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CHAPTER 6 : PERSONALITY AND SPORT
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Introduction
The psychological factors that may affect
performance in various sport and exercise-related
activities:
Deals with the enduring personality
characteristics called traits or dispositions
Deals with less stable psychological states that
influenced by environment, refer as mood states
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Definition
Personality: The distinctive thoughts, emotions, and
behaviors that characterize the way an individual
adapts to the world
Individual’s personality: The person in unique ways
that remain stable and consistent over time
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Psychological core
The deepest component that includes attitudes and
values, interests and motives, and beliefs about
oneself and self worth
Is the ‘real you’ not who you want others to think
you are
Typical responses
The ways one’s learn to adjust to the environment or
how one’s usually respond to the social setting
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Role-related behavior
How an individual behaves in various specific
situations
One’s behavior changes as their perception of
the environment change
Different situations require playing different
roles
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THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
• Psychodynamic Theory • Social Learning Theory
• Humanistic Theory • Trait Theory
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Psychodynamic Theory
Introduced by Sigmund Freud’s in 1933
The characteristics of psychodynamic approach to
personality:
Emphasis upon in-depth examination of the
whole person
Emphasis upon unconscious motives
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The structure of personality:
The id
represents the unconscious instinctual core of personality;
pleasure seeking mechanism
Ego
Represents the conscious, logical, reality-oriented aspects
of personality
Superego
Represents the conscience of the individual; it is the
internalized the moral standards of society impressed upon
the person by parental control and the process of
socialization
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As proposed by Freud, the ego aids in the
resolution of conflicts between the id and superego
Freud advocated a conflict theory of personality
The individual’s personality is the sum total of the
dynamic conflicts between the impulse to seek
release and inhibition against these impulse
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Social Learning Theory
Human behavior is a function of social learning
and strength of the situation
The origin of social learning theory:
Clark Hull’s theory of learning (1943) –
stimulus-response theory of learning, an
individual’s behavior in any given situation is a
function of his learned experiences
B.F Skinner’s behaviorism theory (1953)
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Two primary mechanisms to which individuals
learn are:
Modeling, imitative behavior
refers to the phenomenon of learning through
observation
Social reinforcement
Based upon the notion that rewarded behaviors
are likely to be repeated
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Humanistic Theory
Founding father of humanistic theory is Abraham
Maslow who suggested the need hierarchy theory
of human motivation
Centre of humanistic theory is the concept of self-
actualization – the need to realize one’s potential or
to make actual what is potential
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Takes phenomenological approach
Personal growth is emphasized
Phenomenology is the belief that each person has
their own view of the world around them and that
if we want to understand human action we have to
find out what each individual’s perspectives is
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Trait Theory
The basic position of trait is that personality can be
described in terms of traits possessed by individual
Personality traits considered as synonymous with
dispositions to act in a certain way, stable,
enduring and consistent across a variety of
differing situations
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The personality dimensions of the big five
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The strength of trait theory is that it allows for the
easy and objective measurement of personality
through the use of inventories
The weakness of trait theory is that it may fail to
consider the whole person, since according to this
approach, personality is represented by a collection
of specifics traits
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Identify How Personality Can Be Measured
Measuring personality should consider both:
Traits - an individual’s typical style of behaving
States - the situation’s effects on behavior
Consider both traits and states as an attempt to
understand and predict behavior
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Measuring personality:
Trait and state measures
Situation-specific measures
Predict behavior more reliable for given situations
because they consider both personality of the
participant and the specific situation
Sport-specific measures
Predict behavior in sport settings better than do
general personality tests
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Using Psychological Measures
Guidelines on the use of psychological tests:
Know the principles of testing and measurement error
Know your limitations
Do not use psychological tests for team selection
Include explanation and feedback
Assure athletes of confidentiality
Take an intra-individual approach
Understand and assess specific personality components
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The DO in Personality Testing
Inform participants about the purpose of the
personality test and exactly how it will be used
Allow only qualified individuals who have an
understanding of testing principles and
