CHAPTER 6CHAPTER 6

FEDERALISTSFEDERALISTSAndAnd

REPUBLICANSREPUBLICANS1789-18161789-1816

Federal Hall – site of first Federal Hall – site of first two sessions of Congress two sessions of Congress

(1789)(1789)

Main Hall ofMain Hall of Federal HallFederal Hall New York, NYNew York, NY

Congress Hall - PhiladelphiaCongress Hall - Philadelphia

Chapter 6, Section 1Chapter 6, Section 1Washington and CongressWashington and Congress

A. Creating a New GovernmentA. Creating a New Government

1. A 1. A CABINETCABINET

a. Dept. of State -a. Dept. of State -

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

b. Treasury Dept. – b. Treasury Dept. – A. HamiltonA. Hamilton

c. Dept. of War – c. Dept. of War – Gen. H. KnoxGen. H. Knox

d. Attorney General – d. Attorney General – E. E. RandolphRandolph

Chapter 6, Sec 1Chapter 6, Sec 1B. B. Judicial Act of 1789Judicial Act of 1789

1. 1. 1313 district courts district courts 2. 2. 3 3 courts of appealcourts of appeal 3. 3. Supreme CourtSupreme Court 4. 4. John JayJohn Jay – 1 – 1stst Chief Justice Chief JusticeC. C. Bill of RightsBill of Rights 1. 12 amendments were sent for1. 12 amendments were sent for approvalapproval 2. 10 were approved2. 10 were approved

Chapter 6, Sec 1Chapter 6, Sec 1D. D. Financing the GovernmentFinancing the Government 1. 1. Tariff of 1789Tariff of 1789 – taxed imports from – taxed imports from other countries and ships paidother countries and ships paid tonnage (James Madison)tonnage (James Madison) 2. 2. What part of the country got madWhat part of the country got mad about these taxes?about these taxes? Who would it Who would it affect the most? The affect the most? The SouthSouth because because they had to ship their rice and tobaccothey had to ship their rice and tobacco to Europe and needed goods from to Europe and needed goods from

Europe.Europe. 3. 3. Southerners felt the new government wasSoutherners felt the new government was against them.against them.

Chapter 6, Sec 1Chapter 6, Sec 1E. HAMILTON’S PLANE. HAMILTON’S PLAN 1. Believed the government needed the1. Believed the government needed the ability to ability to borrow moneyborrow money..

2. The government 2. The government owedowed a. $40 million to American citizensa. $40 million to American citizens b. $11.7 million to b. $11.7 million to FranceFrance, , SpainSpain & & the the NetherlandsNetherlands Hamilton wanted these debts to be paid Hamilton wanted these debts to be paid

at at full face value in order to preserve the in order to preserve the honesty of the new government so honesty of the new government so people/countries would continue to loan it people/countries would continue to loan it money.money.

Chapter 6, Sec 1Chapter 6, Sec 1 3. Madison felt the plan was unfair to3. Madison felt the plan was unfair to original purchasers of bonds becauseoriginal purchasers of bonds because speculatorsspeculators had bought up many had bought up many bonds at very low prices and they bonds at very low prices and they would be the ones to benefit not the would be the ones to benefit not the people who had loaned the money.people who had loaned the money. 4. 4. Madison was also upset that the was also upset that the Southern taxesSouthern taxes would pay the money to the would pay the money to the bond holders who were mostly in the North.bond holders who were mostly in the North.

5. 5. A DEALA DEAL – – MadisonMadison, , HamiltonHamilton, & , & WashingtonWashington would work to convince southerners to would work to convince southerners to vote for the plan and in return the vote for the plan and in return the capitolcapitol would be would be movedmoved to a southern state – to a southern state – VAVA.. It would be It would be The District of ColumbiaThe District of Columbia..

Chapter 6, Sec 1Chapter 6, Sec 1F. F. THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATESTHE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES

Hamilton said the government Hamilton said the government needed a needed a bankbank to manage its debts to manage its debts and interest payments and issue and interest payments and issue paper money that would promote paper money that would promote trade, encouragetrade, encourage investment, & investment, & stimulate economic growthstimulate economic growth..

