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7/27/2019 Chapter 5 (Mitosis)
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CELL DIVISION
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CHROMATID
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All the chromosome in the nucleus ofsomatic cell exist in pairs and call as diploid
number of chromosome (2n)
In humans, one set of chromosome consists of23 pairs of chromosome . That means our somatic
cell have 46 chromosome .
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From 23 pairs of chromosome, one pairs is thesex chromosome .
Two X chromosome (XX), referred to female ,while XY chromosome referred to males
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THE HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
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WHY CELL DIVISIONSIMPORTANT
To replaced the dead or damaged cell with new cells.
Increase the number of cell in the body for growing
To maintain chromosomal number of each organisms
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THE CELL CYCLE
Interphase M phase Cytokinesis.
(Cytoplasmicdivision)
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Interphase is also the stage at which cells growlarger and prepare for cell division
During interphase, the nucleus is big and well difined.
Interphase is divided into three shorter stages orsub-phases:
(a) G1 phase (growth phase 1)
(b) S phase ( DNA synthesis)
(c) G2 phase (growth phase 2)
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MITOSIS
Mitosis is process division of nucleus in thesomatic cell.
Mitosis can be subdivided into four phases, namely :
(a) Prophase(b) Metaphase(c) Anaphase
(d) Telophase
The number chromosome are same likethe parents cell
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PROPHASE• Nuclear membrane begins to disappear.• Chromatin threads coil up to form chromosomes• Centrioles move to the opposite poles as spindle
fibers form between them.
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METAPHASE• Nuclear membrane disappears.•
Spindle fibers surround the chromosomes• Chromosomes move towards the equator and
become attached to the spindle microtubules
by their centromers
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ANAPHASE• Centromeres split .• The two chromatids from each chromosomes
move to the opposite poles at the spindles contract.
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TELOPHASE• Spindle fibers dissapear• A new plasma membrane forms around each group
of daughter chromosomes• Inside each daughter nucleus, the chromosomes
uncoil and form chromatin.• Formation of cleavage or cell plate for cytokinesis
begins
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CYTOKINESIS• The division of cytoplasm of a cell to form new
cells after the dauhgter nuclei have been formed• In animal cells, cytokinesis take place with the
formation of cleavage furrow• In plant cells, cytokinesis take place with the
formation of cell plate
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THE FUNCTION OF MITOSIS
• To produce new cells for growth
• To replace millions of cells which die or are
worn out• To develop zygotes in sexual reproduction
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REGENERATION
Lizard drop a tail to entice a predator Healing of woundsSome plants capable of total regeneration(the formation of a whole new plant from aleaf, stem or root)
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THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTROLLEDMITOSIS
For the normal cellgrowth
For the normaldevelopment
For maintain the numberof cell in body
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THE EFFECTS OF UNCONTROLLEDMITOSIS
Cancer Tumor• Cancerous cell divide freely and
uncontrollably.• Cancer can be caused by:
- damage to the DNA- mistakes that occur in the genes
that controlled cell division.- the effect of radiation- carcinogen compounds.
• Form by cancerous cellthat is divideduncontrollably
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UNCONTROLLED MITOSIS
Will produce cancer cells
NORMAL CELLS
CANCERCELLS
- Divide freely anduncontrollably withoutheeding the cell cyclecontrol system
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CAUSES OF CANCER
1. Damage to the DNA2. Mistakes that occur in the genes that control
cell division
3. The effects of ionising radiation such as X-rays, UV-rays4. Certain chemical compounds like tar in
tobacco
5. Carcinogenic compounds such asformaldehyde.
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THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NORMALCELLS AND CANCEROUS CELLS
1. Normal cells undergo controlled growth butcancerous cells undergo uncontrolled growth.
2. Normal cells have a single organised layer but
cancerous cells have multi-layered anddisorganised cells3. Cells are differentiated and carry out specialised
functions in normal cells but in cancerous cells they
undifferentiated and do not have specialisedfunctions.
