Chapter 7 › ... › Centricity › Domain › 1543 › Ch7.pdf · 2014-11-12 · •Industrial Revolution – historic period that ... growth of American industry in the early 1800s

Chapter 25 Section 1

The Cold War Begins Industry and Transportation

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Chapter 7



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• Summarize the key developments in the transportation revolution of the early 1800s.

• Analyze the rise of industry in the United States in the early 1800s.

• Describe some of the leading inventions and industrial developments in the early 1800s.

Objectives

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Industry and Transportation

• turnpike – toll roads chartered by some states, named for the gate that guarded the entrance

• National Road – successful road made of crushed stone that linked Maryland and the Ohio River

• Erie Canal – waterway built to link Lake Erie and New York City via the Hudson River

• Industrial Revolution – historic period that changed how people worked and lived as production shifted from manual labor to the use of machines

Terms and People

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• Samuel Slater – English emigrant who built

America’s first water-powered textile mill in

Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1793

• Francis Cabot Lowell – merchant who developed

an entire industrial system for all stages of

manufacturing cloth in the town of Lowell

• Lowell girls – young girls who worked in Lowell’s

mills and lived in strictly supervised boarding

houses

Terms and People (continued)

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• interchangeable parts – the use of identical

components that can replace each other, making a

machine less expensive to produce or repair

• Eli Whitney – inventor who introduced the use of

interchangeable parts in the United States

• Samuel F.B. Morse – inventor of the electrical

telegraph and Morse Code, a system of dots and

dashes used to send messages over metal wires

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How did transportation developments and industrialization affect the nation’s economy?

New technology changed the way Americans lived and worked. The United States was set on a course of industrialization.

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Water was the most efficient way to move people and goods.

Overland transportation was expensive whether by cart, wagon, sleigh, stagecoach, horse or oxen.

Moving freight a few dozen miles by land cost as much as shipping the same items across the ocean.

The major settlements in the U.S. originally developed along the rivers and harbors of the Atlantic coast.

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States

chartered toll

roads called

turnpikes.

• Profits were supposed to be used for road improvements but most roads remained in poor condition.

• Few turnpikes made a profit or really improved the cost or speed of transportation.

• An exception was the National Road. This route of crushed stone extended from Maryland to the Ohio River in 1818.

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Water travel was revolutionized

by the steamboat.

In 1807, the first practical steamboat, the Clermont, began sailing from New York City.

Steamboats shortened a trip up the Mississippi from New Orleans to Louisville from months to mere days.

Inventor Robert Fulton and his Clermont

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Now linked to markets in the East, Midwest farmers experienced tremendous growth.

Canals linked farms and cities.

In 1825, the 363-mile Erie Canal connected Lake Erie to the Hudson River.

Shipping costs between Buffalo and New York City plummeted from $100 to $4 per ton.

The resulting rise in commerce pushed New York City’s population to 800,000 by 1860.

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• The first railroads started in Britain in the 1820s.

• The United States had 13 miles of track in 1830 and 31,000 miles by 1860.

• A trip from Detroit to New York City that took 28 days in 1800 took just 2 days by train in 1857.

Introduction of railroads provided the most dramatic transportation growth.

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Major Canals, Roads, and Railroads, 1840-1850

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In the 1700s, British factories began using machines powered by steam or water to spin thread or weave cloth. This was the start of the Industrial Revolution.

Britain tried to prohibit the export of industrial technology.

In 1793, Samuel Slater, an English emigrant, built a water- powered mill from memory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

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In 1813, Francis

Cabot Lowell

combined all of the

steps to manufacture

cloth in one location

in Waltham,

Massachusetts.

The Industrial Revolution soon transformed the American economy.

Several mills used

the family system

that employed

parents and children

who lived in a

company-owned

village.

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In the 1820s, Lowell built his own factory town of Lowell, Massachusetts.

He employed young single girls from area farms.

Lowell girls lived in closely supervised boarding houses with strict rules. After several years, most married.