Chapter 6, Sec 1Chapter 6, Sec 1SouthernersSoutherners – said North would own most of – said North would own most of

the bank’s stockthe bank’s stockMadisonMadison – said it is not in the – said it is not in the enumeratedenumerated

powers of the Constitution to establish a powers of the Constitution to establish a bank.bank.

Hamilton – Hamilton – said Article I, Sec 8, gave the said Article I, Sec 8, gave the federal government the power “to make federal government the power “to make all laws which shall be all laws which shall be necessary and necessary and properproper” to execute its responsibilities. He ” to execute its responsibilities. He said it was necessary to said it was necessary to collect taxescollect taxes, , regulate traderegulate trade and and provide defenseprovide defense..

Washington – Washington – signed the bill. The Bank was signed the bill. The Bank was established for a established for a 2020-year period.-year period.

Chapter 6, Sec 1Chapter 6, Sec 1

G. G. THE WHISKEY REBELLIONTHE WHISKEY REBELLION Western farmers were making whiskey out Western farmers were making whiskey out of their of their corncorn because the corn would because the corn would spoilspoil when they tried to deliver it to the Easternwhen they tried to deliver it to the Eastern markets over land. markets over land. The The SpanishSpanish had closed the Mississippi River. had closed the Mississippi River. PAPA farmers began terrorizing tax collectors. farmers began terrorizing tax collectors. Hamilton urged Washington to send troops to Hamilton urged Washington to send troops to

crush the crush the rebellion.rebellion. The army dispersed the rebellion without a fight. The army dispersed the rebellion without a fight.

****** Using Federal troops against the countries’ Using Federal troops against the countries’ ownown

people concerned everyone.people concerned everyone.

Chapter 6, Sec 1Chapter 6, Sec 1 4. THE RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES4. THE RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES FEDERALISTSFEDERALISTS REPUBLICANSREPUBLICANS National Gov. State Gov.National Gov. State Gov. supreme supremesupreme supreme Wealthy/educatedWealthy/educated Landowners Landowners ManufacturingManufacturing Agriculture Agriculture Loose Strict Loose Strict interpretation interpretation

interpretationinterpretation Protective tariff/Protective tariff/ Protective tariff/ Protective tariff/

industry farmers industry farmers

Chapter 6, Federalists & RepublicansChapter 6, Federalists & Republicans

1. OrganizedGov. &Created Depts

6. Accepted debt and paid in full to establish money

5. Created the National Bank

Tasks of Congress

2. Organized Judicial Branch

3. Adopted the Bill of Rights

4. Financed the gov.by imposing tariff and tonage

C 6, Sec 2 - PARTISAN POLITICSC 6, Sec 2 - PARTISAN POLITICSI. I. Washington’s Foreign PolicyWashington’s Foreign Policy The French RevolutionThe French Revolution began shortly began shortly after Washington was inaugurated.after Washington was inaugurated. A.A. The American Response.The American Response. 1. 1. FederalistsFederalists – opposed it – opposed it RepublicansRepublicans – supported it – supported it 2. The 2. The Treaty of 1778Treaty of 1778 required the U.S. to help required the U.S. to help

France. If Washington did that, it would mean war France. If Washington did that, it would mean war with Britain. Washington declared that the U.S. with Britain. Washington declared that the U.S. would be “would be “friendly and impartialfriendly and impartial” toward both ” toward both parties.parties.

Chapter 6, Sec 2Chapter 6, Sec 2 B.B. Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty. . To avoid war, John Jay To avoid war, John Jay was sent to Britain. Jay agreed:was sent to Britain. Jay agreed: a. Britain had the a. Britain had the right to seize cargoesright to seize cargoes bound for bound for

French ports.French ports. b. Did not get compensation for American merchants b. Did not get compensation for American merchants

whose goods had been seized, but Britain agreed that a third whose goods had been seized, but Britain agreed that a third country could arbitrate this.country could arbitrate this. (Embarrassing(Embarrassing)) c. British gave the U.S. c. British gave the U.S. most favored nation statusmost favored nation status – – American merchants would not be discriminated against when American merchants would not be discriminated against when trading with Britain.trading with Britain.

d. Britain allowed d. Britain allowed limitedlimited U.S. trade with their U.S. trade with their Caribbean coloniesCaribbean colonies..

