the state”:– 1799, __________________ lost control of politics &

confidence of citizens– Napol. quickly took action, placed troops around the

Nat’l Leg., & then forced them out

- Directory was __________________ & a group of _______ consuls took power

- Napol. took one spot, took title of ____________________, & became ____________

- He brought an end to the war with Britain, Austria, & Russia- 3 nations at war signed peace agreement w/ France- 1st time in _________ years Europe was not at ________

II. Napoleon Rules France

• Restoring Order at Home:– Supported rev. ideals & laws that strengthened

________________________________________

– Set up an efficient method of ______________________

– Est. _______________________________________

– Dismissed corrupt officials

– Set up gov’t ran ________________________________• Male students & graduates were appointed to public offices based upon

merit

– Allowed ______________________back into France

– Created a system of laws called “__________________________________________”• Gave France a uniform set of laws• Eliminated _______________________________• Limited liberty• Promoted order & authority over individual rights

– Freedoms of __________________________________were restricted– Restored _________________ in the French Colonies of the Caribbean

• Napoleon Crowned as Emperor: 1804– ____________________ supported this change– Received crown from _______ at Notre Dame Cathedral – He put __________________ on his own head• Signified that he had _____________________________ than

the church

III. Napoleon Creates an Empire

• Loss of American Territories:– Enslaved Africans in ____________________

demanded their freedom & civil war broke out • Africans seized control of colony. Leader

___________________________________________

– Sold Louisiana Territory to USA’s _________________ for $___________ million (3 cents per acre) in 1803• Got money to finance European attacks• Punish British

– $233 million or 42 cents per acre today

• Conquering Europe:– Annexed ___________________________ & parts of

Italy– Set up a __________________ gov’t in Switzerland– Britain, Russia, Austria, & Sweden joined forces to try &

stop Napol. from conquering all of Europe• Russia, Austria, & Prussia signed peace treaties with France

due to too many battles lost

• The Battle of Trafalgar:– Napol. only _________________________– naval defeat– Off southwest coast of ______________ against Britain – Forced Napol. to give up plans to

________________________________________

• The French Empire:– Only areas ___________ conquered by Napoleon were…• G.B., Portugal, Sweden, & the Ottoman Empire

– Napoleon’s ________________________________…• Spain, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, & many German Kingdoms

– Those afraid of attack or had an alliance with France….• Russia, Prussia, & Austria

– Empire only lasted for __________ years; 1807-1812

Section 4 –

Napoleon’s Empire Collapses

I. Napoleon’s Costly Mistake• The Continental System:– Set up a __________________ to prevent trade &

communication b/t G.B. & other European nations• Was supposed to make continental Europe more self-sufficient

& destroy G.B.’s commercial & industrial revolution

– Smugglers brought goods from G.B. to Europe– Napol. allies & family disregarded the blockade– G.B. started their own blockade & it was stronger• Neutral ships were stopped, sent to G.B. port, ships were

searched, & then taxed• ________ declared war against G.B. in 1812 due to G.B.’s policy • War of _______________ lasted two years

• The Peninsular War:– Tried to force __________________ to accept blockade

– Sent forces through Spain to get to Portugal

– ___________________ protested & Napol. removed Spain’s _______________ from power & then put his ______________________ on the throne

– For _______ years Spanish ____________________________ fought French armies • G.B. sent troops to help Spain

• The Invasion of Russia: – Czar ________________________ refused to stop selling

grains to G.B. – Fr. _____________ Army (420,000) marched into Russia – Russians practiced _________________________ policy

where they burned all fields & killed livestock so enemy wouldn’t have anything to eat• Alex I burned down the “_________________” of Moscow

– France eventually retreated b/c of…• Snow • Attacks by Russian troops • Cold temps, exhaustion & hunger killed many

– Only 10,000 French soldiers survived

II. Napoleon’s Downfall• Napoleon Suffers Defeat:– G.B., Russia, Prussia, Sweden, & Austria declared war on France

• Napol. was married to Marie Louise – _____________________ Princess

– Napol. raised another army, but they were untrained

– Within _______ months the Kings of ________________ & ________________ were parading in Paris with their troops

– April 1814 Napol. accepted the terms of __________________• Treaty of ______________________________________________

– Gave up throne– Given a small pension– Banished to a small island off the coast Italy called _______

• The Hundred Days:– Louis _______ took the throne & was VERY unpopular• Louis XVI’s ________________ – XVI’s son died in prison

– March 1815; Napol. __________________ from Elba & excited citizens welcomed him & thousands immediately volunteered for his army• Napol. was ________________________ once again

– France’s enemies quickly assembled military & planned attacks against Napol.• Napol. was defeated in ______________________________• G.B. sent Napol. to ___________________(island is S. Atlantic)

& lived their for ________ years & died in 1821 of stomach ailment (possible cancer)

Section 5

Congress of Vienna

• Congress of Vienna:– Goal – _____________________________________– Meeting b/t leaders & only suppose to last 4 weeks• Went on for _____________________________

I. Metternich’s Plan for Europe– Five Great powers… Russia, Prussia, Austria, G.B., & France

• Most influential ruler was the ____________________________________, Prince Klemens Von Metternich

– He _________________ the democratic ideals of Fr. Rev. – His 3 goals were…• Prevent future aggression by France – solution surround them

with more powerful nations• Restore a __________________________________– no

country could be a threat• Restore Europe’s ___________________________to thrones

• The Containment of France:– Austrian Netherlands & Dutch Repub. United to form the

Kingdom of the ___________________________– __________ German states were loosely joined to create

the _____________________________ & was dominated by Austria

– Switzerland became an _____________________ nation– Kingdom of ___________________ (Italy) gained Genoa

• Legitimacy:– Gave powers back to Royal families in France, Spain,

several places in Italy, & many kingdoms in Central Europe

– Peace lasted in Europe for ____________ years until the ___________________________ War

II. Political Changes Beyond Vienna– G.B. & France = _______________________ Monarchies– Eastern & Central Europe = _______________________– Russia, Prussia, & Austria = _______________ Monarchs

• Conservative Europe: – “_________________________” created & signed by

Czar _____________________ & Emperor _________________ of Austria, & King _________________________________ of Prussia• Purpose? – alliances based upon Christian principles to combat

revolution– They were worried that political philosophies of “liberty, equality, &

fraterninity” would cause another revolution in Europe

– “__________________________” created alliance system for war

– France was politically divided…

• ______________________________________– Wanted Louis XVIII on throne & wanted monarchy to stay

• _____________________________– Wanted king to share more power w/ legislature

• __________________________________– Believed in Rev. ideals of liberty, equality, & fraternity

» Brought about new revs. in 1830 & 1848