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Technology changed how people worked and lived.

Work was divided

into small tasks,

reducing the level

of skill or training

needed for many

jobs.

Factory owners

profited because

unskilled workers

were more

numerous and

could be paid

less.

In some

industries,

owners profited

by dividing labor

even without

using new

machines.

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Interchangeable parts improved efficiency.

• Rather than a skilled artisan making a single clock or musket, workers made individual components that were later assembled.

• Eli Whitney produced muskets with standardized parts. A component from one gun fit any other gun.

• Elias Howe and Isaac Singer also used interchangeable parts to build sewing machines.

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• The telegraph sent electrical pulses along metal wires.

• “Morse Code” used dots and dashes to instantly send information for miles.

• By 1860, the United States had 50,000 miles of telegraph line.

In 1837 Samuel F.B. Morse revolutionized communications with his invention the electric telegraph.

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Agriculture remained America’s chief industry but innovations made farms more productive.

New methods More efficient ways to plant, tend, and harvest crops and raise livestock.

New inventions

John Deere’s steel plow and Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper helped double farm productivity by 1860.

New farmland

More fertile farms in the Midwest raised production..



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Section Review

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Section 2



Section 1

• Analyze why industrialization took root in the northern part of the United States.

• Describe the impact of industrialization on

northern life.

• Analyze the reasons that agriculture and slavery became entrenched in the South.

Objectives



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Terms and People

• Tariff of 1816 – a tax on imports designed to

protect American industry

• capital – money used to invest in factories or

other productive assets

• labor union – a group of workers who unite to

seek better pay and working conditions

• nativist – person opposed to immigrants and

immigration

• cotton gin – machine invented by Eli Whitney in

1793 to quickly separate seeds from cotton fibers



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How did the North and the South differ during the first half of the 1800s?

Industrialization occurred mainly in the

Northeast while cotton production deepened

the South’s dependence on slavery.

These two geographical regions developed in

different ways, creating a complicated

political environment.



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While Thomas Jefferson favored a nation of farmers, Democratic Republican policies contributed to the growth of American industry in the early 1800s.

• With the supply of British goods cut off, American industry grew during the 1807 embargo and War of 1812.

• The Tariff of 1816 protected American industry.

• The tariff inflated prices. This profited manufacturers but was costly for farmers.



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In the early

19th century,

the North

embraced

industry.

• Factory owners had access to money for investment called capital.

• Immigrants provided inexpensive labor.

• Swiftly flowing rivers provided cheap power.



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In the early 19th century, workers tried to unite but were not very successful.

• The Workingmen’s Party failed in both state and local elections in 1820.

• The Workingmen’s Party supported the right of workers to form labor unions, organizations that unite to improve pay and working conditions.

• Early labor unions focused primarily on helping skilled tradesmen such as carpenters and printers.



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• The Lowell girls were forced to accept pay cuts when their protests failed in 1834 and 1836.

• Factory owners frequently turned to sympathetic judges for assistance.

• A New York court convicted twenty tailors of conspiracy for forming a union in 1835.

Early

attempts

to force

employers

to raise pay

through

strikes

seldom

succeeded.



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• The middle class was made up of managers, clerks, accountants, and retailers, who worked in offices outside the home.

• The middle class was economically above laborers but below business owners.

• They moved away from the crowded city, which led to socially segregated neighborhoods.

• Middle class women began to stay at home.

The industrial revolution brought about the emergence of a middle class.



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Immigration changed America’s urban population beginning in the 1840s.

Most immigrants came to Northern cities. Few went to the South.

Immigration grew from 600,000 per year in the 1830s to 2,800,000 per year in the 1850s.

Prior to 1840, most immigrants were English or Scottish. After 1840, a larger percentage were Irish or German.

The Irish arrived following a potato famine.

The Germans came due to a failed revolution, famine, and depression.



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For the first time, many immigrants were Catholic or Jewish.

Many Protestants distrusted the Catholic Church and resented immigrants as competitors for jobs.

