Chapter 4...,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 56 nraw;ghL : jhJNrd kd;dd;; 18 Fsq;fisAk;> xU fhy;thia Ak; mikj;jik. c-k; fyhthtp> khjJfk Fsk;> nkj;j fl;ba thtp kw;Wk; Nahj fhy;tha;

54,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

,e;j myfpd; %yk; ePu; ts ehfupfj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; ePu;g;ghrd njhopDl;gk;> epu;thff; fl;likg;G> nghUshjhu Kiw> ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfs;> fyhrhuk; vd;Dk; mk;rq;fspd; tsu;r;rpapd; ,ay;G kw;Wk; ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpd; tPo;r;rp vd;gd gw;wpa jfty;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;

,yq;if ehfupfk; ePu; epiyfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Muk;gkhfp

tsu;r;rpaile;jikahy; ePu;ts ehfupfk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ. fp.K. 6 Mk;

E}w;whz;by; tl ,e;jpahtpypUe;J te;J FbNawpa Mupau;fshNy ,e;ehfupfk;

cUthdJ vd;gij ehk; Vw;fdNt mwpNthk;. mtu;fs; ejpf;fiufspy; jkJ

FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;lJld; ejpapd; ePiug;ngw;W tptrha

eltbf;iffspy; <Lgl;L te;jdu;. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; tptrha eltbf;iffSf;fhf

ePiur; Nrkpj;J itf;f Ntz;ba Njit mtu;fSf;F Vw;gl;lJ. vdNt ePu;g;ghrd

mikg;nghd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F mtu;fs; Kd;te;jdu;.

ePu;;g;ghrd Kiwnahd;wpd; Njitf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

« kf;fspd; gpujhd rPtNdhghakhf new;nra;if tpsq;fpaik.

« Mw;W ePu; new;nra;iff;Fg; Nghjhik

« kio tPo;r;rp tUlj;jpy; gUtfhyq;fspy; khj;jpuk; fpilj;jik

« fpilf;fg;ngw;w kio tPo;r;rp Nghjpajhf ,d;ik.

« rdj;njhif mjpfupg;gpdhy; tptrha epyq;fs; tp];jupf;fg;gl;lik.

ePu;;g;ghrdj;njhFjp

ejp

mizf;fl;L

rpw;wiz (mKz)

Fsk;

fhy;tha;

55 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjpnahd;wpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;F tpj;jpl;l ngsjpff; fhuzpfs; « cyu; tyaj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhd Gtpapay; mikg;G fhzg;gl;lik.

t njhluiy tbtpyhd epy mikg;G

t mjD}Nl XLk; MWfs; fhzg;gl;lik

« cyu;tyar; rkntspapd; epyr;rupTf;Nfw;g fhy;tha;fis epu;khzpf;f

Kbe;jik

« rkntspA+lhf MWfs; ghAk; NghJ gpd;dpa MWfs;> kpahe;ju; tisTfs;

vd;gd Njhd;Wtjhy; Mw;wpd; Ntfk; Fiwtile;J fhzg;gl;lik.

(,J rpw;wizf;fl;Lfis mikg;gjw;Fk; VJthf mike;jJ.)

« vr;rf; Fd;WfSk; mjNdhL ,ize;j RtLfSk; fhzg;gl;lik.

(Fsf;fl;il epu;khzpf;f VJthaike;jJ)

ePu;g;ghrd mikg;gpd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk;.

epu;khzg; gzpapy;

<Lgl;Nlhu;ePu;g;ghrd mikg;G tsu;r;rpapd; ,ay;G

fpuhkj;

jiytu;fs;

(gWfk)

rpwpa Fsq;fis mikj;jy;

(fpuhkf; Fsq;fs;)

fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s FLk;gq;f

Sf;F khj;jpuk; tptrha

eltbf;iffSf;F NghJ

khdJ.

gz;Lfhga

kd;dd;

mgathtp> (gtrf;Fsk;)>

[athtp> fhkpdp thtp

mur mDruiz fpilj;jik.

(mga thtp kl;LNk jw;NghJ

fz;lwpag;gl;L;s;sJ).

Njtek;gpajPr

kd;dd;.

jprh thtp mur mDruiz

fpilj;jik.

rj;jh jp];]

kd;dd;

18 Fsq;fis mikj;jjhf

tk;rf; fijfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

trg kd;dd; 11 Fsq;fisAk; 12 fhy;tha;

fisAk; mikj;jik. c-k; :-

kfhtpyr;rpa> kdhfl;ba Fsq;fs;>

vyù fhy;tha;fs;

ghupa Fsq;fs; epu;

khzpg;gpd; Muk;gk;> Ruq;ftop

ePu;g;ghrdj;ij mikj;jy;>

fhy;tha;fspd; %yk; Fsq;

fSf;F ePu; toq;fy;.

kfhNrd kd;dd; 16 Fsq;fis mikj;jik.

vyù fhy;thia tp];jupj;jik.

c-k;:- kpd;Ndupah Fsk;> FUS

thtp> kfhfz juh thtp.

vyù> kpd;Ndupah> fTLS

vDk; xd;wpize;j ePu;g;ghrd

mikg;gpd; cUthf;fk;.


nraw;ghL :

jhJNrd kd;dd;; 18 Fsq;fisAk;> xU fhy;thia

Ak; mikj;jik. c-k; fyhthtp>

khjJfk Fsk;> nkj;j fl;ba

thtp kw;Wk; Nahj fhy;tha;

([afq;if)

[afq;if fhy;tha; %yk;

fyhthtp ePiu mDuhj

Guj;jpy; mike;j Fsq;f

Sf;F toq;fpaik. rpy

Fsq;fis ,izj;Jg; ghupa

Fsq;fis cUthf;fpaik.

,uz;lhk;

Kfyd;

gjtpah Fsk;> gj;g`d; Fsk;

(ehr;rpah jPTf; Fsk;)

ghupa Fsq;fs; epu;khzpj;

jy;.

Kjyhk; mf;Ngh

kd;dd;

rpwptl;lkhdf thtp> FWe;Jthtp

vd;gtw;Wld; kpdpg;Ng mizAk;

fhy;thAk;

ePu;g;ghrd mikg;gpd; rpwe;j

epu;khzkhd kpdpg;Ng miz>

fhy;tha; vd;gd cUthjy;.

,uz;lhk; mf;Ngh

kd;dd;

fe;jsha;f;Fsk;> fpupj;jythtp fe;jsha;f;Fsk; ghupa ePu;j;

Njf;fkhf mikjy;.

Kjyhk;

tp[aghF

kd;dd;

vyù fhy;tha;> k`h

fy;flty thtp> k`h fzjuh

thtp> gj;g`d; Fsk; vd;gtw;iw

Gdu; epu;khzpj;jy;

mDuhjGu Afj;jpd; ,Wjpapy;

rpijtile;J Nghd ePu;g;

;ghrd mikg;Gfisg; Gdu;

epu;khzk; nra;jy;.

Kjyhk;

guhf;fpukghF

kd;dd;

murdhtjw;F Kd;dNu njjW

Xahtpd; FWf;Nf mizfl;baik>

gz;lhthtpia tp];jupj;jik

murdhd gpd;du; guhf;fpuk

rKj;jpuk; vDk; Fsj;ijAk;

mq;fkby;y (Mfha fq;if)

vDk; fhy; thiaAk; mikj;jik.

rpwpa Fsq;fis ,izj;J

ghupa Fsq;fis cUthf;

Fjy;. mDuhjGu> nghyd;

dWit fhyj;jpd; ePu;;

ghrdj;Jiw tsu;r;rpapd;

cr;rf;fl;lk;> ePu;g;ghrdj;Jiw

tuyhw;wpd; nghw;fhyk;.

ep]q;fky;y

kd;dd;

ep];]q;f rKj;jpuk; vDk; Fsj;ij

epu;khzpj;jjhff; Fwpg;gplg; gLfpwJ.

« mDuhjGu Afj;jpYk; nghyd;dWit Afj;jpYk; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l Fsq;fs;> fhy;tha;fs;> mizfs; gw;wp mwpf;ifnahd;W jahupf;f.

« ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpd; ePu;g;ghrd mikg;ig ,yq;ifg; GwTUtg; glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpy; ePu;g;ghrdj;Jiw Fsq;fSk; fhy;tha;fSk;.

gha;e;NjhLk; Xilia my;yJ ejpia kwpj;J mizf;fl;nlhd;iwf;

fl;Ltjd; %yk; Fsk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Fsj;jpw;fhd Neub ePNue;J

gpuNjrk; jtpu;e;j> ntspthupahd gFjpfspypUe;Jk; ePiug; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l


re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. Fsk; mike;Js;s gFjpf;F rkPgkhf mike;jpUe;j Xil my;yJ ejpapd; %yKk; Fsj;Jf;fhd ePu; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; gytw;iw Guhjd ePu;g;ghrdj; Jiwapy; ehk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

khfy;y thtp - njJW Xahtpd; upjpnge;jp fhy;tha; %yk; ePiug; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.

jg;Ngh thtp - kPXahtpd; %yk; ePiug; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.guhf;fpuk rKj;jpuk; - mk;gd; fq;if %yk; ePiug; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

Mw;wpd; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; cauk; Fiwthd rpw;wizfisf; fl;b> Mw;wpd; Nghf;if ,ay;ghf tpl;L xU rpW jpir jpUg;gk; %yk; fhy;tha; Clhf ePiuj; Njitahd ,lj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yy; kw;WnkhU Kiwahff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

cjhuzk; « mk;gd; fq;iff;Ff; FWf;fhf mq;fkby;y vDkplj;jpy; mizfl;b Mfhr fq;if vd;w fhy;tha; %yk; ghuhf;fpuk rKj;jpuj;jpw;F ePu; toq;fg;gl;lik.

Njrg;glk; 4.1 Guhjd ,uhrul;ilapd; ePu;g;ghrdf; fl;likT

cU 4.1 Fsj;jpd; gpujhd $Wfs;. ;


cU 4.2 Fsf;fl;L Fthl;irl;ghiwfspd; Nky; mikf;fg;gLjy;.

Ft

hl;i

rl; g

hiw

« vyù vDkplj;jpy; mk;gd; fq;iff;F

FWf;Nf miz fl;b vyù fhy;tha;

%yk; fTLS> kpd;Ndupah> fe;jsha;

vDk; Fsq;fSf;F ePu; toq;fg;gl;lik.

« kfhtyp fq;iff;F FWf;fhf kpdpg;Ng

vDkplj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l mizapd;

%yk; kpdpg;Ng fhy;tha; Clhf Nkl;L

epyq;fSf;F ePu;g;ghrdk; toq;fg;gl;lik.

gpujhd Fsj;jpy; NrWk; tz;lYk; Nru;tijj;

jLf;Fk; Kfkhf rpwpa Fsq;fis mikj;jYk;

mjw;fhd xU fhy;thia mikj;jYk; Guhjd

ePu;g;ghrd njhopDl;gj;jpd; kw;WnkhU gz;ghFk;. fhy;tha;fis mikf;Fk;

NghJ rpW Fsq;fspd; %yk; ePiu tope;Njhlr;nra;jy; ,jd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

,jdhy; gpujhd Fsj;jpy; NrW gbtJ jtpu;f;fg;gLk;.

cjhuzkhf vyù fhy;tha; %yk; kpd;Ndupa kw;Wk; fpupj;jy Fsq;fSf;F

ePu; toq;Fk; nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ rpW Fsq;fSf;F ClhfTk; fhy;tha;fs;

mikf;fg;gl;ld.