4. The nuclei and chromosome number of normal cellare normal but the nuclei and chromosome number of cancerous cells are abnormal.
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Test Your IQ
1. Give the definition of mitosis2.State two reasons why mitotic cell division is
important in living organisms.3. Name the stages in M phase4. State the important events that occur at
(i) G1
phase(ii) S phase(iii) G2 phase
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THE APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGEON MITOSIS IN CLONING
Cloning Tissue culturetechnique
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ANIMAL CLONING
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CLONING
Cloning is the process of producing clones ofa cell, tissue or organism, through asexual
reproduction
Animals cloning involves the transfer of the
nucleus from a somatic cell to an ovum orembryonic cell which has the nucleus removed
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Many animals have been succesfully cloned eversince the first mammal, a sheep named Dolly
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Cloning…….
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advantages
Cloning offers the opportunity to rapidlyimprove the genetic makeup of a herdthrough reproduction of elite animalsAs cloning techniques become more
efficient, more clones are living to adult ageand so their reproduction function can bestudied. It appears that there is no differencein the health of cloned animals compared withnon-cloned animals.Cloning allows the reproduction of animalsthat have been genetically modified (eg for the production of medicines in milk).
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WHAT ARE THEDISADVANTAGES OFCLONING?
1. Losing genetic diversity2. Wiping out entire population. – at risk from
new pathogens / diseases3. Inbreeding – because everyone has the
same genetic materials, causes morediseases, abnormalities eventually death tothe population.
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Bermulanya perkembangan manusia (1)[Mitosis]
Dia menciptakan kamu dari diri yang satu (Adam),kemudian Dia menjadikan daripadanya, isterinya(Hawa) dan Dia mengadakan untuk kamu binatang-
binatang ternak lapan ekor: (Empat) pasangan(jantan dan betina). Dia menciptakan kamu dalamkandungan ibu kamu (berperingkat-peringkat) darisatu kejadian ke satu kejadian) . Dalam tiga suasanayang gelap-gelita. Yang demikian (kekuasaanNya)ialah Allah Tuhan kamu; bagiNyalah kekuasaanyang mutlak; tiada Tuhan melainkan Dia; oleh itubagaimana kamu dapat dipesongkan (darimematuhi perintahNya)?[Az zumar: 6)
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TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUE
Tissue culture technique involves the growth ofcell or tissues outside the cell in a suitable culture
medium which contain nutrient and growth hormoneor through in-vitro methods.
New individuals that are produced, are generally
identical to the existing organisms
The cultures medium are incubated at an optimaltemperature of 37 0C and at optimal pH
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Advantages of Cloning
1) Many clones are produced in a short time
2)The good qualities of the plants and animals can
be selected and maintained in the clones.3) It increase the quality of products.
4) It ensures the continuity of hereditary traits
from the parent to the clones.
5) It can be carried out any time of the year.
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MEIOSIS
Meiosis is process division of nucleus in theReproductive organ.
This process will reduce the number of chromosomein daughter cell to half that of the parent
Each gametes receive only one chromosome fromevery pair of homologous chromosomes.That means in human gametes, contain 23 haploid
chromosome
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During the fertilization, sperm and egg will meet,restore the complete number of chromosome and
genetic material, forming a diploid zygote with46 chromosome
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In multicellular organisms, meiosis occurs in thetestes ( in males) and ovaries (in female)
In plants, it occurs in anthers (males) and ovaries(female)
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Meiosis
Meiosis I Meiosis II-Prophase I-Metaphase I-Anaphase I-Telophase I
-Prophase II-Metaphase II-Anaphase II-Telophase II
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Interphase
• The cell replicates its DNA and duplicates itschromosome
• The cell now has twice the amount of geneticmaterial, but the same number of chromosome
as before• The nucleus membrane and nucleolus are still present
In animal cells a pair of centrosomes is also formedin the cytoplasm
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Meiosis 1
Prophase 1 Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1
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• The chromatids of homologous chromosome,cross over along their length and at this point it
called as chiasmata.• At this point, there is a change in genetic materialbetween the non-sister chromatids. This processwill form new combination of genetic material andthis important for genetic variation
•
The nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrateand the spindle fibres are formed
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M h 1
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Metaphase 1
Paired homologous chromosome line up at themetaphase plate.