** 3. This treaty was an embarrassment for the U.S., but it 3. This treaty was an embarrassment for the U.S., but it prevented warprevented war with G.B. & protected the American economy. with G.B. & protected the American economy.

Chapter 6, Sec 2Chapter 6, Sec 2 C. C. PINCKNEY’S TREATYPINCKNEY’S TREATY. Washington sent . Washington sent Thomas Pinckney to negotiate with Thomas Pinckney to negotiate with SpainSpain.. Spanish signed the Spanish signed the Treaty of San LorenzoTreaty of San Lorenzo or or Pinckney’s TreatyPinckney’s Treaty.. 1. Granted the U.S. the right to navigate 1. Granted the U.S. the right to navigate

the the Mississippi RiverMississippi River & to deposit goods at the & to deposit goods at the port of New Orleans.port of New Orleans.

2. Widely accepted especially 2. Widely accepted especially by by Western farmersWestern farmers who needed who needed to use the river. to use the river.

Chapter 6, Sec 2Chapter 6, Sec 2II. WESTWARD EXPANSION.II. WESTWARD EXPANSION. A. A. KentuckyKentucky becomes a state – 1792 becomes a state – 1792 B. B. TennesseeTennessee becomes a state – 1796 becomes a state – 1796 C. Settlers keep moving to the NW Territory & C. Settlers keep moving to the NW Territory & begin having confrontations with Nativesbegin having confrontations with Natives D. D. Little TurtleLittle Turtle – confederacy of Miami, – confederacy of Miami, Shawnee, Delaware and other groups.Shawnee, Delaware and other groups. E. E. Battle of Fallen TimbersBattle of Fallen Timbers (Toledo, OH) – (Toledo, OH) – Gen. Anthony Wayne defeated NativeGen. Anthony Wayne defeated Native Americans.Americans. F. F. Treaty of GreenvilleTreaty of Greenville – Native Americans – Native Americans

gave gave up what is today southern Ohio and up what is today southern Ohio and

Indiana in Indiana in exchange for yearly payment of $10,000 exchange for yearly payment of $10,000

fromfrom the federal government. the federal government. G. G. OhioOhio becomes a state - 1803 becomes a state - 1803

Chapter 6, Sec 2Chapter 6, Sec 2III. Washington Leaves OfficeIII. Washington Leaves Office

A. A. Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address::

1. Warned of sectionalism – avoid 1. Warned of sectionalism – avoid dividing the country into North against South dividing the country into North against South or East against West.or East against West.

2. Cautioned about political parties.2. Cautioned about political parties.

3. Warned against getting involved 3. Warned against getting involved with foreign nations.with foreign nations.

III. Washington Leaves OfficeIII. Washington Leaves Office

A. A. Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address::

1. Warned of 1. Warned of sectionalismsectionalism – avoid – avoid dividing the country into North against South or dividing the country into North against South or East against West.East against West.

2. Cautioned about 2. Cautioned about political partiespolitical parties..

3. Warned against getting involved with 3. Warned against getting involved with foreign nationsforeign nations..

Chapter 6, Sec 2Chapter 6, Sec 2 B. B. The The ElectionElection of of 17961796

1. 11. 1stst Election of President Election of President

2. 2. FederalistsFederalists – – John AdamsJohn Adams - 71 - 71

RepublicansRepublicans – – Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson – – 6868