Nativist politicians in the new Whig Party exploited ethnic prejudices and campaigned against immigration and immigrants.

In response, most Catholic and Jewish immigrants joined the Democratic Party.



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• The rapid influx of people caused social, economic and political strains in cities.

• Various immigrant groups and free Africans competed for jobs and housing in shabby neighborhoods.

• This competition led to riots in Philadelphia in 1844 and in Baltimore in 1854.

Most immigrants became urban laborers, though some set up businesses or moved to the Midwest.



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The Founding Fathers had hoped that slavery would gradually fade away.

Slavery continued.

• The invention of the cotton gin

• The expansion of cotton production westward

• A huge demand for cotton due to industrialization

Three developments caused cotton production to surge, making slavery very profitable in the Deep South:



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In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. By making it easier to separate the seeds from the cotton fibers, the gin turned cotton from a minor crop into the major export of the American South.

Between 1793 and 1820, cotton production rose from 5 million to 170 million pounds a year.

Planters expanded or built new cotton plantations throughout the south. Whitney’s cotton gin



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The new plantations filled a demand from factories in the Northeast and Europe as “King Cotton” soon accounted for half the value of all U.S. exports.

Importation of slaves was abolished in 1808, causing a huge increase in the cost of a slave from $600 in 1802 to $1,800 in 1860.

The slave population grew from 1.5 million in 1820 to 4 million in 1860.



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• Fluctuating prices led to bankruptcies in bad years and high profits in others.

• Unlike the North, the South saw very little urban growth. Few immigrants were attracted to the South.

• The South failed to develop the commercial towns common in the Northeast and Midwest.

Dependence on “King Cotton” greatly limited the economy of the South.



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As the North’s urban population grew, the South lost political power, especially in the

House of Representatives.

Southerners feared that Northerners would threaten their investment in slavery.

Little was done for poor whites. Illiteracy was three times the rate in the North.

Southerners rationalized that slavery was a positive that Christianized and helped Africans.



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While the South defended slavery, slaveholders were actually a small minority.

• In 1860, only one in four southern families owned slaves.

• Three fourths of the families who did own slaves owned fewer than ten.

• Only a small aristocracy of 3,000 wealthy planters owned 100 or more slaves.

• The typical slaveholder lived in a farmhouse and worked beside his four or five slaves.



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If so few benefited from slavery, why did Southerners defend the slave system?

• Most aspired to acquire slaves and a plantation.

• Southern whites shared a sense of racial superiority and pride in their independence.

• Most believed that slaves were better off than poor northern factory workers.

• Most feared that freed blacks would seek a bloody revenge.



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Jefferson, Madison, and Washington apologized for slavery as a necessary evil. But by the 1850s, pro-slavery Southerners defended slavery as a positive good.



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Section 1

• Analyze the causes and effects of nationalism on domestic policy during the years following the War of 1812.

• Describe the impact of nationalism on the nation’s foreign policy.

• Summarize the struggle over the issue of slavery as the nation grew.

Objectives



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Terms and People

• nationalism – a spirit of loyalty and devotion to

one’s country

• Henry Clay – a leading advocate of economic

nationalism who proposed the American System

• American System – Clay’s plan for federally

sponsored internal improvements and protective

tariffs to promote commerce and link all sections

of the U.S.



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• John Quincy Adams – Secretary of State under

James Madison and son of President John Adams

• Adams-Onís Treaty – treaty negotiated by John

Quincy Adams to purchase Florida from Spain

• Monroe Doctrine – policy warning European

monarchies not to interfere with Latin American

republics in return for U.S. non-interference



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• Missouri Compromise – 1820 compromise

balancing the admission of Missouri as a slave

state with the admission of Maine as a free

state and setting a line across the continent

dividing future free and slave states



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After the War of 1812, nationalism affected

economic and foreign policy and began to

create a sense of national identity.

Supreme Court rulings supported

nationalism by favoring federal power.

