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183
CHAPTER 7
APPLICATION
7.1 INTRODUCTION
A comparison between the various proposed interference
management schemes discussed from Chapter 3 to Chapter 6 is presented
in this chapter. BER performance comparison of the various proposed
schemes under UWB channel models CM1, CM2, CM3 and CM4 are
presented. Comparison of the system capacity of the various proposed
schemes under UWB channel models CM1, CM2, CM3 and CM4 are
presented. Performances of all the proposed schemes are tested with
biomedical images of a patient as input under UWB channel model 4.
7.2 COMPARISON OF BER PERFORMANCE OF THE
VARIOUS PROPOSED SCHEMES
BER performance of the various proposed schemes are
compared for the same input and output parameters under UWB channel
models. Table 7.1 shows the simulation parameters.
184
Table 7.1 Simulation parameters of TH PPM UWB for 100 users
Power level of users Constant power level 1P
Frame length 1000
Number of users 100
0NEb 2-12 dB
Type of the channel CM1/CM2/CM3/CM4
7.2.1 BER Performance of the Various Proposed Schemes Under
UWB Channel Model 1
Table 7.2 BER performance of the various proposed schemes under
UWB channel model 1
0NEb
(dB)
Proposed TH
PPM UWB
with m-ZCZ
(BER)
Proposed
TH PPM
UWB-MMSE
with m-ZCZ
(BER)
Proposed TH
PPM UWB
MMSE-LDPC
with m-ZCZ
(BER)
Proposed TH PPM
MIMO/UWB using
optimal SIC with
m-ZCZ
(BER)
2 0.1450 0.1340 0.1685 0.006
4 0.1060 0.1270 0.0610 0.003
6 0.0420 0.0840 0.006 0.0006
8 0.0180 0.0680 0 0.0002
10 0.004 0.0600 0 0
12 0.002 0.03 0 0
185
7.2.2 BER Performance of the Various Proposed Schemes Under
UWB Channel Model 2
Table 7.3 BER performance of the various proposed schemes under
UWB channel model 2
0NEb
(dB)
TH PPM UWB with
m-ZCZ (BER)
TH PPM UWB-MMSE
with m-ZCZ (BER)
TH PPM UWB
MMSE-LDPC with
m-ZCZ (BER)
TH PPM MIMO/UWB using optimal
SIC with m-ZCZ (BER)
2 0.1480 0.1300 0.1695 0.008
4 0.1120 0.1160 0.0790 0.005
6 0.060 0.110 0.02406 0.0007
8 0.022 0.0720 0.002 0.00025
10 0.008 0.0420 0 0
12 0.003 0.0350 0 0
7.2.3 BER Performance of the Various Proposed Schemes Under
UWB Channel Model 3
Table 7.4 BER performance of the various proposed schemes under
UWB channel model 3
0NEb
(dB)
TH PPM UWB
with m-ZCZ (BER)
TH PPM UWB-MMSE
with m-ZCZ (BER)
TH PPM UWB MMSE-
LDPC with m-ZCZ (BER)
TH PPM MIMO/UWB using optimal
SIC with m-ZCZ (BER)
2 0.1490 0.1470 0.1845 0.01
4 0.1140 0.1270 0.0865 0.008
6 0.0750 0.0970 0.035 0.001
8 0.0380 0.0780 0.005 0.0003
10 0.015 0.0590 0 5105
12 0.006 0.0390 0 0
186
7.2.4 BER Performance of the Various Proposed Schemes Under
UWB Channel Model 4
Table 7.5 BER performance of the various proposed schemes under
UWB channel model 4
0NEb
(dB)
TH PPM UWB with
m-ZCZ (BER)
TH PPM UWB-
MMSE with m-ZCZ (BER)
TH PPM UWB MMSE-LDPC with m-ZCZ
(BER)
TH PPM MIMO/UWB using optimal
SIC with m-ZCZ (BER)
2 0.1450 0.1426 0.2290 0.028
4 0.1160 0.1380 0.0925 0.01
6 0.1020 0.1180 0.0410 0.003
8 0.0550 0.0950 0.0125 0.0005
10 0.030 0.0840 0.004 5107
12 0.008 0.0490 0 5101
From Tables 7.2 to 7.5, BER performance of the various
schemes under UWB channel model 1 for 100 users respectively is evident.
