Designing and ConstructingQuieter Concrete Pavements

An Update of Pooled Fund TPF-5(139)

National Concrete ConsortiumFall 2010 MeetingSacramento, CA

Robert Otto Rasmussen, PhD, INCE, PE (TX)

CP Road Map

SurfaceCharacteristicsTrack

FHWA Every Day Counts

IntelligentConstruction

Systems

Bad

Good

Thou shalt have Texture...

be it small and negative!

What have we built?

Texture Testing: RoboTex 2.0Built around LMI-Selcom RoLine SensorLaser height sensor, inertial referencingGPS, DMI encoder, video log

ISO 13473

Noise Testing: OBSI

AASHTO TP 76

In 5 years, over 1500 unique textures testedTransverse Tining (incl. skewed and cross-tined)Longitudinal Tining (incl. sinusoidal)

Diamond GroundGrooved (longitudinal, transverse)

Drag (Burlap, Turf, Broom, Belt, Carpet)

Shot PeenedExposed AggregatePorous (Pervious) ConcreteMilled

HMA and Surface Treatments

Hundreds of miles in 20 States and 6 Countries

CP Tech Center Test Sections

There is a lot of:

VARIABILITYVariability from project to project, and

variability within a given project.

What we’ve learned

98 dBA98 dBAColoradoKansas

104 dBA101 dBANew YorkMinnesota

Diamond Grinding

100 dBA99 dBAGeorgiaIowa

108 dBAGeorgia

Trans. Tining

108 dBANorth Dakota

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

98 100 102 104 106 108 110A-weighted Overall OBSI Level, 60 mph, SRTT (dB ref 1 pW/m²)

Prob

abili

ty D

ensi

ty

Diamond Grinding

Drag

Longitudinal Tining

Transverse Tining

CP Tech Center OBSI Noise Catalog

What can we do with this

knowledge?

Note

A few States are looking for this NOW!Guidance is needed to fill in the missing details!

The tire-pavement noise shall not exceedX dBA when measured by Z procedure atD days after opening to traffic.

Warranty?This noise threshold shall not be exceeded after T years.

Guide Specifications for Quieter Pavements

A “how to” guide for designing and constructing quieter concrete pavementsAddresses all conventional concrete pavement texture typesSimple and practical guidance

Download from www.CPTechCenter.org

Quieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines

Surface TextureAvoid (flatten) texture at intervals > 1 inchAvoid smooth (floated or polished) surfaces

Some fine texture (< 0.25 inch) requiredTexture should be negative

Point down (grooves), not up (fins)Texture should be oriented longitudinallyIf transverse, texture should be closely spaced and randomized

Quieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines

Surface Texture

Grooves

Lands

Fins

Quieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines

ConcreteStrong and durable mortar

Mix optimized for placement, finishing, curingSiliceous sands for durability and frictionFor diamond grinding: hard, durable, and polish resistant coarse aggregate is idealFor tined and drag textures: adequate and consistent depth of mortar near the surface

Quieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines

Concrete

Source: Guntert

Quieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines

Paving EquipmentQuieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines

Paving EquipmentQuieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines

JointsCan affect noise levels and annoyanceNarrow, single-cut joints preferred

Avoid widened (reservoir) cutsAvoid faulted joints

Design or retrofit adequate load transferAvoid protruding joint sealantAvoid spalled joints

Design, materials selection, and construction

Quieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines

JointsQuieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines

Quieter Concrete Pavement Guidelines

What can we do in the field?

Monitor Construction Operations

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

On-

Boa

rd S

ound

Inte

nsity

Lev

el (d

BA

)44

-ft. M

ovin

g Av

erag

eMonitor Construction Operations

Louder – 106 dBA

Quieter – 100 dBA

Louder – 111 dBA

Quieter – 103 dBA

Spatial Variability of OBSI Levels

94

96

98

100

102

104

106

108

110

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Distance (m)

A-w

eigh

ted

OBS

I Lev

el (d

B re

f 1 p

W/m

²), 0

.5 s

ec M

vngA

vg E2-D.Gnd. (pst-grnd.)