3. 3. John AdamsJohn Adams is the 2 is the 2ndnd President President

of the United States of Americaof the United States of America

Chapter 6, Sec 2Chapter 6, Sec 2IV. The Quasi-War with FranceIV. The Quasi-War with France THETHE XXYYZZ AFFAIRAFFAIR – Adams sent – Adams sent Charles PinckneyCharles Pinckney, , Elbridge GerryElbridge Gerry & & John MarshallJohn Marshall to France to negotiate about to France to negotiate about the problem with the French stoppingthe problem with the French stopping American ships and seizing goods. American ships and seizing goods. The The FrenchFrench tried to tried to bribebribe the Americans which the Americans which was an insult.was an insult. This became an This became an undeclared warundeclared war between between AAmmeerriiccaa and and FranceFrance. . The Convention of 1800 ended the AmericansThe Convention of 1800 ended the Americans obligation to help France (Treaty of 1778)obligation to help France (Treaty of 1778) and ended the and ended the Quasi-WarQuasi-War..

Chapter 6, Sec 2Chapter 6, Sec 2V. V. The War Between The PartiesThe War Between The Parties The Federalists in Congress decide to

strike back at the Republicans!! A. The Alien & Sedition Act. 1. Laws against the aliens: Wait 14 years before becoming citizens President can deport any alien dangerous

to the U.S. 2. Sedition – can not print or say

anything “false, scandalous, & malicious” against the federal government or any officer of the government.

Chapter 6, Sec 2Chapter 6, Sec 2 B. B. The The VirginiaVirginia and and KentuckyKentucky

ResolutionsResolutions

((argued that since the states had argued that since the states had created the Constitution, they could created the Constitution, they could declare federal laws unconstitutionaldeclare federal laws unconstitutional).).

1. The 1. The VAVA Resolution – Resolution – interpositioninterposition

2. The 2. The KYKY Resolution – Resolution – nullificationnullification

Chapter 6, Sec 2Chapter 6, Sec 2 C. C. The Election of 1800The Election of 1800 1. The Democratic Republicans

– Thomas Jefferson – Pres. Aaron Burr – Vice Pres.

(against new taxes & a national bank) 2. The Federalists – John Adams – Pres. Charles Pinckney – Vice P.

Chapter 6, Sec 2Chapter 6, Sec 2

3. The Constitution does not let citizens 3. The Constitution does not let citizens vote directly for the president. Each vote directly for the president. Each state chooses state chooses electorselectors – the same – the same number as it has senators and number as it has senators and representatives and they vote for the representatives and they vote for the president.president.

THE FLAWTHE FLAW – – Each elector would vote for Each elector would vote for two people (usually their parties two people (usually their parties presidential and vice presidential presidential and vice presidential nominees). nominees).

Current Electoral U.S. VotesCurrent Electoral U.S. Votes

Chapter 6, Sec 2Chapter 6, Sec 2

JeffersonJefferson BurrBurr

When the votes were counted, there was a When the votes were counted, there was a tietie between Jefferson and Burr. between Jefferson and Burr. Republicans had intended for one vote to Republicans had intended for one vote to be be held backheld back, but that did not happen. , but that did not happen.

The president was selected by the House of The president was selected by the House of Representatives which was controlled by Representatives which was controlled by the the FederalistsFederalists. The vote again . The vote again tiedtied in the in the House of RepresentativesHouse of Representatives. .

Chapter 6, Sec 2Chapter 6, Sec 2FinallyFinally,, Jefferson let the Federalists know that Jefferson let the Federalists know that

he would not fire all the Federalists nor he would not fire all the Federalists nor dismantle Hamilton’s financial system.dismantle Hamilton’s financial system.

James Baynard then cast a blank ballot, James Baynard then cast a blank ballot, making Jefferson the new president.making Jefferson the new president.

THE ELECTION OF 1800THE ELECTION OF 1800 demonstrated that demonstrated that power in the U.S. could be peacefully power in the U.S. could be peacefully transferred despite strong disagreements transferred despite strong disagreements between partiesbetween parties

Chapter 6, Sec 3 – Jefferson in Office

I. Thomas Jefferson Takes Office

Jefferson used a less formal

style than Washington & Adams.

He believed in small government. He began by paying off the federal debt. Cut government spending. Did away with the Whiskey Tax. Relied on local militia instead of an army.