BER performance of the proposed scheme TH PPM UWB with m-ZCZ
shows a less BER than the TH PPM UWB with MMSE using m-ZCZ
scheme. This is due to the reason that the proposed system with m-ZCZ
sequences considers only background noise and does not consider MAI.
In MMSE based TH PPM UWB with m-ZCZ, the MAI cancellation is
done completely. In TH PPM UWB MMSE using LDPC codes with
m-ZCZ, the BER performance is better than the above said two schemes.
This is due to the reason that errors in the bits occurring in the channel are
corrected at the receiver side using LDPC codes. The proposed scheme TH
PPM MIMO/UWB based BAN with m-ZCZ sequences has obtained an
average BER improvement of 97.4% than the rest of the schemes for
187
dBNEb 8
0
under the four UWB channel models due to the increase in
diversity gain via MIMO (2×2) antennas.
7.3 COMPARISON OF SYSTEM CAPACITY OF THE
VARIOUS PROPOSED SCHEMES
7.3.1 System Capacity of the Various Proposed Schemes Under
UWB Channel Model 1
System capacity of the various proposed schemes are compared
for the same input and output parameters under UWB channel models.
Table 7.6 shows the simulation parameters. It is noted that, 0N
Eb value is
fixed to 4 dB and the number of users are varying from 10 to 50.
Table 7.6 Simulation parameters of TH PPM UWB for BdNEb 4
0
Power level of users Constant power level 1P
Frame length 1000
Number of users 10-50 users
Fixed 0N
Eb
4 dB
Type of the channel CM1/CM2/CM3/CM4
188
Table 7.7 System capacity of the various proposed schemes under
UWB channel model 1
Number of Users
Proposed TH PPM
UWB with m-ZCZ (BER)
Proposed TH PPM UWB-MMSE with
m-ZCZ (BER)
Proposed TH PPM UWB
MMSE-LDPC with
m-ZCZ (BER)
Proposed THPPM
MIMO/UWB using optimal
SIC with m-ZCZ (BER)
10 0.0470 0.0490 0.0340 0.0006
20 0.0510 0.0510 0.0360 0.0008
30 0.0530 0.0550 0.0475 0.001
40 0.0550 0.0590 0.0500 0.002
50 0.0580 0.062 0.0510 0.0032
Table 7.7 shows the system capacity performance of the various
proposed schemes under UWB channel model 1 when dBNEb 4
0
is fixed
and the number of users vary from 10 to 50 users. In TH PPM UWB with
m-ZCZ, TH PPM UWB MMSE with m-ZCZ, TH PPM UWB MMSE-
LDPC with m-ZCZ and THPPM MIMO/UWB using optimal SIC with
m-ZCZ, as the number of users increase, BER increases. It is inferred from
Table 7.7 that when the number of users are 30, the BER of TH PPM UWB
with m-ZCZ, TH PPM MMSE with m-ZCZ, TH PPM UWB MMSE-
LDPC and MIMO/UWB using optimal SIC with m-ZCZ are 0.0530,
0.0550, 0.0475 and 0.001 respectively.
189
7.3.2 System Capacity of the Various Schemes Under UWB
Channel Model 2
Table 7.8 System capacity of the various proposed schemes under
UWB channel model 2
Number of Users
Proposed TH PPM UWB
with m-ZCZ (BER)
Proposed TH PPM UWB-MMSE with
m-ZCZ (BER)
Proposed TH PPM UWB
MMSE-LDPC with m-ZCZ
(BER)
Proposed TH PPM
MIMO/UWB using optimal
SIC with m-ZCZ (BER)
10 0.0480 0.0790 0.0320 0.001
20 0.0530 0.0810 0.0380 0.002
30 0.0550 0.0850 0.0505 0.003
40 0.0580 0.0890 0.0540 0.004
50 0.0630 0.092 0.0535 0.006
Table 7.8 shows the system capacity performance of the various
proposed schemes under UWB channel model 2 when dBNEb 4
0
is fixed
and the number of users are varied from 10 to 50 users. In TH PPM UWB
with m-ZCZ, TH PPM UWB MMSE with m-ZCZ, TH PPM UWB
MMSE-LDPC with m-ZCZ and THPPM MIMO/UWB using optimal SIC
with m-ZCZ, as the number of users increase, BER increases. It is seen
from Table 7.8, that when the number of users are 30, the BER of TH PPM
UWB with m-ZCZ, THPPM MMSE with m-ZCZ, TH PPM UWB MMSE-
LDPC and MIMO/UWB using optimal SIC with m-ZCZ are 0.0550,
0.0850, 0.0505 and 0.003 respectively.