« xU Fsj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU Fsj;Jf;F ePiu toq;Ftjw;Fk; fhy;tha;fs;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. cjhuzk;: fyh thtpapypUe;J [afq;if fhy;tha;

%yk; jprhthtpf;F ePu; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lik.

« Fsj;J ePiug;ngw;W nra;if gz;zf;$ba tay;epyq;fSf;F ePiuf;nfhz;L

nry;tjw;Fk; fhy;tha;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. ,f;fhy;tha;fs; %yk; ePu;

taYf;F gha;r;rg;gl;lJ. taypypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;;l fopNahil

ePuhdJ kPz;Lk; gpujhd fhy;thia milAk; tz;zk; fhy;tha;j; njhFjp

mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. fhy;tha;fs; midj;Jk; Nghy epyj;jpd; rha;itg;

gad;gLj;jp rpwg;ghf epu;khzpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

ePu;g;ghrdj; njhopDl;gk;

(1) Fsf;fl;L

Fsk; xd;wpd; Kf;fpakhd gFjp Fsf;fl;lhFk;. gha;e;NjhLk; ePiu

FWf;Nf kwpj;Jf; Fsf;fl;il mikg;gjw;F ,U vr;rf;Fd;Wfspd; ghiwr;

RtLfisg; gad;gLj;jpAs;sikiaf; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

NkYk; Fsj;J ePu; Njq;fpepw;Fk; Nkl;L epyj;jpd; ghiw mikg;G gw;wpAk;

mtjhdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sikAk; mwpaf;$bajhfTs;sJ.


cjhuzkhf :- kpd;Ndupahf; Fsj;jpd; Fsf;fl;lhdJ Fthl;irl; ghiw

gue;Js;s mikg;gpNyNa epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Fsf;fl;L mikf;fg;gl;l ghiwj; njhluhdJ Fsj;jpd; fPo;g;gFjpapYk;

gue;Js;sthwhd epiyapNyNa Fsf;fl;bd; mikg;G jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sik

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;. ,t;tikg;ghdJ Fsj;JePu; frpe;J nry;yhJ

ghJfhj;Js;sJ.

rkTauf; NfhLfspd; gutYf;F Vw;gTk; Fsf;fl;Lfs; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

c-k;:- guhf;fpuk rKj;jpuj;jpd; Fsf;fl;L

vr;rf; Fd;WfNsh ghiwj; njhlu;fNsh ,y;yhjtplj;jpy; epyj;jp;d; mikg;Gf;Nfw;g

Fsf;fl;Lfs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

c-k;:- kd;dhu; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s ,uhl;rjf; Fsj;jpd; Fsf;fl;lhdJ VO (7)

iky; ePsj;jpy; miutl;l tbtpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.

(2) miyjhq;fp :-

kz;zpdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l Fsf;fl;lhdJ

ePupdhy; mupf;fg;glhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhf Fsf;fl;bd;

cl;Gwj;Nj fUq;fw;fisg; gutp mikf;fg;gLtJ

miyjhq;fpahFk;. ,jd; %yk; Fsj;jpy;

vOk; ePuiyapdhy; Fsf;fl;L mupg;ngLf;fhky;

ghJfhf;;fg;gl;lJ.

(3) fypq;fy; (kilf;fjT):-

Fsj;J ePiu taYf;F toq;Ftjw;fhf>

fhy;tha;f;F ePiuj; jpwe;J tpLtjw;fhfNt

fypq;fy; (kilf;fjT) mikf;fg;gl;lJ. Guhjd

Fsq;fspy; ,J kpfTk; EZf;fkhd Kiwapy;

ePu; frpah tz;zk; fUq;fy;ypdhNy mikf;fg;

gl;bUe;jik rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

Fsj;J ePupd; Ntfj;jhy; fhy;tha; mupj;Jr;

nry;yg;gLtij jLf;FKfkhf fypq;fypd;

Fsj;jpd; Jthuk; rpwpajhfTk; fhy;tha;g; gf;fkhd

Jthuk; ngupjhfTk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cU 4.3 ghiw mikg;G

cU 4.4 fypq;fy; (kilf;fjT)


<uf;fypq;fy;> cau;fypq;fy; vd kilf;fjT ,Utifg;gLk;. mjhtJ Fsj;jpy;

ePu;kl;lk; $bapUf;Fk; NghJ fhy;tha;f;F ePiu tpepNahfpg;gjw;F VJthd

tifapy; ePupd; Nky; kl;lj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Jthuk; cau; fypq;fy;

vdg;gLk;. Fsj;jpd; ePu;kl;lk; Fiwe;jpUf;Fk; NghJ ePiu tpepNahfpg;gjw;Fk;>

Fsj;jpy; NrUk; Nrw;iw mfw;Wtjw;Fk; Fsf;fl;bd; mbg;gFjpapy;

mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; thapy; <uf;fypq;fy; vdg;gLk;.

4) fypq;fy; njhl;b:-

ghupanjhU Fsj;jpypUe;J Fsf;fl;bd;

Clhf fhy;tha;f;F ePiu toq;Fk; NghJ

Fsf;fl;ilg; ghJfhf;Fk; tifapy; fypq;fy;

njhl;b mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. rJu tbtpyhd

fpzW xd;wpd; tbtpy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s

fypq;fy;njhl;b vd;gJ ,yq;iff;F ePu;g;ghrd

njhopDl;gj;jpd; cau; jukhd epu;khzkhFk;.

Njitahd Neuj;jpy;> NjitahdsT ePiuf;

fhy;tha;f;F toq;Ftjw;Fupa ePu;f;fl;Lg;ghl;L

cgfuznkhd;W fypq;fy;njhl;bapDs; cs;sJ. ,J ~nkh`y| vd

miof;fg;gLk;. fUq;fw;fis kpfTk; EZf;fkhd tifapy; ,izj;J ePu;

frpah tz;zk; ,J mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

(5) thd; fjT

kiof;fhyj;jpy; NrUk; Fsj;jpd; Nkyjpf ePiu ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhf

mikf;fg;gl;l cWjpahd epu;khzkhf ,jidf; $wyhk;. ngUk;ghYk;

Fsf;fl;bd; me;jj;jpy; Fsf;fl;bd; cauj;ij tpl jho;thd cauj;jpy;>

fUq;fw; ghiwiaf; nfhz;l ,lj;jpy; RUq;if mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Nkyjpf

ePu; ,jD}lhf ntspNaw;wg;gLtjdhy; Fsf;fl;lhdJ cilg;ngLf;fhky;

ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;thW ntspNaw;wg;gLk; ePuhdJ tay; epyq;fis

%o;fbj;J tplhky; gpujhd ejpiar; NrUk; tifapy; my;yJ NtW Fsq;fisr;

nrd;wilAk; tifapy; fhy;tha; ntl;lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

(6) cs;thd; fjT

Nkyjpf ePiu Fsnkhd;Wf;Ff; nfhz;LtUk; NghJ> cs; thd; fjT

jpwf;fg;gLk;. ,J thd;fjitg; Nghd;wnjhU cWjpahd jPu;khdky;y. jz;zPu;

gputhfj;jpNdhL tUk; tz;lYk; NrWk; Fsj;jpy; gbtij cs;tUk; thd; fjT

jLf;Fk;. ,jD}lhf Fsj;Jf;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gLk; Nkyjpf ePiu epWj;jpa

gpd;du; cs;tUk; thd;fjTf;F ntspNa Nru;e;Js;s Nrw;iw mfw;w KbAk;.

cU 4.5 fypq;fy; njhl;b


(7) cau; miz (Nghl;lh miz)

Fsk; Muk;gpf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; Nkl;L epyj;jpdJk;> kiyf;Fd;WfspdJk;

mbthuj;jpd; neLfpYk; ,uz;L(2) my;yJ %d;W (3) mb cauj;Jf;F

kz;zhy; mikf;fg;gLtJ cau; miz my;yJ Nghl;lh miz vdg;gLk;.

,jd; %yk; Fsj;jpy; NrUk; tz;lYk;> NrWk; jLf;fg;gLk;. mj;Jld; Nkl;L

epyj;jpd; mbthuj;ij <ukhf itj;jpUf;fTk; KbfpwJ. vdNt kuq;fs;

nropj;J tsu;tjw;F Vw;w #oy; xd;W ,q;F cUthfpd;wJ.

(8) fypq;fw;fl;L

Fsj;jpd; thd;fjTf;F Kd;dhy;> Fsj;jpDs;Ns Fsf;fl;Lf;F Neuhf

Fsj;jpd; FWf;Nf mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; cauk; Fiwthd fUq;fy;yhy;

fl;lg;gLk; mizNa fypq;fw;fl;L vdg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J thd; fjT

kl;lj;ijtplj; jho;thf mikf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Fsj;jpd; ePu;kl;lk; $bapUf;Fk;

NghJ ,J ePupDs; %o;fpf; fhzg;gLk;. thd; fjT cilg;ngLf;Fk; xU

re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Fsj;JePu; KOikahf ntspNawhky; ghJfhj;jNy fypq;fw;

fl;L mikf;fg;gLtjd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,J Nghd;wnjhU miz guhf;fpuk

rKj;jpuj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

(9) ePNue;J gpuNjrk;:-

Fsj;jpd; ePu;kl;lk; cr;r mstpy; gue;J fhzg;gLk;. Fsj;ijr; #o

mike;Js;s gFjpNa ePNue;J gpuNjrkhFk;. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; Fspu;ikahd

jhtuq;fs; gutyhff; fhzg;gLk;. gy;NtW Gy;ypdq;fSk;> kUjk;> Gq;if>

,Yg;ig Kjypa kuq;fSk; nropj;J tsu;e;jpUf;Fk;. vdNt ,q;F fhl;L

tpyq;FfSk; $l;lk; $l;lkhff; fhzg;gLk;.