One chromosome of each pair faces each pole ofthe cell
The chromatids of each chromosome are attachedto the spindle fibres at their centromer
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Anaphase 1
• The pair of homologous chromosome separatefrom one another and move to the opposite poles
• Each chromosome moves with its centromereheading towards the pole and the two sister
chromatids trailing behind
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T l h 1
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Telophase 1
•
The chromosome arrive at the poles.• Each pole now has a haploid daugther nucleusbecause it contain only one set of chromosome
• The spindle fibre disappear• The nucleus membrane reappears to surround
each group of chromosome• The nucleolus then reappears in each nucleus
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Cytokinesis occurs. The cleavage form and twohaploid daughter cells form
Between meiosis I and meiosis II, there is little orno interphase and no replication of chromosome
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Meiosis II
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
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Metaphase II
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Metaphase II
Chromosome line up at the metaphase plate
Each sister chromatid is attached to the spindle
fibre at the centromere
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A h II
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Anaphase II
•
The centromers holding the sister chromatidstogether split
• Chromatids separate
• Spindle fibre pull each chromatids to oppositepoles
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Telophase II
•
Finally the nucleoli and nuclear membrane re-form.
• The spindle fibres break down
• Cytokinesis follows and four haploid daughter cellare formed. Each haploid cell contains half the
number of chromosome. The haploid cell becomegametes
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Meiosis I Meiosis II
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Meiosis I Meiosis IISimilarities
• Both process consist 4 stage.• Both process involve nucleus and cytoplasm division
Meiosis I Meiosis II
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Meiosis I Meiosis IIDifferences
• Synapsis occur
• Crossing over occur
• No synapsis
• No crossing over• In metaphase I, pairedhomologous chromosomeline up at the metaphase
plate
• In metaphase II,chromosome line up at
the metaphase plate
• In telophase I, twohaploid chromosome
are formed
• In telophase II, fourhaploid chromosome
are formed
Mitosis Meiosis
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Mitosis MeiosisSimilarities
• The process of cell division in which DNA replicatesonly once
Mitosis Meiosis
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Mitosis MeiosisDifferences
• All somatic cell
• Replace damageand dead cell
• Reproductive organ
• Produce gametes
• Synapsis notoccur
• Synapsis occur
• Crossing overnot occur
• Crossing overoccur
Place occurs
Purpose
Synapsis
Crossingover
Mitosis Meiosis
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Mitosis MeiosisDifferences
• Produce cell forgrowth and repair
• Not causegenetic variation
• Produces gamete
• Cause geneticvariation
• One • Two
• Two daughtercell
• Four daughtercell
Role
Genetic
variationNumber of
division
Number ofdaughter
cell
Mitosis Meiosis
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Mitosis MeiosisDifferences
• Same as theparent cell
• Diploid
• Different fromthe parent cell
• Haploid
Geneticcontent
Chromosomalnumber of
daughter cell
THE IMPORTANCE OF MEIOTIC
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THE IMPORTANCE OF MEIOTICCELL DIVISION
Ensure the maintenance
of diploid numberof chromosome
Provides geneticvariation
Leads to geneticrecombination
Appreciating the Movement of Chromosome
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Appreciating the Movement of Chromosomeduring Mitosis and Meiosis
• The meiosis and mitosis ensure the survival ofeach species from one generation to the next.
•
Asexual reproduction through mitosis processproduces offspring that are identical to singleparent
•
Sexual reproduction through meiosis processproduces genetic variation in the offspring
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