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© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning
management system for classroom use.
Chapter 7
Adjectives
and Adverbs
Learning Objectives: Level 1
• Decide whether to use adjectives or adverbs in sentences.
• Form the comparative and superlative degrees of regular and irregular adjectives and adverbs.
7-2© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-3
When to Use Adverbs
Basic Functions of Adjectives and Adverbs
When to Use Adjectives
Regular Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs
Irregular Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-4
When to Use Adjectives
Use adjectives to modify nouns and pronouns.
• She has a yellow sportscar.• The company released an exciting product.
Use adjectives (not adverbs) following linking verbs.
• Her engine sounds loud (not loudly).• She felt bad (not badly) about the noise.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-5
When to Use Adverbs
Use adverbs (not adjectives) to modify verbs.
• Don’t take her comments personally (not personal).
• The engine runs smoothly (not smooth).
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Positive Comparative Superlative
Short
Adjectivesbig
clever
high
quiet
easy
pretty
bigger
cleverer
higher
quieter
easier*
prettier*
biggest
cleverest
highest
quietest
easiest*
prettiest*
7-6
Regular Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs
*Note: If the word ends in y, change the y to i.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Positive Comparative Superlative
Longer
Adjectivesbeautiful
efficient
useful
more/less
beautiful
more/less
efficient
more/less
useful
most/least
beautiful
most/least
efficient
most/least
useful
7-7
Regular Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs, cont.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Positive Comparative Superlative
Short
Adverbsfast
quick
faster
quicker
fastest
quickest
Longer
Adverbsslowly
carefully
costly
more/less
slowly
more/less
carefully
more/less
costly
most/least
slowly
most/least
carefully
most/least
costly
7-8
Regular Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs, cont.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Positive Comparative Superlative
Adjectives bad
good
little
worse
better
less
worst
best
least
Adverbs badly
many
much
well
worse
more
more
better
worst
most
most
best
7-9
Irregular Forms of Adjectives and Adverbs
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
1. Of the two finalists, we chose the (better/best).
2. Please select the (quietest/most quiet) office to hold the interview.
3. Ms. Valdez is the (efficientest/most efficient) paralegal in the office.
7-10
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
(either is OK)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
4. Our profits are (higher/more higher) than they were last year.
5. My supervisor is (patienter/more patient) than yours.
6. Of the three candidates, Juan is definitely the (better/best).
7-11
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
7. Ted speaks (more confident/more confidently) since he took a speech course.
8. This machine prints (faster/more faster) than our old printer did.
9. She ran the (most fast/fastest) of all the competitors.
7-12
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
10. In his speech course, he learned to speak (more slower/more slowly).
11. Time passed (slow, slowly) on the plane.
12. Jeff felt (bad, badly) about his low test score.
7-13
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Learning Objectives: Level 2
• Use articles, demonstrative adjectives, possessive adjectives, compound adjectives, and independent adjectives correctly.
• Avoid double negatives.
7-14© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-15
Demonstrative and Possessive Adjectives
Modifiers That Deserve Special Attention
Articles
Compound and Independent Adjectives
Double Negatives
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-16
Articles
For ease in pronunciation, use an before singular nouns beginning with vowel sounds.
an office
an excellent idea
an honor (h is not sounded)
an unnecessary report
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-17
Articles (continued)
Use a before singular nouns beginning with consonant sounds.
a building
a house
a one-day leave (osounds like consonant w)
a utility (u sounds like consonant y)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-18
Articles (concluded)
Use the before singular or plural nouns beginning with consonant or vowel sounds.
the president
the decisions
the actions
the board room
the unique characteristics
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-19
Demonstrative Adjectives
Use the singular adjectives this and that
with singular nouns.
• This kind of paper is excellent.
Use the plural adjectives these and those with plural nouns.
• These kinds of paper are cheaper. (Not, These kind of paper.)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-20
Possessive Adjectives
Some possessive pronouns serve as possessive adjectives when they describe nouns.
• My job is challenging.
• We received your application.
• His wife was transferred to Boston.
• We have made our decision.
Hint: Notice that possessive adjectives come before the nouns they are describing.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-21
Compound Adjectives
Words joined together to form a single adjective before a noun should be hyphenated.
• This is a one-of-a-kind offer.
(BUT: This offer is one of a kind.)
• Our five-year-old company is thriving.
(BUT: Our company is five years old.)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer\
7-22
Compound Adjectives (continued)
A few words contain permanent hyphens, regardless of where they are in a sentence. Examples of these words are first-class, well-known, and up-to-date. Consult your dictionary for guidance.
• We need up-to-date transcripts for admission.
• Her technology credentials are up-to-
date.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-23
Compound Adjectives (concluded)
Do not hyphenate ly-ending adverbs preceding nouns.
• The newly opened clinic is on Third Street.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-24
Compound Adjectives: Does a
hyphen really matter?
• Which is correct?• In normal times the company
employs a hundred odd workers.
OR
In normal times the companyemploys a hundred-odd workers.
• See the difference?
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-25
Independent Adjectives
• Two or more consecutive adjectives that
independently modify a noun: separate
with commas
• No comma is needed unless the word
and can be inserted between the
adjectives.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-26
Independent Adjectives (concluded)
• He bought a newer, better laptop. (Read
“newer and better” laptop)
• She drives a tiny sports car. (No comma
needed because we would not say “tiny
and sports car.”)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-27
Double Negatives
Avoid double negatives, which occur
when negative adverbs (no, not, nothing,
scarcely, hardly, barely) are used in the same
sentence with negative verbs (didn’t, don’t,
won’t).