(10) rpW Fsq;fs;:-

kiyr; rupTfspypUe;J Cw;nwLf;Fk;

gpujhd ejpapd; fpisahWfSf;Ff; FWf;fhf

mikf;fg;gLk; rpwpa mizf;fl;Lfs; %yk;

rpW Fsq;fs; cUthFk;. ,tw;Wf;F fypq;fy;

(thd;fjT) ,Uf;fhJ. fUq;fy;ypdhy;

cUthf;fg;gl;l rpW ,ilntsp %yk; gpujhd

Fsj;Jf;F ePu; toq;fg;gLk;.rpW Fsq;fspy;

NrWk; tz;lYk; gbtjhy; gpujhd Fsj;jpy;

mit Nru;tJ jLf;fg;gLfpwJ. kiof;fhyq;fspy;

gpujhd Fsj;jpy; Nkyjpf ePu; Nru;tijAk; ,r; rpW

Fsq;fs; jLf;fpd;wd. ,q;F ePu; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gLtjdhy; Fsj;jpd; Nky;

gFjpapy; kuq;fs; nropj;J tsu;tJld; Cw;WePUk; mjpfupf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld;

gpujhd Fsj;jpy; ePu; FiwtilAk; NghJ rpWFsq;fspy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l ePu;

gpujhd Fsj;Jf;F toq;fg;gLk;.

cU 4.6 rpW Fsq;fs;:


fhy;tha;fSld; njhlu;ghd njhopDl;gk;:

kpfTk; rha;thd xU gpuNjrj;jpD}lhf fhy;thia mikf;Fk; NghJ ePupd;

Ntfj;ijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf fUq;fy;ypdhy; mj;jpthuk; mikj;jy; kw;Wk; rpwpa

fw;W}z;fis fhy;thapd; cs; gFjpfspy; ,ilapilNa nghUj;Jjy;.

c-k; : vyù mizapypUe;J kpd;Ndupah Fsj;Jf;F ePiuf;nfhz;L nry;Yk;

vyù fhy;tha;.

« fhy;thapd; ePupdsT $Lk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Nkyjpf ePiu ntspNaw;Wtjw;fhf

fUq;fy;ypdhy; thd; fjit mikj;jy;.

« epyj;jpd; rupitg; gad;gLj;jp ePskhd fhy;tha;fis epu;khzpj;jy;.

« Ruq;ftop ePu;g;ghrd njhopDl;gk;:- Foha;fs; %yk; Fsj;J ePiu ngha;if>

G+q;fh vd;gtw;Wf;F tpepNahfpj;jy;.

c-k; :- jprhthtp ePiu ud;kR cad G+q;fhtpw;Fk; Fl;lk; ngha;iff;Fk;

tpepNahfpj;jik.

« fhy;thapy; El;gkhd rha;itf; ifahz;L ePz;l J}uj;Jf;F ePiuf;nfhz;L

nry;yy;.

c-k;:- fyhthtpapypUe;J jprhthtpf;F ePiuf;nfhz;L nry;Yk;

[afq;iff; fhy;tha; xU fpNyh kPw;wUf;F 95 kpy;yp kPw;wu;

rha;itf; nfhz;lJ.

« fhy;tha;fis epu;khzpf;Fk; gzpapy; epyj;ij mfOk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

ePiu cwpQ;Rk; jd;ik> fhy;tha; fl;Lf;fis cWjpahfg; Ngzy;>

nts;sg;ngUf;fpd; NghJ kz;zupg;igj; jLj;jy; vd;gd ftdj;jp;y;

vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sikia mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ.

« cyu;tyak; KOtijAk; cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; fhy;tha;fs;

mikf;fg;gl;lik.

« MWfs; gpd;dpr; nry;Yk; NghJ Mw;wpd; Ntfk; Fiwfpd;wJ vd;gij

mwpe;jpUe;j ePu;g;ghrdg; nghwpapayhsu; mt;tplj;jpy; jilnahd;iw

Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; NknyOk; ePiu fhy;tha; %yk; jho; epyj;jpw;Ff;

nfhz;L nry;yy;;.

nraw;ghL :

« Fsk; kw;Wk; fhy;tha; epu;khzj;jpd; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;l njhopDl;g mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fp Fsnkhd;wpd; khjpupia mikf;f.


eph;;thf fl;likg;G :-

kj;jpa epu;thfk;:- kj;jpa epu;thfk; vd;gJ ehl;bd; murdhNy Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

mur cupikiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf Kb#l;L tpoh elhj;jg;gl;lJ.

jdJ mur tk;rj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gl;lj;J ,uhzpAld; ehl;L kf;fspd;

Kd;dpiyapNyNa Kb#l;L tpoh epfo;j;jg;gl;lJ. nksupa mur tk;r

kuGg;gb ,yq;ifapy; Njtek;gpa jPr kd;ddhy; KjyhtJ Kb#l;L tpoh

elhj;jg;gl;lJ. NkYk; kd;ddhy; ehl;L kf;fSf;fhw;wg;glNtz;ba gzpfs;

gw;wp %yhjhuq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

« ehl;L kf;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;

« tptrhaj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd ePiug; ngw;Wj; jUjy;

« ngsj;j rkaj;ijAk; fyhrhuj;ijAk; ghJfhj;jYk; tsu;j;jYk;.

murd;> jdJ Ml;rp eltbf;iffspd; NghJ ngsj;j FUkhupdJk;

GNuhfpju;> Nrdhjpgjp> mikr;ru;fspdJk; MNyhridfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;.

ngsj;j rkaj;Jf;Nfw;g gj;J mur ju;kq;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L Ml;rp

nra;jy; murdpd; flikahFk;.

mDuhjGuf;fhyj;jpy; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspd; NghJ kd;dd; Nghjp rj;Jtuhf

kjpf;fg;gl;lJld; nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpd; NghJ kdpj tbtpypUf;Fk;

nja;tkhf kd;dd; kjpf;fg;gl;ljw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fisf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

mur cupikahdJ rNfhjudplkpUe;J rNfhjuDf;F my;yJ

je;ijaplkpUe;J kfDf;F cupajhapUe;jJ.filrpr; rNfhjudpd; gpd;du;

Ml;rpAupikahdJ %j;j rNfhjudpd; kfDf;F cupj;jhdJ. kd;dd;

,uhrul;ilia jdJ Ml;rp kj;jpa epiyakhff; nfhz;bUe;j mNj Ntis

khahul;ilap;y; (jf;fpz Njrj;jpy;) ~khgh| vd;W gjtp murdpd; jk;gpf;Fk;>

cUFzul;ilapy; ~Vgh| vDk; gjtp kd;ddpd; kfDf;Fk; toq;fg;gl;ld.

mtu;fs; mg;gpuhe;jpaq;fspy; Ml;rp eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. murd;

,we;j gpd;du; mg;gjtpahdJ khaul;ilapy; ~khgh| gjtp tfpj;j ,sturDf;Nf

toq;fg;gl;lJ. cWFZul;ilapypUe;J ~Vgh| gjtp tfpj;j ,sturd; ~khgh|

epu;thfk;

kj;jpa epu;thfk; gpuNjr epu;thfk; fpuhk epu;thfk;


gjtpf;F mku;j;jg;gLthd;. rl;l uPjpahd gl;lj;J ,uhzpapd; gps;isfSf;F

kl;LNk muRupik cupj;jhf tpsq;fpaJ.

mur mjpfhupfs;

murdpd; Ml;rp epu;thfj;jpy; mtDf;F cjtpahf gy mjpfhupfSk;

epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. ,g;gjtpfSs; Nrdhjpgjp vDk; gjtpNa Kf;fpak; tha;e;jJ.

vdNt kd;ddpd; neUq;fpa cjtpahsd; xUtNd Nrdhjpgjpahfj; njupT

nra;ag;gl;lhd;;. mtDf;F cjtpahfg; gy jsgjpfSk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

[j;jf;fh`f> mrpf;fh`f> mikr;ru;> GNuhfpju;> glfhupf (nghUshsu;)>

k`Nydh (nrayhsu;)> ntjdh vDk; gy gjtpfis tfpj;NjhUk; muritapy;

fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fs; midtupdJk; MNyhridg;gbNa kd;dd; jdJ Ml;rp

epu;thf eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L te;jhd;. gpw;fhyj;jpy; ~Ntiyf;fhu

gil| vDk; $ypg;gilapdiuAk; Nghu; ebtbf;iffspd; NghJ muru;fs;

<LgLj;jpAs;sdu;.

gpuNjr epu;thfk;:-

kj;jpa Ml;rp epiyakhd ,uhrul;il jtpu epu;thf eltbf;ifapid ,yFgLj;Jk;

tifapy; ehL gpd;tUkhW 4 gpuNjrq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

« cj;ju g];] (tlf;F)

« jf;fpz g];] (njw;F)

« ghr;rPd g];] (fpof;F)

« g];rpk g];] (Nkw;F)

mDuhjGuf; fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; ,uhrul;il> cUFZul;il>

kiyaul;il> jf;fpzNjrk; vd;W ehL gy epu;thf myFfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

,yq;ifapd; njw;F kw;Wk; fpof;Fg; gFjpfs; cWFZul;ilf;Fupajhf

tpsq;fpd.

nraw;ghL :

« ePu;ts ehfupf epu;thfj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa mur mjpfhupfspd; gjtpg;ngau;fs;> mtu;fSf;Fupa flikfs; vd;gtw;iw ml;ltizg; gLj;Jf.


nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpd; NghJ ,uhrul;il> jf;fpz Njrk;> njhy];j`];

ul;il> ml;lj`]; ul;il vDk; ehd;F myFfshf ehL fhzg;gl;lJ.

Muk;g fhyj;jpy; aho; Flh ehL ehfjPgk; vDk; ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;L

te;jJ. trg kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; ~,]pfpup| vDk; mikr;ru; tl gFjpf;fhd

gpuNjr Ml;rpahsuhf nraw;gl;lhu; vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

fpuhk epu;thfk;:- gz;Lfhga kd;dd; fhye;njhl;L

nghyd;dWitf;fhyj;jpd; KbT tiu fpuhk

epu;thfk; Kiwahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhf

%yhjhuq;fs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. gz;Lfhga kd;dd;

ehL KOJk; ,Ue;j fpuhkq;fSf;F epu;thf

vy;iyfis tFj;jjhf tk;rf; fij E}y;fs;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. fpuhkq;fs; epu;thff; fl;likg;gpd;

rpwpa myfhfTk; mNj Ntis Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;jjhfTk; fhzg;gl;lJ. fpuhkj;jpy;

rkhjhdk;> ePjp vd;gtw;iwg; NgZtjw;fhf

fpuhkrig vd;Dk; mikg;GKiw fhzg;gl;lJ.

mjd; jiytu; fkpf> gUkf> fpuhk Ngh[f vDk;

gy ngau;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;whu;.

fpuhkj; jiytUf;Fupa flikfs;:-

« fpuhkj;jpy; rkhjhdj;ijAk; XOq;ifAk; epiyehl;ly;

« fpuhkthrpfspd; gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rk;gpujhaq;fSf;F Vw;g eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;sy;

« fpuhkj;jpy; tup Nrfupj;jy;

« fpuhkthrpfSld; ey;Ywitg; NgZk; tifapy; ele;Jnfhs;Sjy;

« fpuhk epu;thf tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf murDf;F nghWg;Gr; nrhy;y

flikg;gLjy;.