How did domestic and foreign policies reflect the nationalism of the times?



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Under President James Monroe, the Democratic Republicans enjoyed an “era of good feelings.”

The party backed nationalistic economic policies that used federal power to assist business and industry.

This focus on business was a change from the government’s earlier support of agriculture and a weak federal government.

With so little political fighting, some believed that political parties might disappear.



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Henry Clay campaigned for a nationalistic economic policy called the American System, which included:

• high tariffs to protect industrial growth.

• road and canal construction, called internal improvements, to link the different sections of the nation.

Clay believed the different regions could work together for the prosperity

of the entire nation.



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Clay wanted reestablishment of a national bank to control the nation’s money supply and banking.

The First National Bank’s charter expired in 1811.

Private and state banks were printing their own money, causing widespread uncertainty in value.

Clay argued that control over the nation’s money supply and banking would restore confidence.

As a result, Congress established the Second Bank of the United States in 1816.



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The Supreme Court continued to strengthen federal power under Chief Justice John Marshall

Marshall first applied Federalist principles when he supported Judicial Review in Marbury v. Madison.

In Dartmouth College v. Woodward and Fletcher v. Peck Marshall limited the power of state governments to interfere with business contracts.



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• The state of Maryland tried to tax a branch of the Second National Bank.

• Marshall ruled that the power to tax is the power to destroy and a state can’t use taxes to destroy a bank created by Congress.

• The ruling broadly defined commerce and the power of Congress to control it.

In McCulloch v. Maryland

(1819)

Marshall asserted the superiority of

federal law over state laws.



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An interconnected national economy resulted in cycles of “boom or bust.” During busts farmers often blamed the banks for their difficulties.



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• Authors like James Fenimore Cooper (The Leatherstocking Tales) created a genre of frontier adventure stories.

• Painters celebrated America’s beauty in the landscapes of the Hudson River School.

An “American

Renaissance”

in art and

literature

reflected the

nationalism

of the era.



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Paintings like Jasper Cropsey’s 1859 Autumn on the Hudson celebrated the beauty of the wild American

land.



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• President Monroe feared France or Spain might retake newly independent republics in Latin America.

• Monroe warned European monarchies they had no business in the Americas and promised the United States would not involve itself in Europe.

• In 1823 the United States was incapable of enforcing the Monroe Doctrine, but in time it became a cornerstone of American foreign policy.

American nationalism was also reflected in the Monroe Doctrine.



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United States policy toward Florida reflected nationalism.

In 1818, Andrew Jackson invaded Florida to fight the Seminole Indians who harbored runaway slaves.

Madison’s Secretary of State John Quincy Adams concluded the Adams-Onís Treaty by which the United States purchased Florida from Spain.



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• In 1819, Missouri sought admission as a slave-owning state.

• Acceptance would upset the balance between free and slave-owning states in the U.S. Senate.

• A northern proposal to ban slavery as the price of Missouri’s admission caused debate.

• The slavery debate worried many. Thomas Jefferson likened it to a “fire-bell in the night.”

Despite nationalistic feelings, sectional differences remained strong.



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• Maine and Missouri became states together—one free, the other slave.

• A line was drawn across the territories; any new state south of Missouri’s southern border would be slave, anything north free.

Henry Clay averted a crisis with the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

Still, Southerners were worried. They blamed

the 1822 Denmark Vessey plot on the Missouri

debate.



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Section 4



Section 1

• Analyze the movement toward greater democracy and its impact.

• Describe the personal and political qualities

of Andrew Jackson.

• Summarize the causes and effects of the removal of Native Americans in the early 1800s.

Objectives



Section 1

Terms and People

• caucus - a meeting of party members for the

purpose of choosing a candidate.