Chapter 6, Sec 3II. The Rise of the SUPREME COURT

The Judiciary Act of 1801 – created 16 new federal judges. Adams appointed Federalists to these positions –

“midnight judges” because he signed appointments until midnight on his last

day in office.

Chapter 6, Sec 3 A. Impeaching Judges

1. Jefferson repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801 which abolished the new judges positions.

2. The Republicans then tried to remove other Federalist judges by impeaching them. To impeach someone, they must be found guilty of “treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.”

3. An 1804 case established that judges could only be removed for criminal behavior, not just because Congress disagreed with their decisions.

Chapter 6, Sec 3 B. Marbury v. Madison *JOHN MARSHALL– most important appointment J. Adams made.

Served 34 years Responsible for making the Supreme Court a powerful, independent branch.

1. William Marbury appointed by Adams as justice of the peace in Washington,D.C. 2. His appointment was not delivered by VP Madison. 3. Marbury asked the Supreme Court to make Madison deliver the appointment 4. Marshall said the Supreme Court could not issue the court order because it was out of their jurisdiction and the Supreme Court agreed with him. This decision strengthened the Supreme Court because it

asserted the Court’s right of judicial review.

Chapter 6, Sec 3III. The United States Expands West A. The Louisiana Purchase. 1. Robert Livingston sent to France to

negotiate buying the LA Purchase in 1801. 2. In 1803, Napoleon offered to sell all

of the LA Territory as well as New Orleans to the U.S.

3. Cost - $11.25 million and took on French debts owed to American citizens for $3.75 million = $15 million.

4. The U.S. more than doubled its size and gained control of the entire Mississippi River.

Chapter 6, Sec 3

Chapter 6, Sec 3 B. The Lewis & Clark Expedition.

William Meriwether Lewis & William Clark were sent by Jefferson to explore the LA Territory, trace the

Mississippi River & find a route to the Pacific Ocean even before the U.S. bought the LA Territory.

Chapter 6, Sec 3

C. The Pike Expedition

In 1805 Zebulon Pike mapped much of the upper Mississippi & looked for the Arkansas River. He traveled to Colorado and charted the mountain now called

Pike’s Peak. He also mapped the Rio Grande & traveled through what is now Southern Texas.

Chapter 6, Sec 3 D. The Essex Junto 1. Small group of Federalists in MA. 2. Drafted a plan to take New England out of the Union. 3. In 1804 they persuaded Aaron Burr to run for governor of NY in 1804. 4. Hamilton called Burr a “dangerous man.” Burr challenged him to a duel. When they met, Hamilton refused to fire & Burr shot and killed him.

Chapter 6, Sec 3IV. Rising Internal Tensions A. Economic Warfare in 1803. 1. England & France are fighting again. 2. The war helped American merchants at first. 3. 1806, Britain issued Orders in Council. 4. Napoleon said France would take goods from

ships that obeyed the Orders.

5. Americans were in the middle.

B. Impressment – British claimed the right to stop American ships and search for deserters, and they also took American citizens at times.

British warship LEOPARD stopped the American warship, Chesapeake to search it. The Captain of the Chesapeake refused, the Leopard fired & killed 3 Americans.

Chapter 6, Sec 3 C. Economic Diplomacy Falls

1. After the Chesapeake affair, Jefferson asked Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807 which halted trade between the U.S. and Europe & avoided war.

2. The embargo ended up hurting the U.S. more than Britain & France.

3. Congress repealed the embargo right before Jefferson left office in 1809.

Chapter 6, Sec 4 – THE WAR OF 1812

Chapter 6, Sec 4I. The Decision for War. Election of 1808 – Republicans– J. Madison -- WINNER Federalists– C. Pinckney

A. Economic Pressures. 1. Madison asked Congress to pass the Non-Intercourse

Act – forbade trade with France and Britain, but allowed the President to open up trade with whichever country removed the trade restrictions first. “Did not work.”

2. Macon’s Bill Number Two - reopened trade with Britain & France, but said that if either nation agreed to drop its restrictions on trade, the U.S. would stop importing goods from the other nation.