190
7.3.3 System Capacity of the Various Schemes Under UWB
Channel Model 3
Table 7.9 System capacity of the various proposed schemes under
UWB channel model 3
Number of Users
Proposed TH PPM
UWB with m-ZCZ (BER)
Proposed TH PPM UWB-MMSE with
m-ZCZ (BER)
Proposed TH PPM UWB
MMSE-LDPC with
m-ZCZ (BER)
Proposed TH PPM
MIMO/UWB using optimal SIC
with m-ZCZ (BER)
10 0.0490 0.0900 0.0480 0.0025 20 0.0580 0.1120 0.0655 0.0036 30 0.0650 0.1150 0.0645 0.0048 40 0.0680 0.1160 0.0670 0.0052 50 0.0720 0.1170 0.0680 0.007
Table 7.9 shows the system capacity performance of the various
proposed schemes under UWB channel model 3 for dBNEb 4
0
and number
of users are varied from 10 to 50. In TH PPM UWB with m-ZCZ, TH PPM
UWB-MMSE with m-ZCZ, TH PPM UWB MMSE-LDPC with m-ZCZ
and THPPM MIMO/UWB using optimal SIC with m-ZCZ, as the number
of users increase, BER increases. It is seen from Table 7.9, that when the
number of users are 30, the BER of TH PPM UWB with m-ZCZ, TH PPM
MMSE with m-ZCZ, TH PPM UWB MMSE-LDPC and MIMO/UWB
using optimal SIC with m-ZCZ are 0.0650, 0.1150, 0.0645 and 0.0048
respectively.
191
7.3.4 System Capacity of the Various Schemes Under UWB
Channel Model 4
Table 7.10 System capacity of the various proposed schemes under
UWB channel model 4
Number of users
Proposed TH PPM
UWB with m-ZCZ (BER)
Proposed TH PPM
UWB-MMSE with
m-ZCZ (BER)
Proposed TH PPM UWB
MMSE-LDPC with
m-ZCZ (BER)
Proposed TH PPM MIMO/UWB using optimal SIC
with m-ZCZ (BER)
10 0.0480 0.0990 0.0560 0.003
20 0.0570 0.1120 0.0680 0.004
30 0.0590 0.1160 0.0725 0.006
40 0.0650 0.1200 0.0870 0.008
50 0.0680 0.1200 0.0880 0.012
Table 7.10 shows the system capacity performance of the
various proposed schemes under UWB channel model 4 for dBNEb 4
0
and
number of users are varied from 10 to 50. In TH PPM UWB with
m-ZCZ, TH PPM UWB MMSE with m-ZCZ, TH PPM UWB MMSE-
LDPC with m-ZCZ and THPPM MIMO/UWB using optimal SIC with
m-ZCZ, as the number of users increase, BER increases. It is seen from the
Table 7.10, that when the number of users are 30, the BER of TH PPM
UWB with m-ZCZ, TH PPM MMSE with m-ZCZ, TH PPM UWB
MMSE-LDPC and MIMO/UWB using optimal SIC with m-ZCZ are
0.0590, 0.1160, 0.0725 and 0.006 respectively.
192
From Tables 7.7 to 7.10, it is clear that the system performance
of MIMO/UWB based TH PPM using optimal SIC with m-ZCZ is the best
in BER performance than TH PPM UWB with m-ZCZ, TH PPM UWB
MMSE with m-ZCZ and TH PPM UWB MMSE-LDPC with
m-ZCZ schemes.
7.4 PERFORMANCE OF THE PROPOSED SCHEMES WITH
INPUT AS DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF
A PATIENT UNDER UWB CHANNEL MODEL 4
For testing, the BER results of the proposed schemes have been
obtained with multiple biological functions as the input to the various
proposed schemes presented in the thesis. Samples of the biological
functions such as ECG, blood pressure are shown in Figure 7.1.