measurement error to give personality tests
Integrate personality test results with other
information obtained about the participant
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Use sport and exercise specific tests whenever
possible, giving these tests in consultation with a
sport psychologist
Use both state and trait measures of personality
Provide participants with specific feedback
concerning the results of the test
Compare individuals against their own baseline
levels rather than against normative information
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The Don’t
Do not use clinical personality tests that focus on
abnormality to study an average population of
sport and exercise participants
Do not use personality tests to decide who makes
a team or program and who doesn’t
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Do not give or interpret personality tests unless
you are qualified to do so American
Psychological Association or another certifying
organization
Do not use personality tests to predict behavior
in sport and exercise settings without considering
other sources of information
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THE MEASUREMENT OF PERSONALITY
The various methods of assessing personality correspond
closely to the basic personality theories
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Rating Scale
Involve the use of a judge or judges who are asked to
observe an individual in some situation
The employment of checklist or scale
2 types of situations are involved in personality
assessment using rating scales:
Interview
Open-ended and specific questions designed to
ascertain personality traits and general impressions
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Depends on the skill and sensitivity of the person
conducting the interview
If conducted properly, carefully, and systematically –
reliable and valid
Observation of performance
Effective if the checklist being used is well designed
and planned, observer highly trained
Checklist contain specific trait and behaviors that the
observer would look for
Rated in terms of strength and clarity
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Unstructured Projective Procedures
Projective procedures are used to determine information
about underlying motives
This techniques allow subjects to reveal their inner feelings
and motives through unstructured tasks
Primarily used in clinical psychoanalytic and humanistic
approaches to explaining personality
Several kinds of unstructured tests:
Rorschach Test
The Thematic Apperception Test
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Questionnaires
The questionnaire is a paper-and-pencil test in which the
subject answers specific true-false or Likert scale-type
statements
Different kinds of questionnaire-type personality
inventories:
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Cattell’s Sixteen Factor Personality Inventory
NEO-Five Factor Personality Inventory (NEO-FFI)
Athletic Motivation Inventory
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PERSONALITY AND SPORT PERFORMANCE
• Athletes versus Non-athletes • Developmental Effects of Athletic Participation
upon Personality • Personality Sport Type
• Player Position and Personality Profile • Personality Profiles of Athletes Differing in Skill
Level • The Female Athlete
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Athletes Versus Nonathletes
Athletes differ from non-athletes in many personality traits
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Developmental Effects of Athletic Participation upon Personality
The Concept
Athletes tend to be more extraverted, independent, and
self-confident than non-athletes because the process of
“natural selection” and not necessary due to learning
Individuals who exhibit certain personality traits may
tend to gravitate toward athletics
The important exception to this principle occurs in the
formative years before the young athlete reaches maturity
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Personality Sport Type
Differences exist in the personalities of athletes who
engage in different types of sport
Personality profile differences exist between players of
team and individual sports
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Player Position and Personality Profile
In many circumstances, differences exist between the
personality profile based on player position
Concept:
Athletes playing different positions on the same
team can be differentiated as a function of
personality characteristics
Because athletes are required to do very different
kinds of things
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Personality Profiles of Athletes Differing in Skill Level
Concept:
As they move up, the athletic pyramid, athletes
become more alike or homogeneous in terms of
both their personalities and their skill levels
Correlations between athletic ability and
personality traits are either nonexistent or trivial
for athletes within the same hierarchical level
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The personality-performance athletic pyramid
ELITE
OLYMPIC
NATIONAL
COLLEGIATE
SCHOLASTIC
ENTRANCE
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At the base or entrance level of sport, athletes have
different personalities
Certain personality traits will enhance an athlete’s
likelihood of advancing to higher level, while other
traits will undermine it
Through a process of “natural selection”, at each
higher level of the athletic personality pyramid, the
athletes become more alike in their personality
traits
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The Female Athlete
Normative female athlete differs in personality
profile from the successful female athlete
Female athlete is found to exhibit personality traits
much like those of both the normative male and the
male athlete (assertive, achievement-oriented,
dominant, self-sufficient, independent, aggressive,
intelligent, and reserved)
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