« fpuhkj;jpy; ePjpia epiyehl;ly;.

fpuhk Ml;rpapy; [dehaf ,ay;Gfs; njspthfj; njupfpd;w mk;rkhFk;.

gy;NtW NritfspYk; <Lgl;NlhUf;F fpuhkq;fisAk;> epyq;fisAk; kd;dd;

toq;fpdhd;. Fw;wthspfs; fpuhkq;fspy; jiykiwthf ,Ug;gpd; mtu;fisg;

gpbj;J xg;gilg;gJ fpuhkthrpfspd; flikahff; fhzg;gl;lJ. NkYk;

tpfhiufSf;Fk; kd;dd; epyGyd;fis jhdQ; nra;jhd;.

Njrg;glk; : 4.2 gpuNjr epu;thf myFfs;


nraw;ghL :

« ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpd; epu;thf eltbf;iffisg; gutyhf;fpaik murdpd; Ml;rp eltbf;iffis ,yFthf;fpaJ vd;gJ gw;wp r%f tpQ;Qhd rq;fj;jp;y; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba ciu xd;Wf;fhd jfty;fis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jf.

ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpd; nghUshjhu mikg;G

mDuhjGuj;jpd; Muk;g fhye;njhl;L

ePu;tsehfupfk; epytpa fhyk; KOJk; gbg;gbahf

tsu;r;rp fz;L> Jupj Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;j

ePu;g;ghrdj; JiwahdJ nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd;

mbg;gil mk;rkhf tpsq;fpaJ. mbg;gilapy;

ePu;ts ehfupf nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspd;

mbg;gilahf mike;jJ tptrhakhFk;.

tptrhaj;jpYk; new;nra;ifNa Kjyplk; ngw;wJ.

Vnddpy; ,d;W NghyNt md;Wk; ehl;L kf;fspd;

gpujhd czthff; fhzg;gl;lJ ney;yuprpr;

NrhwhFk;. vdNt ney;iyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf

tUlj;jpy; ,uz;L my;yJ %d;W Nghfq;fspy;

new;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpwpNkftu;z

kd;ddpd; fhyj;Jf;Fupa Njhzpfy

fy;ntl;by; ~gpl;ll`r|(ngUk; Nghfk;)> ~kj`r|

(rpWNghfk;)>~mfy`r| (,ilg; Nghfk;) vDk; %d;W

Nghfq;fspy; new;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhff;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sikahdJ Nkw;gb $w;iw

cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Mz;L KOtJk; Fsk; %yk;

ePu;g;ghrdk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba gFjpfspy; khj;jpuk; %d;W Nghfk; nra;if

gz;zg;gl;lJld; ePu;tsehfupfj;Jf;Fupa epyg;gpuNjrk; ahTk; gRikahd

tay; ntspahfNt fhl;rpaspj;jJ.

new;nra;iff;Fj; Njitahd ciog;G> ~m(e;)j| Kiw (gpwupd; epyj;jpy;

tptrhak; nra;jy;)>~mj;jk;|Kiw (rpukg; gupkhw;wk;)> $yp nfhLf;Fk; Kiw

vDk; mbg;gilfspy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ney; jtpu fLF> jpid>

gaW> vs;> fUk;G> gUj;jp> kh> njd;id Kjypa gapu;fSk; gapuplg;gl;ld.

Nridg; gapu;r;nra;ifAk; mf;fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpj;jJ. cyu; tyaKk;

ehl;bd; cs;shu;e;j gpuNjrq;fSk; Nridg;gapu;r;nra;iff;F cl;gLj;;jg;gl;ld.

Njrg;glk; 4.3 nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; epu;thf

myFfs;


nraw;ghL :

« ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpy; tptrha eltbf;iffisr; rpj;jpupf;Fk; tifapy; glq;fSldhd mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahupf;Ff.

fiuney;> cSe;J>gaW> rhik Kjypa jhdpaq;fSk; fj;jupf;fha;>

Riuf;fha;> nts;supf;fha;> G+rdpf;fha; Kjypa fha;fwp tiffSk; Nridfspy;

gapuplg;gl;ld.

nerTj; njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd gUj;jp ntw;wpfukhfg; gapuplg;gl;lJld;

fUk;Gr; nra;ifAk; Kd;Ndw;wq; fz;bUe;jJ. tptrhaj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l

epyq;fs; jtpu tPl;Lj; Njhl;lq;fspy; gyh> njd;id> kh Kjypa kuq;fSk;

tsu;f;fg;gl;ld. kiyg;ghq;fhd gFjpfspy; ,Q;rp> kQ;rs;> kpsF Kjypatw;Wld;

fpoq;F tiffSk; gapuplg;gl;ld.

ifj;njhopy;

ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpy; epytpa RaNjitg;G+u;j;jpahd xU nghUshjhu

Kiwapd; fPo; tptrha eltbf;iffSld; ,ize;jjhd ifj;njhopy;fs; gyTk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;likf;fhd rhd;Wfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. new;gapu;r;nra;iff;fhfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fyg;ig> Efj;jb> kl;lg;gyif> fj;jp> mupths;>kz;ntl;b

vDk; cgfuzq;fs; gw;wp ~ml;Lth| vDk; fijfspYk; ~rj;ju;kuj;dhtypa|

vDk; E}ypYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. vdNt mf;fhyj;jpy; jr;Rj; njhopYk;

cNyhff; ifj;njhopYk; tsu;r;rp fz;bUe;jjhff; fUjKbAk;. gil

tPuu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd MAjq;fs;> myq;fhukhd Gj;ju; rpiyfs;>

nja;tr;rpiyfs;> tpsf;Ffs; vd;gd cNyhff; ifj;njhopiy mbg;gilahf

itj;Nj Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

gUj;jpg; gQ;rpypUe;J E}y;E}w;wy;> Gilit nea;jy; vDk; nerTf;

ifj;njhopYk; kl;ghz;lj; ifj;njhopYk; cau;kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;ljhf mwpa

Kbfpd;wJ. mNj Nghd;W fUk;Gg; gapu;r;nra;ifia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

fUg;gQ;rhW gpopAk; ,ae;jpuk; kw;Wk; fUg;gk; ghzpapypUe;J fUg;gl;b (ru;f;fiu)

jahupj;jy; vd;gdgw;wpAk; ,yf;fpaq;fs; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

fl;ll epu;khzq;fspd;NghJ fw;fs; gad; gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sikahy;

mit njhlu;ghd ifj;njhopy;fSk; tsu;r;rpaile;jpUe;jikf;fhd rhd;Wfs;

fpilj;Js;sd.


nraw;ghL :

« ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpy; epytpa ifj;njhopy;fs; gw;wp %yhjhuq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; tplaq;fisj; jpul;b fPo;tUk; ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f.

ifj;njhopy; tpguklq;fpAs;s %yhjhuk; %yhjhuj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s tplaq;fs;

,uj;jpdf;fw;fshy; Mguzq;fs; jahupf;fg;gl;ljpypUe;J Ruq;ff;ifj;njhopYk;

tsu;r;rp fz;bUe;jjhff; fUjyhk;.

mf;fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW fiyfSk; gy;NtW juhjuq;fspd; mbg;gilapy;

mikg;G uPjpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;likf;fhd Mjhuq;fs; fpilj;Js;sd.

cau;juj;jpy; mike;j ifj;njhopy; epu;khzq;fs; murdhy; ghuhl;lg;gl;lJld;

mf;fiyQu;fSf;Fg; gupRfSk; gjtpfSk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

tu;j;jfk;

ePu;ts ehfupfg; nghUshjhu mikg;gpd; kw;WnkhU mk;rkhf

tu;j;jfk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;tu;j;jfkhdJ cs;ehl;by; epfo;e;jijg; Nghd;Nw

ntspehLfSlDk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jJ.

cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfk;:-

cs;ehl;by; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fSk;> ntspehLfspypUe;J

,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fSk; ehl;bd; gy;NtW ,lq;fspYk; itj;J

tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; KiwahdJ Muk;gfhyj;jpypUe;Nj epytp te;Js;sikia

mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mJ ngUk;ghYk; gz;lkhw;W mbg;gilapNyNa

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. ~f`tZ|> ~k];]| (kRud;) vDk; ehzaq;fspd;

ngau;fSk; ,lk; ngWtjdhy; gzg;Gof;fKk; XusTf;F ,Ue;Js;sik

njupa tUfpd;wJ. cs;ehl;by; fhzg;gl;l re;ijfs; ~gjpa| vDk; ngauhy;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;ld. kfpaq;fidf;F mUfpy; mike;jpUe;j ~N`hgpl;b-fKt gjpa|

,jw;Fr; rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. tu;j;jf re;ij epu;thfpfs; ~gjpyj;jd;| vDk;

ngauhy; miof;fg;gl;ldu;. tu;j;jf efuq;fs;> ~epfk|> epakj;jd|> epak;fk;|

vDk; ngau;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. cs;ehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpy; cg;G> ,Q;rp>


Mil> Mguzq;fs;> eWkzg;nghUl;fs; vd;gtw;Wld; ntspehl;bypUe;J jUtpf;fg;gl;l tpiyAau;e;j Jzptiffs;> gPq;fhd; nghUl;fs; vd;gd ,lk;gpbj;jpUe;jd. ,it jtpu ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;Jf;fhd nghUl;fis cs;ehl;by; nfhs;tdT nra;jYk; tpahghupfspdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jJ.

J}ug;gpuNjrf; fpuhkq;fspy; nghUl;fisf; ~fhT|fspy; nfhz;L nrd;W tpw;gid nra;Ak; tpahghupfSk; fhzg;gl;ldu;. cs;ehl;L tpahghuk; njhlu;ghf tu;j;jf rigfs; cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhf gJis J}z; fy;ntl;bd; %yk; njupa tUfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb rpwe;j Kiwapy; jpl;lkplg;gl;l tu;j;jf Kiwnahd;W epytpajhf mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

tpahghur; re;ijfSf;fhd tupfis tpjpj;jy;> re;ijfspy; epfOk; Coy;fisj; Njbawpjy; Kjypa eltbf;iffs; murdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljhf gJis J}z; fy;ntl;bd; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. cg;G> Kj;J> ,uj;jpdk; kw;Wk; ahid tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghf murd; jdpAupik ngw;wpUe;jhd;.

ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk;

gpujhd ejpfs; flypy; fyf;Fk; ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gl;l Xlj;Jiwfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tu;j;jfj;JiwKfq;fs; tsu;r;rpaile;J fhzg;gl;ld. mit ~gl;Ld;fk;| (gl;lzk;) vDk; ngauhy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ld. kfhjpj;j> #fujpj;j> [k;GNfhsjpj;j> Nfhfz;zjpj;j vd;gd mt;thwhd gl;lzq;fspw; rpythFk;. kfhjpj;j JiwKfg; gFjpapy; ntspehl;L ehzaq;fSk;> rPd kl;ghz;lq;fspd; rpijTfSk; njhy;nghUl;fshff; fpilj;jijf; nfhz;L ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; tsu;r;rpaile;jpUe;jij mwpaKbfpd;wJ. ntspehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp nra;ag;gl;l tu;j;jfg;nghUl;fspy; ahid> ahidj;je;jk;> Kj;J> khzpf;fk;> rq;F> flyhik XL> gUj;jpj;Jzp vd;gd gpujhd ,lk; ngw;wd.