From Figure 7.1, it is observed that among various proposed
schemes the input ECG/ Blood Pressure signal is recovered in a better way
on application of the proposed MIMO/UWB based TH PPM system using
optimal SIC with m-ZCZ.
From Figure 7.2, it is observed that among various proposed
schemes the input biomedical images are recovered with higher PSNR on
application of the proposed MIMO/UWB based TH PPM system using
optimal SIC with m-ZCZ.
193
Figure 7.1 Transmission / reception of sample biological functions of
patients through four proposed schemes system under
UWB channel model 4
194
Input TH PPM UWB m-ZCZ
TH PPM UWB -MMSE
TH PPM UWB MMSE-LDPC
TH PPM MIMO(2×2)/UWB With optimal SIC
PSNR = 24.35
PSNR = 25.57
PSNR = 27.3
PSNR = 30.247
PSNR = 23.7
PSNR = 25.4
PSNR = 27.25
PSNR = 30.23
PSNR = 25.2
PSNR = 26.3
PSNR = 27.9
PSNR = 30.65
PSNR = 24.3
PSNR = 25.7
PSNR = 27.41 PSNR = 30.31
PSNR = 24.2
PSNR = 25.8
PSNR = 28.2 PSNR = 30.7
PSNR = 26.32
PSNR = 28.9
PSNR = 30.6 PSNR = 30.75
Figure 7.2 Transmission / reception of sample biomedical images of
patients through four proposed schemes system under
UWB BAN channel model 4
10 20 30 40 50 60
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10010 20 30 40 50 60
10
20
30
40
50
60
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90
10010 20 30 40 50 60
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20
30
40
50
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90
10010 20 30 40 50 60
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10 20 30 40 50 60
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
16020 40 60 80 100 120 140
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2 0 4 0 60 8 0 100 1 20 1 40
2 0
4 0
6 0
8 0
10 0
12 0
14 0
16 0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
195
7.5 PERFORMANCE OF ALL THE PROPOSED SCHEMES
WHEN THE BIOMEDICAL IMAGES OF A PATIENT IS
THE INPUT UNDER UWB CHANNEL MODEL 4
Monte Carlo simulations are run with standard images as input
to all the proposed schemes. Biomedical images are considered as input for
four of the proposed systems that can be used for telemedicine applications.
Among the four proposed schemes, the proposed MIMO/UWB based TH
PPM using m-ZCZ sequences gives better PSNR.
7.6 PERFORMANCE OF MIMO/UWB FOR VARYING
DEVICES UNDER UWB CHANNEL MODELS
Figure 7.3 BER performance of the proposed MIMO/UWB based
TH PPM using m-ZCZ sequences for varying devices
under UWB channel models
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 5010
-4
10-3
Number of devices
Performance of MIMO/UWB using UWB Channel for multi-device
CM1CM2CM3CM4
196
Figure 7.3 shows BER performance of the proposed
MIMO/UWB based TH PPM using m-ZCZ sequences for varying devices
under UWB channel models. From Figure 7.3, it can be seen that when the
number of devices increase, BER increases. When the number of devices is
15, it gives the BER of 0.0002 under CM1. If the number of devices is
increased to 35, the BER value is 0.0004 for the same channel. Moreover,
the BER performance among the four UWB channel models, CM1 gives a
lower BER than CM2, CM3 and CM4.
7.7 CONCLUSION
Various proposed improved interference management schemes
discussed from Chapter 3 to Chapter 6 is presented have been compared in
this chapter. A comparison of the BER performance of the various
proposed schemes under UWB channel models CM1, CM2, CM3 and
CM4 have been compared. The system capacity of the various proposed
schemes under UWB channel models CM1, CM2, CM3 and CM4 are also
compared. The performance of the proposed schemes when different
biological functions of a patient are taken as input under UWB channel
model 4 is analyzed. Performance of all the proposed schemes with
biomedical images of a patient as input under UWB channel model 4 is
compared.
Among the various proposed schemes, BER performance of
MIMO/UWB based TH PPM using optimal SIC with m-ZCZ is the best,
since it achieves an average BER improvement of 98.1% for
100 users and a PSNR improvement of 7.6% under CM4.