' ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf " 125

,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk; ePq;fs;

« Kf;NfhzpfisAk; ehw;gf;fy;fisAk; nfhz;L Fiwj; J}a

njryhf;fj;ij mikj;jy;

gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngWtPu;fs;.

tPLfspd; jsk; my;yJ Rtu;fspd; Nkw;gug;Gf;fspy; gPq;fhd; XLfs;;

gjpf;fg;gl;bUg;gijf; fz;bUg;gPu;fs;. xU Nfhyk; my;yJ gy;NtW

Nfhyq;fs; cUthFkhW gjpf;fg;gLk; ,j;jifa ,lq;fspy; gPq;fhd;

XLfisg; gjpf;ifapy; gPq;fhd; XLfSf;fpilNa ,ilntsp ,uhjthWk;

mit xd;wpd; kPJ xd;W gbahjthWk; milj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

,J njryhf;fj;jpd; Nfhl;ghl;bid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;.

xd;wpd; kPJ xd;W gbahjthWk; ,ilntsp ,uhjthWk; xU

tbtj;ij my;yJ gy tbtq;fis xU jsj;jpd; kPJ xU Nfhyj;jpy;

xOq;FgLj;Jjy; njryhf;fk;njryhf;fk;njryhf;fk;njryhf;fk;njryhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

gy;NtW tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ghTifia (rPypq;if) mikj;jy;>

fk;gsq;fisj; jahu; nra;jy;> Jzpfis nea;jy;> kl;ghz;lq;fisr;

nra;jy;> tPlikg;G Mfpatw;wpy; njryhf;fk; gw;wpa Nfhl;ghL

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

31.1 J}a njryhf;fk; 31.1 J}a njryhf;fk; 31.1 J}a njryhf;fk; 31.1 J}a njryhf;fk; 31.1 J}a njryhf;fk;

xU tbtj;ij khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gLk; J}a njryhf;fk;

gw;wp Kd;du; fw;Ws;sPu;fs;. ,q;F Xu; xOq;fhd my;yJ xOq;fw;w

tbtk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

nraw;ghL 31.1 nraw;ghL 31.1 nraw;ghL 31.1 nraw;ghL 31.1 nraw;ghL 31.11.

Nkw;Fwpj;j Mq;fpy vOj;Jfspd; tbtq;fis mNj mstpilf;Fr;

rJuf;Nfhl;Lj; jhspy; gpujpnra;J xU njryhf;fj;ij mikf;f.

2. xU fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;Fwpj;j vOj;Jfis cUthf;fp

mtw;iwf; nfhz;L xU njryhf;fj;ij mikf;f (word Nghd;w

xU nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.)

njryhf;fk; njryhf;fk; njryhf;fk; njryhf;fk; njryhf;fk;3131313131

' ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf " 126

31.2 xOq;fhd njryhf;fk; 31.2 xOq;fhd njryhf;fk; 31.2 xOq;fhd njryhf;fk; 31.2 xOq;fhd njryhf;fk; 31.2 xOq;fhd njryhf;fk;

xU xOq;;fhd cUtj;ij khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gLk; njryhf;fk;

xOq;fhd njryhf;fk; vdg;gLk;. Xu; xOq;fhd cUtj;jpd; gf;fq;fs;

rkkhfTk; Nfhzq;fs; rkkhfTk; ,Ug;gjdhy;> ,j;jifa njryhf;-

fq;fis vspjhfr; nra;ayhk;.

mj;jifa xOq;fhd njryhf;fq;fspd; rpy gFjpfs; fPNo fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL nraw;ghL 31.2

Xu; xOq;fhd cUit khj;jpuk; nfhz;L nra;ag;gLk; njryhf;fq;fspy;

gad;gLj;jj;jf;f xOq;fhd cUf;fs; rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzp> rJuk;> xOq;fhd

mWNfhzp vd;gdthFk;. ,jid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;Fg; gy;NtW

xOq;fhd tbtq;fis ml;ilj;jhspy; ntl;b vLj;J xU jhspy; xl;bj;

njryhf;fj;ij mikj;Jg; ghu;f;f.

31.3 Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fk; 31.3 Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fk; 31.3 Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fk; 31.3 Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fk; 31.3 Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fk;

Nkw;Fwpj;j njryhf;fq;fis ed;whfg; guprPypf;f.