,yq;iff;F ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fSs; jq;fk;> nts;sp> nrg;G> ntz;fyk;> fz;zhb> gPq;fhd; nghUl;fs;> cau;ufj;Jzpfs;> Fjpiufs; vd;gd gpujhd ,lk;ngw;wd.

,e;jpah> fpNuf;fk;> cNuhk;> rPdh> mNugpah Mfpa ehLfSld; ,yq;if ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;likf;fhd rhd;Wfs; fpilj;Js;sd. mjd;gb ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpd; Muk;gj;jpy; epytpa ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; nghyd;dWitf;fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; tsu;r;rp fz;bUe;jJ.

nraw;ghL :

« ‘ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpd; tu;j;jf ebtbf;iffs;’ vDk; jiyg;gpy; mwpf;if xd;W jahupf;f.


rkaKk; fyhrhuKk;

ngsj;j rkak; mNrhf kd;ddpd; ju;kJ}Jf;FOf;fis mDg;Gk; jpl;lj;jpdhYk; Njtek;gpa jp];] kd;dDld; mNrhf kd;dd; el;GwT nfhz;bUe;jjd; tpisthfTk; kfpe;j Njuuhy; ,yq;iff;F ngsj;j rkak; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. md;iwa Ml;rpahsdhd jp];] kd;ddhy; ngsj;j rkak; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;likahdJ ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; Muk;gkhFk;. mjidj; njhlu;e;J mur FLk;gj;jpdUk; mur gpujhdpfSk; ngsj;j rkaj;ijj; jOtpdu;. mtu;fisg; gpd;gw;wp nghJkf;fSk; ngsj;j rkaj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;lik mjd; gutYf;Ff; fhuzkhaike;jJ.

kfpe;j Njuu; jiyikapyhd gpf;Fkhiu kpfpe;jiyapypUe;J mDuhjGuj;Jf;F vOe;jUsr; nra;jy;> mtu;fSf;F ~kfhnkt;dh| vd;Dk; kfhNkf ee;jtdj;ij mu;g;gzQ; nra;jik vDk; epfo;Tfspd; gpd;du; mq;F kfhtpfhiuia mikg;gjw;fhd vy;iy Fwpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; kfhtpfhiu Njuthj ngsj;j rkaj;jp;d; kj;jpa epiyakhfj; jpfo;e;jJ.

kf;fspd; tzf;f topghl;Lf;fhf Njtek;gpa jp];] kd;dd; Gj;ju; ngUkhdpd; Gdpj jhJf;fisg; gpujp\;il nra;J J}guhik tpfhiuiaf; fl;bdhd;. ,J ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; fl;lg;gl;l Kjy; J}gpahff; nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

kfhtpfhiuapdJk; Njuthj ngsj;j rkaj;jpdJk; nghw;fhykhff; fUjg;gLtJ Jl;lifKD kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf;fhykhFk;. Utd;ntyprha> kpuprntl;ba Kjypa tpfhiufis mikg;gjw;F ,k;kd;dNd mDruiz toq;fpdhd;. mj;Jld; ngsj;j gpf;Fkhu; trpg;gjw;fhf xd;gJ khbfisf; nfhz;l~Nyhtk`hgha| vDk; Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgj;ijAk; Jl;lifKD kd;dNd epu;khzpj;jjhf %yjhuq;fs; $Wfpd;wd.

ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; tsu;r;rpiag; NghyNt mr;rkaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; rpq;fs kd;du;fs; ebtbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. tha;nkhopf;fijahf mJtiu fhyKk; nrtptopahfg; Ngzg;gl;L te;j jpupgplfk; khj;jis mYtpfhiuapy; itj;J E}y;tbtpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. tyfk;gh kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;j ,e;j ghupa gzpf;F jiyikj;Jtk; toq;fpatu; xU FbapUg;Gf;Fg; nghWg;ghd gpujhdpahthu;. kfhehk kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; rp`y ~ml;lfjh| vDk; rkaf; fijfis ghsp nkhopapy; nkhopngau;f;Fk; gzpahdJ Gj;jNfhr Njuupd; jiyikapy; epfo;e;jikahdJ rkaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;F mur mDruiz fpilf;fg;ngw;w kw;WnkhU re;ju;g;gkhFk;.

ngsj;j rkaj;jpy; Vw;gl;l mgpg;gpuha Ngjq;fspd; jfty;fisj; NjbawpNthk;.


tyfk;gh kd;dd; mDuhjGuj;ijf; iftpl;L kiyehl;Lf;Fj;

jg;gpNahb> jkpo; Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fisj; Juj;jpabg;gjw;fhfg; gil

jpul;bdhd;. mf;fhyj;jpy; ~Fg;gpfyjp];]| vDk; Njuu; kd;dDf;F cjtpahf

,Ue;jhu;. mjw;Fg; gpujpAgfhukhf kd;dd; mgafpup tpfhiuia mikj;J

mj;NjuUf;F jhdQ; nra;jhd;. ,jdhy; Nfhgkile;j kfhtpfhiu gpf;Ffs;>

nghJkf;fSld; neUf;fkhd cwT itj;jpUe;j Fw;wr;rhl;bd;Ngupy; mtiu

kfhtpfhiuapypUe;J ntspNaw;wpdu;. vdNt 500 gpf;FfSld; Fg;gpfyjp];]

Njuu; mgafpup tpfhiuia thr];jykhf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;. ,e;epfo;tpdhy; ngsj;j

gpf;FfspilNa NgjNkw;gl;lJld; mgafpuptpfhiu jdpahdnjhU ngsj;j

kj;jpa epiyakhf tsu;r;rp fz;lJ. vdNt ngsj;j rkaj;jpy; ~epfha| vDk;

gpupTfs; Njhd;Wtjw;Ff; fhuzkhapw;W. N[j;jtdhuhk tpfhiuAk; Njuthjf;

fUj;Jf;fSf;F vjpu;g;Gj; njuptpj;jJ. NkYk; mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpahtpy;

tsu;r;rp fz;l kfhahd ngsj;j rkaKk; ,yq;ifapDs; Ntfkhfg; CLUtpg;

gutpaJ.

Nth`hupf jp];] kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; itJy;athjp vDk;

ngsj;j rkag;gpupT gw;wpa ru;r;ir vOe;jjhf kfhtk;rj;jp;y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nfhjhga kd;dd;> ~itJy;athjp| gpf;Fkhu;fis ehl;il tpl;L ntspNaw;wpdhd;

vd;gjpypUe;J Njuthj ngsj;j rkaj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf mur mDruiz

fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sikia mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.

MapDk; kfhNrd kd;dd; Ml;rpgPlNkwpa gpd;du; kPz;Lk; itJy;a

thjk; jiyJ}f;fpaikia mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. Nrho ehl;bypUe;J ,yq;iff;F

te;j rq;fkpj;jpu Njuupd; J}z;Ljyhy; kfhNrd kd;dd; kfhtpfhiuf;F

vjpuhfr; nraw;gl;lhd;. mjidaLj;J ,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspYk;

kfhahdf; fUj;Jf;fs; gutpaJld; mg;gpupTf;Fupa tpfhiufSk; Njhw;wk;

ngwyhapw;W. GJWtfy vDkplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Nghjprj;Jtu; cUtk;

,jw;Fj; jf;frhd;whFk;. kfhahd ngsj;j rkag;gpuptpdupd; ek;gpf;if

nfhs;Sk; ~mtNyhfpNj];tu| Nghjprj;Jtupd; cUtk; F];luh[fy> GJWtfy

vDkp;lq;fspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,t;thW ,uhrul;ilapYk; Vida gpuNjrq;fspYk; kfhahd

ngsj;jk; gutpa NghjpYk;> nghJthf ,yq;ifapy; Njuthj ngsj;jNk

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;W te;Js;sikia mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,d;W ,yq;ifapy;

vQ;rpapUf;fpd;w ngsj;j ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs; midj;Jk; Njuthj ngsj;j

E}y;fNsahFk;.

nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpYk; ngsj;j rkaj;jpw;F mur mDruiz

fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sikia tk;rf;fijfspd; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;s

Kbfpd;wJ. ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpYk; kfhtpfhiu> mgafpup> N[j;jtdhuhk vDk;


nraw;ghL :

« ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpy; ngsj;j rkaj;Jf;F mur mDruiz fpilj;j re;ju;g;gq;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

%d;W ngsj;j epiyaq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. ngsj;j gpf;FkhupilNa epytpa

,t;tgpg;gpuha Ngjq;fis ,y;yhnjhopf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; ngsj;j rq;fj;ij

kWrPuikg;gjw;F ghupa gzpia kfhguhf;fpukghF kd;dd; Kd;ndLj;jikAk;

mwpaf;$bajhAs;sJ. mjw;fhf mtd;> jpk;Gyhfy kfh fhrpag;gg Njuupd;

jiyikapy; xU ePjpkd;w rigia mikj;jhd;. mjpy; xt;nthU epfhag;gpupT

gp;f;FkhupdJk; xOf;fk;> xOf;faPdk; gw;wp tprhuiz nra;ag;gl;lJ. kfhtk;rk;

Fwpg;gpLtjd;gb mgafpup kw;Wk; N[j;jtd gpf;Fkhu; xOf;faPdu;fshff;

fhzg;gl;ldu;. mt;thW xOf;fkw;w gpf;Fkhupd; fhtpAil fisag;gl;L

mtu;fSf;F murhq;fj;Jiwapy; gjtpfs; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. ,d;Dk;

rpy gpf;Fkhu; ~rhkNduu;| vDk; epiyf;F fPopwf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,t;thW fp.gp

1165 Mk; Mz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l epfhafSf;fpilapyhd xw;Wik fhuzkhf

ngsj;j rkag; gpuptpidfSf;F ,yq;ifapy; Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itf;fg;gl;lJ.

mjd; gpd;du; ngsj;j gpf;Fkhu; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba rl;l jpl;lq;fs;

~nghyd;dWt fjpfhtj| vDk; xOf;fnewpf;Nfhitahf fy;tpfhiuapy; xU

Rtu;f; fy;ntl;lhfg; nghwpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,e;J rkaKk; Vida rkaq;;;fSk;:-

,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j rkak; mwpKfg;

gLj;jg;glKd;du; kf;fs; fw;fisAk; kuq;fisAk;

tzq;fp te;jJld; neUg;G> kio> fhw;W> Kjypa

,aw;ifg; nghUl;fSf;Fg; G+i[fs; nra;Jte;jdu;.

