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CHAPTER 12: AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE IN SPORT
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Definition
Aggression is a behavior directed toward the goal
of harming or injuring another living being
4 criteria for considering aggression:
It must be actual behavior
Must involve harm or injury
Must be directed toward another living thing
Must involve intent
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Types of Aggression
Hostile aggression
Aggression against another human being with
the intent to harm
The reinforcement or goal is to inflict pain and
suffering on the victim
Always accompanied by anger
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Instrumental aggression
Aggression against another human being with
the intent to harm
The reinforcement is to obtain some external
goal, such as victory or prestige
No anger
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Theory of Aggression
Instinct Theory
The theory that human aggression is an innate
biological drive that cannot be eliminated, but
must be controlled through catharsis for the good
human kind.
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Theory of Moral Reasoning and Aggression
An individual capacity to understand and
embrace standards of moral behavior
Asserts that an individual’s willingness to engage
in aggression is related to her stage of moral
reasoning
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Reformulated Frustration-Aggression Theory
Frustration-aggression theory – aggression is a
natural response to frustration, and that the
aggression act provides a catharsis, or purging,
of the anger associated with the frustration
Reformulated-frustration aggression theory –
frustration does not necessarily result in an
aggressive response but does result in a readiness
for aggression
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Social Learning Theory
Relative to aggression
A theory that posits that aggression is a function
of learning and that biological drive and
frustration are inadequate explanations for
aggression
A behavior learned through observing others and
then having similar behavior reinforced
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Special Considerations Relative to Aggression in Sport
Spectators and Aggression
Watching some violent contact sport usually
increases a spectator’s readiness to be aggressive
Aggression usually does not occur unless other
environmental or game related factors are
present
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Coaches and players should maintain emotional
control on the field to ensure that they are not
triggers for fan aggression
Parents should also educate their children about
the purposes of sport and the inappropriateness
of witnessing aggressive acts as a source of
enjoyment
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Game reasoning and Aggression
Athletes view some aggressive acts as inappropriate
in general but appropriate in the sport environment
This double standard is called game reasoning
(bracketed morality)
Sport professional must specifically define
appropriate behavior and make clear that any form of
aggression not sanctioned in society is also
inappropriate in sport
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Athletic Injuries and Aggression
Aggression is related to increased athletic injuries
Athletic Performance and Aggression
Some coaches and athletes believe that
aggressiveness enhances athletic performance
More central issues are whether they value enhanced
performance at the cost of increased aggression or
whether they are more concerned about how sport
affects its participants
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Team Moral Atmosphere and Aggression
Athlete aggressiveness is influenced by team
norms and aggressiveness perceptions as well as
coach support for such norms
Coaches and teammates play an essential role in
creating a team moral atmosphere that influence
aggression in athletes
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Sport Specific Aggression Determinants
Athletes behave aggressively because:
Someone has committed aggression against them
The opposition has annoyed them
They are highly ego oriented and have low level of
moral development
They want to show how tough they are
They believe it is part of their role
They feel group pressures to be aggressive
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Factors associated with the occurrence of aggression in sport-specific situation:
Environment temperature
Perception of victim’s intent
Fear of retaliation
Structure of the game
Point differential
Playing at home or away
Outcome of participation
League standing
Periods of play
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Reducing Aggression in Sport
Reducing aggression and violence by athlete:
Young athletes must be provided with models of
nonaggressive but effective assertive behavior
Athletes who engage in aggressive acts must be
severely penalized
Coaches and referees should be encouraged to
attend in-service training workshops on dealing
with aggression on the part of players
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External stimuli or cues capable of evoking hostile aggression on the field of play should be removed
Social interaction between members of opposing team should be encouraged by coaches and mangers during the day leading up to a contest
In addition to receiving punishment for acts of aggression, athletes should receive rewards and praises for showing restraint and patience in emotionally charged situation
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Teach appropriate behavior
Once you know what constitutes aggression and
what is appropriate, intense, or assertive play,
you can use social learning strategies to teach
participants the appropriate behaviors
Explain why particular behaviors are appropriate
or inappropriate
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Establish team norms
Involves talking to the athletes, and especially
team leaders about the difference between
aggression and assertive behavior
Having captains monitor team members’ actions
is also important so that athletes’ action can be
discussed at the first sign of aggression
Participant should know how to resolve conflicts
and disputes in a nonviolent fashion
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Modify aggressive reactions
Teach athletes skill to control their emotions
and their reactions to frustration
Stress management training can help students
and athletes deal with frustrating situations
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Reducing aggression and violence by fans:
Potential troublemakers should be closely
supervised
The sale, distribution, and use of alcoholic
beverages at sporting events should be limited
and controlled
Athletic event should be promoted and
encouraged as family affairs
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The media should promote responsible behavior
on the part of the fans by not glamorizing acts of
aggression on the field and by not promoting a
sense of friction or dislike between the players
and fans of the two competing teams
Penalize spectators immediately for aggressive
acts. Stop aggression as soon as it starts and
inform other spectators that it will not be
tolerated
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