INCORRECT: Asking him won’t do no good.CORRECT: Asking him will do no good.CORRECT: Asking him won’t do any good.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
1. We plan to take (a/an) European vacation next summer.
2. It’s been (a/an) honor to know you.
3. Our (90-day, 90 day) warranty period has passed.
7-28
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
4. A local contractor plans to build (three and four-bedroom, three- and four-bedroom) houses on this piece of land.
5. The factory's exhaust system emitted an (alarmingly toxic, alarmingly-toxic) gas.
7-29
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
6. We have an exciting well-trained team working on your project.
7-30
Is a comma needed in this sentence?
You would read “exciting and well-
trained”; therefore, a comma is needed.
,
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
7. That is the most beautiful new office building in the downtown section.
7-31
You would not say “beautiful and new”; therefore, no comma is needed.
Is a comma needed in this sentence?
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
8. We hadn’t barely discussed the issue when a vote was taken.
7-32
We had barely
discussed the issue when a vote was taken.
How would you fix this double negative?
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Learning Objectives: Level 3
• Master the correct use of commonly confused adjectives and adverbs.
• Make comparisons within a group, and place adverbs and adjectives close to the words they modify.
7-33© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-34
Farther Further
Adverb – actual
distance
Adverb – additionally
He walked farther
than the rest of us.
We will discuss the matter further.
Commonly Confused Adjectives and Adverbs
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-35
Sure Surely
Adjective - certain Adverb –
undoubtedly
Are you sure of the
appointment?
She will surely call
today.
Commonly Confused Adjectives and Adverbs (continued)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-36
Real Really
Adjective - genuine Adverb – actually,
truly, very
She has been a real
asset to the
company.
We are really glad to
hear that the merger
went through.
Commonly Confused Adjectives and Adverbs (continued)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-37
Fewer Less
Adjective – refers to
numbers or
countable items
Adjective – refers to
amount or collective
quantity
We received fewer
applications than we
expected.
Less interest is
allowed on short-term
savings.
Commonly Confused Adjectives and Adverbs (continued)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-38
Good Well
Adjective -
desirable
Adverb – satisfactorily
OR Adjective - health
The complete
printout looks good.
Alicia did well in class.
Shannon feels well
despite a recent illness.
(Use well as an
adjective only when
referring to health.)
Commonly Confused Adjectives and Adverbs (continued)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-39
Almost Most
Adverb – nearly Adjective – greatest
in amount
She was almost
asleep when the fire
alarm sounded.
Most applications
are submitted online.
Commonly Confused Adjectives and Adverbs (continued)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-40
later latter
Adverb – after
expected time
Adjective – the
second of two things
The later you wait to
apply for financial
aid, the worse your
chances will be of
receiving it.
Between astronomy
and geology, I prefer the latter.
Commonly Confused Adjectives and Adverbs (concluded)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
1. She thought she did (good, well) in her interview.
2. Peter will (sure, surely) get the Amdeck contract.
3. I did not feel (good, well) after I ate the seafood.
4. She looks (good, well) in her new interview outfit.
7-41
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
5. That report was (real, really) hard to write.
6. Susan writes (real, really) (good, well).
7. How much (farther, further) do we have to drive?
7-42
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
8. What do I need to do to (farther, further) my career?
9. We can (sure, surely) do better than this.
10. This lane is for customers with ten or (fewer, less) items.
7-43
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
11. We had (less, fewer) accidents on the job this year.
12. These cookies have (less, fewer) sugar than the others.
13. Of the two candidates, I recommend the (later, latter).
7-44
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
14. I’ll have to get back to you (later, latter) with the answer.
15. (Most, Almost) all new graduates went straight to work.
16. (Most, Almost) everyone had a cell phone and was talking.
7-45
Choose the correct word to complete these sentences.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-46
Location
Other Uses of Adverbs and Adjectives
Comparisons Within Group
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-47
Comparisons Within Group
• When than is used to compare a person,
place, or thing with other members of a
group to which it belongs: include the words
other or else in the comparison.
• The inclusion of these words ensures that
the person or thing being compared is
separated from the group with which it is
compared.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-48
Comparisons Within Group (concluded)
• Our real estate agency is larger than any
other agency in the city.
• Beth is paid more than anyone else in
her department.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
7-49
Location
To avoid confusion, place adverbs and adjectives close to the words they modify.
• He said that he had only $1 left. (Not: He only said that he had $1 left.)
• The first three applicants will be interviewed. (Not: The three first
applicants will be interviewed.)
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
1. (a) He said we have to read only the progress report.(b) He only said we have to read the progress report.(c) He said only we have to read the progress report.
7-50
Identify which sentence is correct.
Note: He wants you to read one thing.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer
Try Your Skill
2. (a) Only the 25 first callers will receive free tickets. (b) Only the first 25 callers will receive free tickets.
3. Paris is more beautiful than (any, any other) city in Europe.
7-51
Identify which sentence
is correct.
Choose the correct form.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. Business English, 11e, by Mary Ellen Guffey and Carolyn Seefer