Chapter 5 Labour Management[1].pdf

8/13/2019 Chapter 5 Labour Management[1].pdf

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LABOUR RESOURCEMANAGEMENTLABOUR RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT


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ContentsContentsContents

IntroductionIntroduction

Problems Related toProblems Related to Labour Labour Planning ofPlanning of Labour Labour ResourceResource

Resource SmoothingResource SmoothingResourceResource LevellingLevelling

Monitoring & ControlMonitoring & ControlSummarySummary


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IntroductionIntroductionLabour resource management is an importantaspect that require serious consideration during

project development .

It is made up of between 20-30% of totalconstruction cost.

To ensure the success of a project, one has to properly manage labour. Managing labour involved planning, organising, monitoring andcontrol.


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IntroductionIntroduction

Improper labour resource management cancause problems during the construction stage.

These problems is highlighted in Figure 1:


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Problems Related to LabourProblems Related to Labour

These are various problems related to labour that can hinder the progress of works at

construction site. The problems highlighted arenot limited to the Figure 1 only.


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Poor

Planning

SHORTAGESSLOW MOBILISATION

UNSKILLED LOBOUR INAPPROPRIATE

MONITORING & CONTROL

UNRELIABLE

SUB-CONTRACTOR

Poor W orkmanship

LowProductivity

Lack of Experience

Abse nte eism

Poor Access

Inappropriate

MonitoringSystem

StrikeLo w

Morale/Motivation

PROBLEMS RELATEDTO LOBOUR

Lack of Experience& Training

Lack of Supervisors

PoorTransportation

System

Lack of Experience

POOR SUPERVISION

NoCertification

Figure 1


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If there is problem, for example shortages oflabour, can results in work interruption hence itis critical to resolve the problem at an early

stage.Poor planning may be identified as acontributing factor that cause shortages.The other main factors can be improved andrectified but this can be very expensive.


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Planning of Labour ResourcePlanning of Labour ResourceThe first step of avoiding and reducing the problemrelated to labour, as mentioned earlier, is a to planthe labour resource requirements.If the project planning was prepared based ontime driven, which is a common practice in theMalaysian Construction Industry, then the planner

have to estimate the labour requirement. But if it isa resource driven then the resources required has been planned to estimate the duration of a particular work.


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Planning of Labour ResourcePlanning of Labour Resource

The are two types of labour resources planning,depending on the situation and requirement of project. These two type are as follow:

1) Resource Smoothing (Time - limited

resources)

2) Resource Levelling (Resource - limited)


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Planning of Labour ResourcePlanning of Labour Resource

The resource smoothing applies to situationswhere contract time is fixed (limited) and no problems in the availability of resources.

While, resource levelling is a situation wherethere is a labour shortage and the client permitsdelay in completion date.The examples of both types of planning isexplained in the next section.


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Labour Resources SmoothingLabour Resources Smoothing

This type of planning applies to conditionwhere there is no shortage of labour but theirallocation must be smooth to avoid sudden

reduction or addition in the number of labour.Ideally the resources aggregation shouldgradually in crease in numbers until it reachthe peak then gradually reduce the numbers.An example of the ideal planning is as shown

in Figure 2a.


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Figure 2a Graph of Resources Organisation

Time

No. of Labour

Preferred Avoid

Figure 2b Graph of Resources Aggregation

Peak Trough

Time

No. of Labour


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In planning the labour allocation, the preferredresources allocation as shown in Graph 2a.One must avoid planning the resources

allocation as indicated in Graph 2b. Wherethere trough and peak aggregation of labour indicated that it can Influence the morale ormotivation of construction workers.

This is due to the discontinuity or employment

of workers.


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Which also led to high labour turnover.Besides morale and motivation, productivitywill also be effected.

In the planning for labour resource smoothingtechnique the following condition applies:

Project duration is fixed In available to meet the completion dateResources in less important in comparison totime.