Nga;fisAk;> ehfj;ijAk; topgl;lik Guhjd

,yq;ifauplk; fhzg;gl;lJ Nghy ,d;Wk; fhzg;gL

fpd;wJ.

kfpe;j Njuu; ,yq;iff;F te;j fhyj;jpy;

,q;F gpuhkzrkak; (gpukd;> ,e;jpud;> R+upad; Kjypa

flTsiu tzq;Fjy;) fhzg;gl;lJld; itutu;> rkd;

Kjypa flTsUf;Fk; G+i[fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

,e;j ek;gpf;ifiaf; filg;gpbg;gjw;F vt;tpjj;

jilAkpd;ikahy; rpy r%fg; gpuptpduplk; gpuk;kzPa rkaKk;> nja;tq;fis

topgLk; KiwAk; fhzg;gl;ld. gz;Lfhgad;> tyfk;gh> kfhNrd kd;du;fspd;

fhyj;jpw;Fupa gpuk;kzPa rkak; gw;wpa jfty;fs; fpilf;fg;ngw;Ws;sd.

cU 4.7 ,e;J rka cw;rtnkhd;W


FbNaw;wf; FOtpduhfTk; Mf;fpukpg;ghsuhfTk; ,yq;iff;F mbf;fb

te;j ,e;jpau;> fiuNahuj; JiwKfg; gFjpfspy; ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fisf;

fl;bdu;. kfhNrd kd;dd; mt;thwhd Nfhapy;fs; gytw;iwAk; mopj;jjhf

%yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.

mDuhjGuf;fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy; ,q;F fl;lg;gl;l rpy ,e;Jf;

Nfhapy;fspd; rpijTfSk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. cjhuzkhf kd;dhu;

(jpUf;NfjP];tuk;)> jpUNfhzkiy (jpUf;NfhNz];tuk;) Nghd;w rpthyaq;fs;

fp.gp 13 Mk; E}w;whz;by; kpfTk; gpurpj;jp ngw;w jyq;fshfj;

jpfo;e;Js;sikia Rl;bf; fhl;lyhk;. nghyd;dWit Nrhouhjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;

te;j gpd;du; mq;Fk; gy rpthyaq;fs; fl;lg;gl;ld.

nghyd;dWitf; fhy re;jputl;lf; fy;ypy; vUjpd; cUtk;

ePf;fg;gl;likahdJ ,e;J rkaj;jpd; nry;thf;if vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

,e;J rkaj;Jld; njhlu;ghd ntz;fyr; rpiyfSk; nghyd;dWitapy;

fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sikahdJ ,e;J rka nry;thf;if NkYk; njspTgLj;JfpwJ.

,f;fhyg;gFjpf;Fupa rptd;> fzgjp> tp\;Z rpiyfSld; ghu;tjpNjtpapd;

rpiyfSk; fpilj;Js;sd.

kf;fspd; tho;f;if Kiw:-

ngsj;j rkak; kf;fspd; tho;f;ifNahL neUq;fpa njhlu;G

nfhz;likahy; kf;fspilNa rkhjhd rftho;T fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lJ.

mf;fhyj;jpy; epytpa tptrhag; nghUshjhuj;Jf;Nfw;g tho;f;iff; Nfhyk;

mike;jpUe;jJ. ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; gutYld; rfy kf;fSk; XNu juj;ijr;

Nru;e;j nghJ r%fkhff; fUjg;gl;lJld; mq;F gpf;F> gpf;Fzp> cghrf

(gf;jd;)> cghrpfh (gf;ij) vDk; gpuptpdu; fhzg;gl;ldu;. Gj;ju; ngUkhdpd;

Nghjidf;Nfw;g rkhjhd rftho;Tld; $ba r%fnkhd;W cUthdJ.

mDuhjGuf; fhyj;jpy; je;ij topr; r%ftikg;Ng fhzg;gl;lJ.

MapDk; ngz;fSf;F Rakhf nraw;gLtjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; fhzg;gl;lJ. Guhjd

r%fj;jpy; gy;NtW tpjkhd rPtNdhghaf; ifj;njhopy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

tptrhapfs;> tpahghupfs;> nghw;nfhy;yu; vDk; njhopy;uPjpahdtu;fshf mtu;fs;

fhzg;gl;ldu;. gpuhkzu;> rj;jpupau;> itrpau;> #j;jpuu; vDk; FyKiwapy;

Ntzu;> Nerhju;> ,ujfhuu;> Gf;Fru;> rz;lhsu; vDk; Itif rhjpapdUk; gw;wpa

jfty;fs; fpilj;j NghjpYk; ,e;jpahitg; Nghd;W jPtpukhd rhjpg;gpuptpid

,q;F fhzg;gltpy;iy. mjw;Ff; fhuzk; ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; nry;thf;fhFk;;.

mDuhjGuf; fhyj;ij tpl nghyd;dWitf;fhy r%ftikg;G XusT

khw;wKw;wJ. njd;dpe;jpa nry;thf;F fhuzkhf r%fk; gy tk;rq;fshfTk;


nraw;ghL :

« ePu;ts ehfupf r%ftiyaikg;gpy; njspthff; fhzg;gl;l gz;Gfis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf

Fyq;fshfTk; gpupe;J fhzg;gl;lJ. mur tk;rk;> gpuhkztk;rk;> tu;j;jf r%fk;> tptrhar%fk; vd;W gpujhd ehd;F Fyj;jpdu; nghyd;dWitf;fhyk; Kjy; gutyiltijf; fhzKbfpd;wJ. jpUkzj;njhlu;Gfs; xNu Fyj;jpdupilNa khj;jpuk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; khj;jpuk; khw;Wf; Fyj;jtupilNaAk; jpUkz cwTfs; epfo;e;Js;sd.

tptrhaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tho;f;iff;Nfhyk; nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; rpwg;ghfj; jpfo;e;Js;sikia mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. Kjyhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; Ml;rpf;fhyk; ,jw;F rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; tptrhak; jtpu;e;j NtW njhopy;fis rPtNdhghakhf Nkw;nfhz;l tFg;gpdUk; tho;e;Js;sdu;.

NkYk; ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; ge;jhl;lk;> ePu;tpisahl;L> CQ;ryhLjy; Kjypa tpisahl;Lf;fs; r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;ljhf ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;fs; %yk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. FUFyk; my;yJ gpupntdh vDk; fy;tp epiyaq;fSk; fhzg;gl;ld. gpf;F khztu;fSf;Fg; Nghd;Nw nghJ r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j khztu;fSf;Fk; fy;tp fw;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; fhzg;gl;ld. ngz;fSk; $l ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; fy;tpawpitg; ngw;Ws;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplakhFk;.

tptrhaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;;l tho;f;if Kiwapy; Xa;T Neuk; mjpfkhff; fpilj;jikahy; kf;fs; ,yf;fpak; kw;Wk; fiyfspd; gf;fk; jkJ ftdj;ijj; jpUg;gpAs;sdu;. vdNt Gj;j rkaj;ijAk; tptrhaj;ijAk; gpd;dzpahff; nfhz;l fyhrhu mikg;nghd;W ePu;tsehfupj;jpy; Njhd;wp tsu;e;jJ.

fiyfSk; fl;ll epu;khzKk;

,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j rkaj;jpd; gutYld; fiyfSk; tsu;r;rp

fz;ld. Muk;gj;jpy; fw;FiffspYk; td Muzpaq;fspYk; tho;e;j ngsj;j

gpf;FfSf;F Muhikfs; mikj;J jhdQ; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ngsj;j kf;fspd;

tzf;f topghl;bw;fhf tpfhiufSk;> J}gpkidfSk; mikf;fg;gl;likahy;

fl;llf;fiy ,q;F tsu;r;rp fz;lJ.

tpfhiu epu;khzq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; Kjy; gilg;ghf J}ghuhk tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Utd;ntyprha> kpuprntl;b> mgafpup> N[j;jtdhuhk Mfpa tpfhiufSk; fl;lg;gl;ld. tpfhiufisf; fl;Lk;NghJ


cWjptha;e;jJk; gyk; tha;e;jJkhd gutyhd mj;jpthuj;ij ,Ljy;> Nfhstbtpyhd Nfhshfhufu;g;gj;ij mikj;jy; vd;gd Guhjd fl;llf; fiyQu;fs; ifahz;l njhopDl;g mk;;rq;fshFk;. ,jw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;l mstPl;L KiwfSk; Nfj;jpufzpj mwpTk; kpfTk; cau;kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lij mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. tpfhiuapd; ~thfy;fl| vDk; gFjp kpfTk; mofhd nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfshy; myq;fupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

tl;ljhJkid (tl;ljhnfa) rpwpa tpfhiufisr; Rw;wp J}z;fis vOg;gp tl;l tbtpyhd $iuia mikj;J cUthf;fg;gLk; fl;llq;fs; J}gpkid my;yJ tl;ljhJ kid vdg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F cjhuzkhf J}guhk kw;Wk; nkjpupfpupa jhJ Nfhgk; vd;gtw;iwf; $wyhk;. NkYk; ,j;J}z;fs; fUq;fy;ypdhy; my;yJ kuj;jpdhy; MdJld; mit nrJf;fy; fiy %yk; myq;fupf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

Muhikf; fl;llq;fs;:- Gj;j gpf;Ffs; trpg;gjw;fhf Muhikfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. mDuhjGuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kfhtpfhiu> mgafpuptpfhiu> N[j;jtdhuhk fl;llj;njhFjpfs; ,jw;F rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. mj;Jld; Jl;lifKD kd;dd; ~Nyhtkfhgha| vDk; xd;gJ khbfisf; nfhz;l Mapuq;fhy; kz;lgj;ijf; fl;b mjid gpf;Fkhu; trpg;gjw;fhf mu;g;gzQ; nra;jhd; vd;W %yhjhuq;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nghakid> Nghjpkid> jhdrhiy> jpahd kz;lgk;> kUj;Jtrhiy vd;gdTk; fl;llf;fiyapd; rpwe;j gilg;Gf;fshFk;.

rpiyfSk; nrJf;fy; fiyAk;;:-

nrJf;fy; fiyg;gilg;Gf;fSs; re;jputl;lf;fy;> nfhwtf;fy;> fhtw;fy; vd;gd Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd. re;jputl;lf;fy; vd;gJ miutl;l tbtpyhd fUq;fy;ypd; nrJf;fg;gl;l xU gbtupirapd; Kjy; gbf;fy;yhFk;.

kyu;e;j jhkiug; G+tpd; ghjp cUtk; re;jputl;lf;fy;ypd; eLNt nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjidr; Rw;wptu G+q;nfhb cUtKk; mjidaLj;J md;dg;gwitfspd; tupirnahd;Wk;> mjidaLj;J rp;q;fk;> ahid> Fjpiu>

cU 4.8 mDuhjGuf;fhy re;jputl;lf;fy; cU 4.9 nghyd;dWitf;fhy re;jputl;lf;fy;


vUJ vDk; kpUfq;fspd; tupirAk; Kbtpy; G+tpjo; my;yJ jPr;Rlu; cUtKk; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;J kf;fspd; tzf;fj;Jf;Fg; ghj;jpukhd xU kpUfkhf vUJ fUjg;gLtjhy; nghyd;dWitf;fhy re;jputl;lf;fy;ypy; vUjpd; cUtk; nrJf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