• Andrew Jackson – popular war hero elected

president as a Democrat in 1828

• Martin Van Buren – Jackson’s campaign manager

who ran the first modern election campaign in 1828

• Jacksonian Democracy – a movement toward

greater popular democracy and recognition of the

common people as symbolized by Andrew Jackson



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• spoils system – practice of giving government jobs

to loyal party supporters

• Indian Removal Act – 1830 Act forcing the

relocation of the Five Civilized Tribes from the

southeast to present day Oklahoma

• Trail of Tears – forced march to Oklahoma in the

winter of 1838, during which 4,000 Cherokees died



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What changes did Andrew Jackson represent in American political life?

In 1824, a new political party emerged, signaling a shift in American culture. The nation’s concept of democracy was changing. The era became known for one towering and controversial figure: Andrew Jackson.



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• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts was the most experienced.

• A congressional caucus of Democratic Republicans favored Georgian William Crawford.

• War hero Andrew Jackson of Tennessee and Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky were seen as Adams’ greatest competition.

Four candidates ran for President in 1824.



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When Adams named Clay to be Secretary of State, Jackson angrily called it a “corrupt bargain” and started preparing early to defeat Adams in 1828.

Jackson received the most popular votes, but no candidate won a majority in the electoral college.

In the House of Representatives, Adams was selected after Clay threw his support behind Adams.



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Jackson symbolized the rise of new democratic ideals uniting city workers, western settlers, and southern farmers against privileged “aristocrats.”

This combination came to be known as “Jacksonian Democracy.”

Andrew

Jackson

won the

Presidency

in 1828.



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• Under Martin Van Buren his campaign was the first to be run in a disciplined and professional fashion.

• Opponents were replaced in government jobs by supporters, using what critics called “the spoils system.”

• Jackson promised a weak federal government but was ruthless against anyone who challenged his decisions.

Jackson’s

followers

called

themselves

“Democrats.”



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Born poor in a log cabin, Jackson was orphaned as a boy and wounded in the Revolutionary War.

As an adult, he ventured west, earned a fortune as a lawyer and planter, and fame as an Indian fighter, and he was the hero of the Battle of New Orleans.

His inauguration was attended by a rowdy crowd of common people.

As the “People’s President,” Jackson symbolized America’s

“get ahead” and “self-made” image.



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Most states became more democratic in the Jacksonian era.

By 1836, every state except

South Carolina selected

electors for the President based

on popular vote.

Increasingly, popular elections

replaced caucuses for

selecting state and local officials.

New state constitutions

dropped property

qualifications for voting.

Participation in elections among white males rose from less than 30% in the 1800s to nearly 80% in 1840.



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New state constitutions expanded democracy by including non-property owning workers. Non-whites and women were still restricted.

• Loopholes that had allowed woman property holders to vote in New Jersey were closed.

• Free Blacks lost the right to vote in most states even if they owned property.

• Native Americans were not considered citizens and were not permitted to vote.



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In the Southeast, the “five civilized tribes” adopted White American culture.

They ran newspapers, schools and churches and elected officials under republican constitutions.

Settlers wanted Native land. Many believed Indians to be inferior.

Conflict arose between Native Americans and whites



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• With Jackson’s urging, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

• In 1832, Chief Justice Marshall ruled that the seizure of native lands was unconstitutional.

• Jackson defied the ruling. “Justice Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”

Jackson supported Southerners and Westerners over Native Americans.



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The five civilized tribes were removed from their lands in the East and sent to “Indian Territory” in Oklahoma.



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In 1838, federal troops made 16,000 Cherokee move from the Southeast to Oklahoma. At least 4,000 people died on the Trail of Tears.



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Section 5



Section 1

• Evaluate the significance of the debate

over tariffs and the idea of nullification.

• Summarize the key events of the conflict

over the second Bank of the United States

in the 1830s.

• Analyze the political environment in the

United States after Andrew Jackson.

Objectives



Section 1

Terms and People

• Tariff of Abominations – name that opponents

from the agricultural south gave to the high

protective tariff of 1828

• John C. Calhoun – vice president who resigned

to lead South Carolina’s fight over nullification in

the Senate

• nullification – concept that a state could void a

federal law that it deemed unconstitutional



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• Whig – member of a political party formed in the

1830s, favored a strong federal government,

protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal

improvements



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What major political issues emerged during the 1830s?