3. 1811 – Congress passed a non-importation act against Britain because Britain would not drop trade restrictions.

4. 1812 – Britain finally ended all restrictions on American trade – but it was TOO LATE. Two days later, they learned that the U.S. had declared war on Great Britain.

Chapter 6, Sec 4

B. THE WAR HAWKS. 1. Henry Clay (KY), John C. Calhoun (SC), and

Felix Grundy (TN) – wanted to go to war w/Britain.

2. These were Americans in the South & West.

3. Two reasons for war: (1) Trade restrictions hurt Southern planters and Western farmers;

and (2) Western farmers blamed the British for Native American problems.

Chapter 6, Sec 4 Tecumseh

C. Tecumseh and Tippecanoe 1. Speculators and Settlers sparked Native American resistance. 2. Tecumseh tried to unite his people. 3. His brother Tenskwatawa (the Prophet) lived on Tippecanoe River & practiced traditional Native American ways of living. 4. Gov. William Henry Harrison of Indiana decided to stamp out Native movement & attacked. Tecumseh fled to Canada. 5. Western farmers wanted war & Madison finally asked Congress to declare war on Britain, June 1812. 6. The South and West voted for war.

Chapter 6, Sec 3Chapter 6, Sec 3

II. II. THE INVASION OF CANADATHE INVASION OF CANADA..

Called Called “Mr. Madison’s War”“Mr. Madison’s War”

ProblemsProblems

Small navy

No bankCan’t borrow

money

Few TroopsLittle equipment

Chapter 6, Sec 4Chapter 6, Sec 4A. A. Three Strikes Against CanadaThree Strikes Against Canada

1. Three attacks: Detroit, Niagara Falls, Hudson River Valley toward Montreal – all failed.

2. The NY militia refused to cross the river into

Canada because they said they could not be forced

to leave the country.

B. B. Perry’s Victory on Lake Erie.Perry’s Victory on Lake Erie.

1. Commadore Oliver PerryCommadore Oliver Perry constructed a fleet on Lake Erie in Ohio & defeated the British there.

2. BUT the Americans were pushed back into Detroit & by 1813 the U.S. still had not conquered any Canadian territory.

Chapter 6, Sec 4Chapter 6, Sec 4III. III. THE WAR ENDSTHE WAR ENDS Napoleon’s empire collapsed in 1814. Napoleon’s empire collapsed in 1814.

This gave the British more time to focus on This gave the British more time to focus on the U.S.the U.S.

The The BritishBritish had a 3-part strategy: had a 3-part strategy: 1. British navy would 1. British navy would raidraid American American

cities along the coast.cities along the coast. 2. 2. MarchMarch into NY from Montreal, cutting into NY from Montreal, cutting

New England off. New England off. 3. 3. SeizeSeize New Orleans & close the New Orleans & close the

Mississippi River to western farmers.Mississippi River to western farmers.

Chapter 6, Sec 4Chapter 6, Sec 4 A. A. Raids on Washington, D.C. & BaltimoreRaids on Washington, D.C. & Baltimore 1. August 1814 – troops landed within

marching distance to Washington, D.C. 2. British marched into Washington,

D.C., and Madison along with Government officials fled. The British set fire to the White House & the Capitol and started towards Baltimore.

3. Baltimore was ready for the British. After the bombardment of Fort McHenry on September 13, the British left.

Frances Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner as he watched the attack as a prisoner on a British ship.

Chapter 6, Sec 4Chapter 6, Sec 4The burning of the White House - 1814The burning of the White House - 1814

Chapter 6, Sec 4Chapter 6, Sec 4 B. B. The Battle of Lake ChamplainThe Battle of Lake Champlain = =

British troops marched toward NY, butBritish troops marched toward NY, but had to control Lake Champlain. had to control Lake Champlain. Americans defeated the British Americans defeated the British fleet. The British retreated to fleet. The British retreated to MontrealMontreal..

C. The Hartford ConventionC. The Hartford Convention – –

called for several constitutional amendments called for several constitutional amendments to to increase New England’s political powerincrease New England’s political power. .