,RWKdpa tpfhiuapy; fhzg;gLk; Fjpiuj;jiyAk; kdpjDk;> ,RWKdpa fhjyu; Nrhb> ePuhLk; ahidfs; vd;gtw;Wld; mq;F fhzg;gLk; nrJf;fy; fiyg;gilg;Gfs; cau; juj;jpyhd epu;khzq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

mDuhjGuf; fhyj;jpw;Fupa Gj;ju; rpiyfSs; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLtJ mku;e;j epiyapy; cs;s jpahdr; rpiyfshFk;. Gj;ju; ngUkhdpd; ,U fhy;fSk; xd;Wlndhd;W FWf;fhf kbj;J itf;fg;gl;L> ,lJ ghjk; tyJ ghjj;jpd; Nky; itf;fg;gl;L> ,lJ iff;F Nkyhf tyJ ifia kbapd; kPJ itj;J rhe;jkhd czu;r;rp ntspg;ghl;Lld; jpahdepiyapy; Mrdj;jpd; Nky; mku;e;jpUf;Fk; tbtpy; ,r;rpiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mDuhjGu ~Fl;lk; nghf;Fd| vDk; ,ul;ilj;jlhfj;jpd; mUNf fhzg;gLk; rkhjpr;rpiy ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;.

cU: 4.10 nfhwtf;fy;; cU: 4.11 fhtw;fy; cU: 4.12 ,RWKdp fhjyu; Nrhb

cU: 4.13 Fjpiuj;jiyAk; kdpjDk;. cU: 4.14 rkhjpr;rpiy


cU:4.15 fy;tpfhiu radr;rpiy

cU: 4.16 mTf;fd epw;Fk; rpiy

; xNu Nehf;fj;jp;y; tbtikf;fg;gl;L;;s;s

,f;fUq;fw; rpiyfspy; Gj;ju;

ngUkhdplk; fhzg;gl;l fUiz> md;G

vDk; cau; gz;Gfisf; fhz KbtJ

rpwg;gk;rkhFk;.

epw;Fk; rpiyf;F cjhuzkhf fyhthtpf;F mz;ikapy; fhzg;gLk;

mTf;fd rpiyiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Gj;ju; ngUkhdpd; gz;Gfis

ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,r;rpiy tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. fhtpAilapd; kbg;Gf;

NfhLfis fUq;fy;ypy; $l kpf El;gkhd Kiwapy; mikj;jpUg;gjpypUe;J

mf;fhyf;fiyQu;fspd; jpwikia ehkwpe;Jnfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.

fUq;fy;ypy; tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;s Gj;ju;ngUkhdpd; cwf;;f epiyiaf;

fhl;Lk; radr; rpiyfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nghyd;dWit fy;tpfhiuapy;

fhzg;gLk; radr;rpiy ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;.

r];N]Wt> GJWtfy> khspfhtpy Kjypa ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;

Gj;ju; rpiyfSk; mf;fhyj;jpd; fiyg;gilg;Gfspd; cau; epu;khzg;gz;Gfis

ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

cU: 4.17 eluh[u; rpiy cU: 4.18 Kjyhk; ,yf;f rptd; Nfhapy; cU: 4.19 ,uz;lhk; ,yf;f rptd; Nfhapy;


nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpy; ,e;J rka flTs;fspd; cUtq;fs; gy;NtW cNyhfq; fspdhYk; thu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd. rptd;;> tp\;Z gps;isahu; rpiyfs; mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdit. ,it mf;fhyfl;l cNyhff; ifj;njhopy; tsu;r;rpiaf; fhl;Ltjhf mike;Js;sd.

,e;J rkaf; fl;llf;fiy gw;wpAk; ,f;fhyfl;lj;Jf;Fupa jfty;fs; fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sd. Nrhou; fl;llf;fiyg; gz;GfSld; fl;lg;gl;l rpthyaq;fis nghyd;dWitapy; ,d;Wk; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

nghyd;dWitapy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l ep];]q;fyjh kz;lgk; kpfTk; rpNu\;lkhdnjhU gilg;ghFk;. murit kz;lgkhfj; jpfo;e;j ,f;fl;llj;jpy; rpk;khrdk; fUq;fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;l rpq;f cUtpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mur mjpfhupfspd; Mrdq;fSf;Fg;gpd;dhy; mike;j fw;W}z;fspy; mtu;fspd; gjtpg;ngau;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. md;iwa fhy muritnahd;wpd; gz;Gfis ,jd; %yk; mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.

nghyd;dWitapy; fhzg;gLk; ~rj;k`y; gpurhja| vDk; VoLf;F khspifAk; rpwe;jnjhU fl;llf;fiyg; gilg;ghFk;. ,q;F xt;nthU khbr; Rtu;fspYk; miu tl;l tbtpy; File;njLf;fg;gl;l Rtu;fspy; nja;t cUtq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J ngUk;ghYk; xU J}gpapd; tbtj;jpNyNa mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mDuhjGu fhyj;jpy; Nghd;Nw nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpYk; fl;llf;fiyQu;fs; efu epu;khzj;jpYk; ftdQ; nrYj;jpAs;sdu;. Fsq;fspypUe;J ePiug; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ngha;iffSk; jlhfq;fSk; Nkw;gb efuq;fspy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

mDuhjGuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ~Fl;lk; ngha;if| vDk; ,ul;ilg; ngha;ifAk; nghyd;dWitapy; fhzg;gLk; ~neYk; nghFd| vDk; jhkiu tbtpyhd jlhfKk; ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j cjhuzq;fshFk;.

cU: 4.20 ep];]q;fyjh kz;lgk;

cU: 4.21 rj;k`y; gpurhja (VoLf;F khspif)

cU: 4.22 jhkiu tbtj; jlhfk;

cU:4.23 Fl;lk; ngha;if (,ul;ilj; ;jlhfk;)


nraw;ghL :

« ePu; ts ehfupfj;jpy; fl;llf;fiy kw;Wk; fiy epu;khzq;fspd; glq;fis cs;slf;Fk; tifapy; rpW E}nyhd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.

fiyfSs; Xtpaf;fiyAk; Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpj;jJ. ,yq;ifapd;

Xtpaq;fspy; rpfpupah Xtpaq;fs; cyfg;Gfo; ngw;witahFk;. fp.gp 5 Mk;

E}w;whz;Lf;Fupajhff; fUjg;gLk; ,t;Nthtpaq;fs; rpfpupahf;Fd;wpd; Fopthd

Rtu;fspy; tiuag;gl;Ls;sd. jhkiu> my;yp> nrz;gfg;G+f;fisr; R+bAs;sthWk;

G+f;fisf; iffspy; Ve;jpAs;sthWkhd ngz;fisr; rpj;jpupf;Fk; ,t; Xtpaq;fs;

fhrpag;g kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; tiuag;gl;litahFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; Fg;ju;

fhyj;Jf;Fupa m[e;jh Fif Xtpaq;fisj; jOtpNa rpfpupah xtpaq;fs;

tiuag;gl;Ls;sjhf rpyu; fUj;J ntspapl;Ls;sdu;.

nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;Jf;Fupa Xtpaq;fis yq;fh jpyf rpiykid>

jptq;f rpiykid vd;gtw;Ws; fhzyhk;. yq;fhjpyf rpiykidapd; Rtu;

KOJk; Xtpaq;fs; tiuag;gl;bUe;jjhf ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. MapDk; ,d;W xU

fjT epiyapd; Nky; miu tl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Xu; Xtpak; khj;jpuNk

vQ;rpAs;sJ. mj;Jld; fy;tpfhiuapd; tpj;jpahjuf; Fifapy; fhzg;gLk;

XtpaKk; Kf;fpak; tha;e;jjhFk;.

fy;tpepiy:-

ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpy; ,q;F tho;e;j ngsj;j Jwtpau;> Jwtpauy;yhj

gz;bju;fshy; vOjg;gl;Ls;s E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiag; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ

,e;ehl;bd; fy;tpepiy cau;kl;lj;jpy; jpfo;e;Js;sikia vk;khy; czu

Kbfpd;wJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j gps;isfs; fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf

FUFyj;jpw;F my;yJ fy;tpepiyankhd;Wf;F mDg;gg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

fy;tpepiyaq;fshfg; gd;riyfSk; gpupntdhf;fSk; fhzg;gl;ld. JwT epiy

khzf;fUf;Fg; NghyNt nghJ khzf;fUf;Fk; fy;tpfw;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs;

fhzg;gl;ld. fw;wy; Kiwfshf Mrpupau; nrhy;tij nrtpkLj;jy; kw;Wk; kddQ;

nra;jy; vd;gd fhzg;gl;ld. Muk;gj;jpy; kzypy; tpuyhy; vOjg; gapw;Wtpj;J

gpd;du; gidNahiyapy; vOj;jhzpnfhz;L vOjg; gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,f;fhyf;fy;tpj;jpl;lj;jpy; gy tplaq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. fzpjk;>

ju;f;ftpay;> ,yf;fzk;> thdpay;> tpy;tpj;ij vd;gd mtw;Ws; rpythFk;.

fy;tpiag; Nghjpf;Fk; nkhopfshf ghsp> rk];fpUjk;> rpq;fsk; vd;gd

fhzg;gl;ld.


nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;:-

ghsp ,yf;fpak;> rk];fpUj ,yf;fpak;> rpq;fs ,yf;fpak; vd;gd ,q;F

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd. rpq;fs nkhopapd; %ynkhopfshd ghsp> rk];fpUjk;

vDk; nkhopfisf; fw;gJ fw;Nwhuplk; gpugykile;jpUe;jJ.

ghsp ,yf;fpak;:- Gj;jNfhr Njuuhy; ~n`y| nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l ~ml;Lth| vDk; E}y;

ghsp nkhopapy; nkhopngau;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;NjuUld; ,d;Dk; gy gz;bju;fSk;

,ize;J vOjpa ~ml;lfjh| vDk; ,yf;fpaKk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhFk;.

Gj;jNfhr Njuuhy; ,d;Dk; gy E}y;fSk; ghsp nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd.

~ml;lfjh| kw;Wk; ~jpupgPlfk;| vDk; E}y;fis KOikahff; fw;W Gj;j rkak;

gw;wp RUf;fkhf vOjg;gl;l E}y;fshf mg; ghspE}y;fs; fhzg;gl;ld.

rk];fpUj ,yf;fpak;:- rhuhzu;j;j rq;fpuà> [hdfpùz vd;gd rk];fpUj nkhopapy;

vOjg;gl;l E}y;fshFk;. fp.gp 7 Mk; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ fPioj;Njr ehLfspd;

njhlu;G nkhopahff; fhzg;gl;lJ ~rF| vDk; nkhopahFk;.

rpq;fs ,yf;fpak;:- Gj;j rkak; ,yq;iff;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;l gpd;du; mjid rpq;fs

kf;fSf;F ,yFthfg; Gupaitg;gjw;fhf ~n`yl;Lth| vDk; ngaupy; gy

E}y;fs; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. kfh ml;Lth> kfhgr;rup ml;Lth> FWe;jp ml;Lth

vDk; ngau;fspy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;E}y;fs; rpq;fs ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Kf;fpak;

ngWfpd;wd. MapDk; ,e;E}y;fis ,d;W fhzKbahJs;sJ.