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Steps taken in using smoothing techniqueswere as follows:List all activities according to Earliest Start -Total Float (ES-TF) and Latest Start - TotalFloat (LS-TF)Draw resource aggregation graph (chart)

according to ES-TF and LS-TF Compare both graphs and try to develop a

preferred graph ie without trough


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ExampleExample

Figure 3 shows the network of a small projectand Table 1 shows the labour requirementsTable 1 - Labour Requirements

Activity No. of Labour Activity No. of Labour 1 - 2 3 3 - 7 52 - 3 4 4 - 7 42 - 4 4 5 - 6 42 - 5 3 6 - 7 6

7 - 8 3


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1

5 53

3

2

5 6

3

6 2

5 3

14

0 17 20

0 58

11

14

13 16

4 7 8

17 2011

13 16

0 Earliest Start (ES)

0 Latest Start (LS)

Critical Activity

Figure 3

1


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Act ivi ty TF ES LS TOTAL LABOUR

1, 2 0 0 0 3

2, 3 3 5 8 4

2, 4 4 5 9 4

2, 5 0 5 5 3

3, 7 4 11 15 5

4, 7 3 11 14 4

5, 6 0 13 13 4

6, 7 0 16 16 6

7, 8 0 17 17 3


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List according to priority ES - TF

Act ivi ty ES TF

1, 2 0 0

2, 5 5 0

2, 3 5 3

2, 4 5 4

4, 7 11 3

3, 7 11 4

5, 6 13 0

6, 7 16 0

7, 8 17 0


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Plot the resource graph according to priority (ES TF)

Total Labour

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Time(Days)1 2 2 5

2 4

2 3

3 7

4 7

5 6

6 -7

7 8

4 -

7


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List according to priority LS - TF

Act ivi ty LS TF

1, 2 0 0

2, 5 5 0

2, 3 8 3

2, 4 9 4

5,6 13 0

4, 7 14 3

3,7 15 4

6, 7 16 0

7, 8 17 0


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Plot the resource graph according to priority (LS TF)

Total Labour

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Time(Days)1 2 2 5

2 4

2 3

5 6

6 -7

7 8

2

3 4 7

4 7

3 7

3 7

10

15

2 4


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Compare both graphs and prepare a new preferred graph (smooth)

Total Labour

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Time(Days)1 2 2 5

2 4

2 3

5 6

6 -7

7 8

3

7

4 7


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Resources LevellingResources Levelling

There are several conditions that force a plannerto adopt this technique among the conditionincludes:Shortage of labour thus the labour is limited

Activities are planned according to theavailability of labour The completion date can be delayed if activitiescannot be arranged within the float timeDuration of project is less important as

compared to resources requirements


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Resources LevellingResources Levelling

The steps taken in using levelling techniquewere as follows:

i) List all activities according to priority EarlyStart - Total Float (ES-TF) . If there is 2 ormore activities of the same TF Then durationof activity to be considered

ii) Draw the resource aggregation according to

the list of priority (ES-TF) and limit the labour requirementiii)Completion date of project will depend on the

availability of the resources.


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ExampleExample

Figure 4 shows the network of a small project and Table 2 shows the labour requirements for each activity. Gang A islimited to 8 workers and Gang B is limited to6 workers.

Prepare resource allocation graph based on

ES-TF . List the date of all activities based onresource graph.


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ExampleExample

Table 2 Activity Duration

(Days)Gang A

(Number)Gang B

(Number) A 7 6 -B 8 8 5

C 9 4 5D 10 6 -E 7 - 5F 12 4 -

G 9 - 6H 6 - 6I 6 6 -J 5 5 -

K 4 - 5


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7

7

B

8

15

15

7

8

E

7

14

15

0

0

A

7

7

7

15

15

F

12

27

27

15

15

C

9

24

26

27

15

G

9

36

36

24

26

D

12

27

27

15

15

F

12

27

27

15

15

F

12

27

27

15

15

F

12

27

27

15

15

F

12

27

27

Figure 4 :


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Activity MT1 JA

A 0 0B 7 0C 7 1D 15 0E 15 2F 24 2G 27 0H 36 0I 42 0J 42 1K 48 0

List According to Priority


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Days

No. of Labour

2

4

6

8

10 20 30 40 50 60

1-2 A

2-6B

10-11I

10-12J

4-6C

5-7

F

6-8D


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Days

2

4

6

8

10 20 30 40 50 60

4-6C

7-9G

12-13K

X

3-5E

9-10H

No. of Labour

2-4B


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Activity MT1 JA

A 0 0B 7 0C 15 2D 24 2E 7 1F 5 0G 27 0H 36 0I 2 0J 42 1K 48 0

Solution


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Documents

Chapter 5 Labour Management[1].pdf