Monitor Construction Operations

Kansas 2-lift – Loudest CDG (102 dBA)

Kansas 2-lift – Loudest CDG (102 dBA)

Kansas 2-lift – Quietest CDG (98 dBA)

Kansas 2-lift – Quietest CDG (98 dBA)

Quieter – 103 dBA

Scale 1:1

Scale 10:1

Monitor Construction Operations

Louder – 111 dBA

Scale 1:1

Scale 10:1

Monitor Construction Operations

98

101

104

107

110

113

0 1 2 3 4 5

Maximum Texture Height (mm)

OB

SI L

evel

, 0.5

sec

sam

ple

(dB

A)

L.Tine-3/4"S-1/8"DL.Tine-1/2"S-1/8"DBurlap-StandardL.Tine-3/4"S-1/8"D-NoPreTexL.Tine-3/4"S-1/8"DL.Tine-3/4"S-1/4"DBurlap-HeavyT.Tine-1/2"S-1/8"DT.Tine-1/2"S-1/16"DT.Tine-1"S-1/8"DT.Tine-RandomS-1/8"DTurf-StandardDiamond GrindingTurf-HeavyL.Tine-3/4"S-1/16"D-TurfL.Tine-3/4"S-1/8"D-TurfL.Tine-3/4"S-1/16"D

Random T. Tine

1” T. Tine No pretexture

Drag

Predicting Noise from Texture

Source: NCHRP Report 634

Is this Predictable Noise ???!?

Predicting Noise from Texture

1:1 TrendlineR2 = 0.87StdErr = 0.9 dBA

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112

Measured Site Average OBSI Level (dBA)

Text

ure-

Pre

dict

ed S

ite A

vera

ge O

BS

I Lev

el (d

BA

)

Transverse TiningLongitudinal TiningDragDiamond Grinding

Transverse Tining OBSI = f (Ltx,160 , Ltx,25 , Rk,TR)Longitudinal Tining OBSI = f (Ltx,40)Diamond Grinding OBSI = f (Ltx,80+63+50+40 , SkewTR)Drag OBSI = f (Ltx,50+40 , SkewTR, Rk,TR)

• Ltx per ISO/CD 13473-4 (Draft) • Rk,TR(ansverse) per ISO 13565-2 • SkewTR(ansverse) per ASME B46.1

+/- 1 dBA

Predicting Noise from Texture

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

58

2 8 14 20 26 32 38 44 50 55 61 67 73 79 85 91 97 103 109 115 121 127 133 139 145 151 157 162 168 174 180 186 192 198

Distance (m)

Long

itudi

nal T

extu

re S

pect

rum

31.5

mm

Oct

ave

Ban

d (d

B re

f 1µm

RM

S)

98

100

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

116

A-w

td. O

BSI

Lev

el S

pect

rum

Σ 63

0-10

00 H

z 1/

3-O

ctav

e B

ands

(dB

ref 1

pW/m

²)

Texture LevelOBSI Level

Predicting Noise from Texture

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

58

8 14 20 26 32 38 44Distance (m)

Long

itudi

nal T

extu

re S

pect

rum

31.5

mm

Oct

ave

Ban

d (d

B re

f 1µm

RM

S)

98

100

102

104

106

108

110

112

114

116

A-w

td. O

BSI

Lev

el S

pect

rum

Σ 63

0-10

00 H

z 1/

3-O

ctav

e B

ands

(dB

ref 1

pW/m

²)

Texture LevelOBSI Level

Predicting Noise from Texture

MPD

L63

L4

TextureMachine

andPaver

Texture and VibrationFeedback

Monitor Construction OperationsAccelerometers

LMI-SelcomRoLineLine Laser

For more information, visit:

www.CP Tech Center.org

or

www.CP Road Map.org