Conflicts and crises during Jackson’s presidency led to formation of a rival political party called the Whigs. In spite of this, Jackson’s handpicked successor Martin Van Buren won in 1836 but lost to the Whigs in 1840.



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• In 1828, Congress passed a high protective tariff.

• The goal was to promote industry, but the tariff raised the prices farmers had to pay for goods.

• Southerners called it the Tariff of Abominations.

Tariffs were a continuing source of dispute between the industrial North (favored) and agricultural South (opposed).



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• Vice President John C. Calhoun expected Jackson to reject the tariff. Instead, Jackson only modified it slightly.

• Calhoun resigned as Vice President in protest to lead the nullification battle in the Senate.

In 1832, South Carolina voted to nullify the tariff. It threatened to secede from the Union

if force was used to collect the import tax.



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Economic nationalists like Daniel Webster rejected the concept of nullification.

Jackson, a Democrat, normally supported southern states, but he strongly rejected this challenge to his authority and to the Union.

Resolution of the Nullification Crisis of 1833

Congress passed a Force Bill authorizing troops to enforce collection.

In a

compromise,

Congress

lowered the

tariff. The

issues of

nullification

and secession

were left

unresolved.



Section 1

• His ideal was an agrarian republic where all white men owned farms and enjoyed rough equality.

• Industrialization and the growing class of wage earning factory workers made his ideal unrealistic.

• The expanding gap between rich factory owners and poor workers became troubling to many Americans.

Despite his opposition to nullification, Jackson generally supported the

agricultural South.



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The Second National Bank divided Americans.

• felt the National Bank symbolized “money power.”

• believed the new business economy encouraged corruption.

• opposed policies they felt enriched business at the expense of farmers and workers.

• believed the National Bank was necessary to maintain a stable supply of currency.

Jacksonian Democrats

Business Leaders

In 1832, Congress voted to renew the Bank’s charter. Jackson vetoed the charter renewal.



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Presidential vetoes were rare. Bank supporters denounced Jackson as a power-hungry tyrant and

formed a new political party, the Whigs.

The Whigs were led by Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Henry Clay of Kentucky.

Whigs favored a strong federal government, broad interpretation of the Constitution, protective tariffs,

internal improvements, and moral reform.



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Andrew Jackson, while stressing democracy for the common man, was seen as a tyrant by those who crossed him.

They referred to him mockingly as “King Andrew.”



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• Martin Van Buren of New York, Jackson’s hand-picked successor, won the election of 1836.

• With no federal banks, state banks flooded the market with currency, causing extreme inflation.

• The government stopped accepting paper money for land purchases, leading to a sudden drop in land values.

Jackson’s economic policies led to disaster for the next president.



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• The drop in land values led to

bankruptcies. Many planters and

farmers lost their land.

The Panic hurt Van Buren and the Democratic Party.

The resulting Panic of 1837 became the worst depression the nation had yet experienced.

• Inflation caused by the state banks

hurt common people.

• A third of urban workers lost their jobs

and wages dropped by 30%.



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• Harrison was portrayed as a simple farmer, born in a log cabin, while Van Buren was painted as an ineffective, corrupt aristocrat.

• The slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too” reminded voters of Harrison’s military record.

In 1840, the Whigs nominated William Henry Harrison and John Tyler.

Harrison’s victorious 1840 campaign focused on symbols like his log cabin

background, seen in this flag.



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One month after his inauguration, President Harrison died of pneumonia.

Vice President John Tyler assumed the Presidency and, to the dismay of the Whigs, rejected their policies.

Tyler vetoed legislation to restore the National Bank and to enact Clay’s American System.



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Chapter 7 › ... › Centricity › Domain › 1543 › Ch7.pdf · 2014-11-12 · •Industrial Revolution – historic period that ... growth of American industry in the early 1800s