Ie;jhk; fhrpag;g kd;ddhy; vOjg;gl;l ~jk;gpah ml;Lth fw;wgja|

vDk; E}y;> jk;kgjf; fijfspy; tUk; fbdkhd trdq;fSf;F rpq;fsj;jpy;

vOjg;gl;l tpsf;fTiuahFk;. rpftye;j> rpftye;j tpdpr vDk; ,U E}y;fSk;

n`y nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;litahFk;. ehd;fhk; Nrd kd;ddhy; vOjg;gl;l

~rpag];yfu| vd;gJk; kw;WnkhU Kf;fpa E}yhFk;. ggpupa> fRg;njhl;l Vgh

Kjypa 12 kfh ftpfs; Kjyhk; mf;Ngh kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;jjhf

~epfha rq;fpuà| vDk; E}y; Fwpg;gpLtjpypUe;J mf;fhyfl;lj;jpd; ,yf;fpa

tsu;r;rpia mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. nghyd;dWitf;fhyj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l

rre;jhtj> Ktnjt;jhtj> mkhtJw> Gj;ruz> rpq;fs J}gtk;rk; vDk;

E}y;fSk; rpq;fs ,yf;fpaj;jpDs; mlq;Fk;.

nghyd;dWitf;fhyj;jpy; Gfoile;jpUe;j ciueil ,yf;fpakhf

~rd;d| vDk; ,yf;fpa tbtk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mgpjk;kj;j rq;fpw` rd;da>

NkfJ}j rd;da> [hdfpùz rd;da> rre;jh rd;da Kjypad mt;thwhd


nraw;ghL :

« ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpy; nkhop> ,yf;fpa tsu;r;rp fhzg;gl;likf;fhd cjhuzq;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

nraw;ghL :

« tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fisg; gbj;J> ePuts ehfupfk; epytpa fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifAld; ntt;NtW tpjq;fspYk; njhlu;Ggl;l ehLfisAk; KiwfisAk; ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf. (vz;zf;fU tpsf;fg;glj;jpy; $wg;gl;l jfty;fis tpl Nkyjpf jfty;fisr; Nrfupf;fTk;.)

E}y;fSl; rpythFk;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ~fw;wgja| vDk; tpsf;fTiu E}y;fSk;

vOjg;gl;ld. mjhtJ kfhNghjptq;r fw;wgja > [hjf ml;Lth fw;wgja

vd;gd mtw;Ws; rpythFk;.

ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfs;:-

,yq;if ntspehLfSld; njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; mjd; miktplk;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. mt;tifapy; fPo;tUk; tplaq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;jdthFk;.

« fPioj;Njr> Nkiyj;Njr fly;khu;f;f gl;LtPjpapd; Nfe;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;j ,lj;jpy; ,yq;if mike;jpUe;jik.

« njd;Nky;> tlfPo; fhw;Wf;Fupa ePNuhl;lq;fSf;F mUfpy; ,yq;if

mike;jpUe;jik.

« ,yq;ifiar; Rw;wptu mike;jpUe;j ,aw;ifj; JiwKfq;fs;

Nkw;gb mk;rq;fspd; nry;thf;Ff;Ff; fhuzkhf ,yq;ifAld; gy;NtW

ehLfSk; gy;NtW tifapy; njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUe;jd. fPo;tUk; vz;zf;fU

tpsf;fg;glj;jpd; %yk; mt;thwhd ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfis mwpe;J

nfhs;Nthk;.

ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpd; tPo;r;rp

fp.K 6 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp 13 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gk; tiu

,yq;ifapy; epytpa ePu;ts ehfupfkhdJ fp.gp 1215Mk; Mz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

fypq;f khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;NghL tPo;r;rpf;Fs;shdJ. mDuhjGuk;>

nghyd;dWitg; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gl;l tpfhiufSk; ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjpAk;

mopTw;wd. ePu;g;ghrd Gduikg;G eltbf;ifffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhikahy;


murpay; njhlu;G

ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;G

fyhrhuj; njhlu;G

tp[aDk; Njhou;fSk; Kjw; nfhz;L tUif je;j FbNaw;wf; FOf;fs;.

Fbg;ngau;T

Mf;fpukpg;G

jpUkzk;

el;G

murpay; cjtp

rpiwf; ifjpfs;

tyfk;gh kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; G+yfj;j FOtpdupd; Mf;fpukpg;G. kpj;Nrd fhyj;jpy; gz;L kw;Wk; ghupe;j Mf;fpukpg;G.

tp[ad; -kJuhGup ,sturp.gz;LthRNjtd; -gf;jfr;rdhehd;fhk; kfpe;jd; fypq;f ,sturp

mNrhfd; - Njtek;gpajp];]cNuhk; FNshba]; kd;dd;- ghjpfhga kd;dd;.

mgaehf kd;dd; rpwpehf kd;dd;3k; mf;Ngh kd;dd;

f[ghF kd;ddpd; je;ijapd; gil njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ifjpfshjy;.kfhguhf;fpukghF jkpo; ifjpfis nfhz;L tUjy;.

fp.K 247 ,y; ,q;F ngsj;j rkak; mwpKfkhjy;> gpf;Fdp rhrdk; mikf;fg;gLjy;.

ngsj;jk;

,e;J

,];yhk;

rpw;gk;

nrJf;fy;

Xtpak;

vOj;J

nghyd;dWitapy; ,e;Jrkaf; Nfhapy;fs;> rpiyfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik.

mNugpaj; njhlu;Gfs; fhuzkhf ,yq;ifapy; ,];yhkpau; FbNaWjy;.

Fg;j fiy kugpy; - rkhjprpiymkuhtjp

nrJf;fy;- mTf;fd rpiy

m[e;jh Xtpak; - rPfpup Xtpak;

gpuhkpa vOj;J tbtpy; rpq;fs mupr;Rtb.

tay; epyq;fs; ghoile;jd. cyu;tyak; ngUq;fhlhf khwpaJ. rPuope;J

Nghd ePu;g;ghrdf; fl;likg;ig njhlu;e;J te;j kd;du;fshy; NgzKbahkw;

NghdJ.

}njd;dpe;jpacjtpAld;Ml;rpaikj;jy;


khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;gpd; gpd;du; ,uhrul;ilg; gpuNjrk; KOJk; mtdJ

Ml;rpapd; fPo; te;jikahy; mg;gpuNjr kf;fs; jkJ ,Ug;gplq;fisf; iftpl;L

kiyehl;Lf;Fk;> njd;gpuNjrj;Jf;Fk; Gyk; ngau;e;jdu;. gpf;Fkhupd; xU

gFjpapdu; ntspehLfSf;Fk; Gyk; ngau;e;jdu;. vdNt ,uhrul;ilapd;

nghUshjhuf; fl;likT rpijtile;jJ. rPuope;J Nghd ePu;g;ghrdj; njhFjpfs;

Fl;ilfshfTk; tay;epyq;fs; fhLfshfTk; khw mq;F kNyupah Kjypa

Ml;nfhy;yp Neha;fs; gutpd.

NkYk; nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; mq;F Vw;gl;l

rpk;khrd cupikg; Nghuhl;lKk; ehl;bd; kj;jpa Ml;rpKiw gytPdkilaf;

fhuzkhaike;jJ. vdNt ePu;ts ehfupfk; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.

rhuhk;rk;

« ePu;g;ghrdj; Jiwapy; cau; njhopDl;gk; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ.

« ePu;g;ghrdj; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rpf;F mur mDruiz fpilj;jJ.

« murNd epu;thfj;Jiwapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jJld; Kiwahd Ml;rpKiw epytpaJ.

« gpuNjr Ml;rp> fpuhkMl;rp> vd;w tifapy; mjpfhug;gutyhf;fy; fhzg;gl;lJ.

« nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> tu;j;jfk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wd.

« ,f;fhyg; gFjpfspy;; ngsj;j rkak; gpujhd rkakhff; fhzg;gl;lJld; ,e;J rkaKk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ.

« mDuhjGu fhyj;jpy; gutpa kfhahd ngsj;j fUj;Jf;fs; fhuzkhf ngsj;j rkaj;jpy; gpsTfs; Vw;gl toptFf;fg;gl;lJ.

« je;ij topr; r%f mikg;G fhzg;gl;lJ.

« ge;jhl;lk;> CQ;ryhl;lk;> ePu;tpisahl;L Kjypa tpisahl;Lfs; fhzg;gl;ld.

« fl;llf;fiy> rpw;gf;fiy> nrJf;fy;fiy> Xtpaf;fiy vd;gdTk; tsu;r;rp fz;bUe;jd.

« gpupntdhf;fis mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L fy;tpKiw tsu;r;rp fz;lJ.


« rpq;fs> ghsp> rk];fpUj nkhopapyhd ,yf;fpaq;fs; tsu;r;rp fz;ld.

« ntspehLfSld; murpay;> fyhrhuj; njhlu;Gfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg; gl;ld.

« ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;s ,yq;ifapd; miktplk; fhuzkhaike;jJ.

« gytPdkhd kd;du;fs;> fypq;f khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G vd;gtw;why; ePu;ts ehfupfk; tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.

nraw;ghL :


gapw;rp :

« ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpd; tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhaike;j fypq;f khfdpd; Mf;fpukpg;gpdhy; Vw;gl;l rPuopTfisj; Njbawpf.

1. Guhjd Fsj;njhFjpapd; glj;ij tiue;J mjd; gFjpfisg; ngaupLf?

2 ePu;g;ghrdj; Jiwf;F Nritahw;wpa ,U kd;du;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtu;fshy; Mw;wg;gl;l Kk;%d;W Nritfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

3 ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpd; kj;jpa epu;thfk;> gpuNjrepu;thfk;> fpuhkepu;thfk; vd;gtw;wpy; fhzg;gl;l Kk;%d;W gz;Gfisj; jUf

4 mf;fhyj;jpy; tsu;r;rp fz;bUe;j ifj;njhopy;fisg; ngaupLf.5 ePu;ts ehfupfk; RaNjitg;g+u;j;jpahd xU nghUshjhu Kiwiaf;

nfhz;bUe;jJ vd;gjw;fhd ,uz;L cjhuzq;fisj; jUf.6 ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;L tu;j;jfj;jpd; Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUl;fis

ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.7 ,yq;ifapd; ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfis murpay; njhlu;Gfs;> fyhrhuj;

njhlu;Gfs; vd;wthW ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.8 ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpy; vOjg;gl;l ghsp> rpq;fsnkhopapyhd E}y;fisg;

gl;bay; ,Lf.9 ePu;ts ehfupfj;jpd; tPo;r;rpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfisf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

Documents

Chapter 4...,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 56 nraw;ghL : jhJNrd kd;dd;; 18 Fsq;fisAk;> xU fhy;thia Ak; mikj;jik. c-k; fyhthtp> khjJfk Fsk;> nkj;j fl;ba thtp kw;Wk; Nahj fhy;tha;