,j;njryhf;fq;fspy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l (ntt;NtW) tbtq;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jifa njryhf;fk; Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fkFiwj; J}a njryhf;fkFiwj; J}a njryhf;fkFiwj; J}a njryhf;fkFiwj; J}a njryhf;fk;

vdg;gLk;.

rJuq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jpr; nra;j

njryhf;fj;jpd; xU gFjp

rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzpfisg;

gad;gLj;jpr; nra;j

njryhf;fj;jpd; xU gFjp

xOq;fhd

mWNfhzpfisg;

gad;gLj;jpr; nra;j

njryhf;fj;jpd; xU gFjp

(i) (ii) (iii)

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s tbtq;fspd;

vz;zpf;if

gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tbtq;fs;cU

ruptfk;> nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp

ruptfk;> nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp

rJuk;> Kf;Nfhzp

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

2

2

2

' ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf " 127

gy;NtW gy;Nfhzpfisg; gad;gLj;jpf; Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fq;fisr;

nra;ayhk;. vdpDk;> ,q;F Kf;NfhzpfisAk; ehw;gf;fy;fisAk; nfhz;l

njryhf;fq;fis khj;jpuk; fUj Ntz;Lk;.

gapw;rp gapw;rp gapw;rp gapw;rp gapw;rp 31.1

tpNrl ngau;fs; toq;fg;gLk; rpy tif Kf;NfhzpfSk; ehw;gf;fy;fSk;

fPNo fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; ,uz;L my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l

(ntt;NtW) tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; njryhf;fq;fis mikf;f.

rkdpy;gf;f Kf;Nfhzprkdpy;gf;f Kf;Nfhzprkdpy;gf;f Kf;Nfhzprkdpy;gf;f Kf;Nfhzprkdpy;gf;f Kf;Nfhzp

(%d;W gf;fq;fSk;

NtWgl;l ePsq;fisf;

nfhz;bUj;jy;)

nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpnrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpnrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpnrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpnrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzp

(xU Nfhzk; 90O Mf

,Uj;jy;)

rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzprkgf;f Kf;Nfhzprkgf;f Kf;Nfhzprkgf;f Kf;Nfhzprkgf;f Kf;Nfhzp

(vy;yhg; gf;fq;fSk;

rkkhf ,Uj;jy;)

,Urkgf ;f,Urkgf ;f,Urkgf ;f,Urkgf ;f,Urkgf ;f

Kf;NfhzpKf;NfhzpKf;NfhzpKf;NfhzpKf;Nfhzp

(,U gf;fq;fs;

rkkhf ,Uj;jy;)

rha;rJuk;rha;rJuk;rha;rJuk;rha;rJuk;rha;rJuk;

(vjpu;g; gf;fq;fs;

rkhe;jukhfTk;

vy;yhg; gf;fq;fSk;

rkkhfTk; ,Uj;jy;)

ru ptfk;ru ptfk;ru ptfk;ru ptfk;ru ptfk;

(xU Nrhb vjpu;g;

gf;fq;fs; khj;jpuk;

rkhe;jukhf ,Uj;jy;)

,izfuk;,izfuk;,izfuk;,izfuk;,izfuk;

(vjpu;g; gf;fq;fs;

rkhe;jukhfTk;

rkkhfTk; ,Uj;jy;)

nrt;tfk;nrt;tfk;nrt;tfk;nrt;tfk;nrt;tfk;

(vjpu;g; gf;fq;fs;

rkkhfTk; vy;yhf;

Nfhzq;fSk;

nrq;Nfhzq;fshfTk;

,Uj;jy;)

rJuk;rJuk;rJuk;rJuk;rJuk;

(vy;yhg; gf;fq;fSk;

rkkhfTk; vy;yhf;

Nfhzq;fSk;

nrq;Nfhzq;fshfTk;

,Uj;jy;)

' ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf " 128

31.4 cr;rpg; Gs;spfs; 31.4 cr;rpg; Gs;spfs; 31.4 cr;rpg; Gs;spfs; 31.4 cr;rpg; Gs;spfs; 31.4 cr;rpg; Gs;spfs;

Kf;Nfhzpapd; cr;rpfs; re;jpf;Fk; Gs;spfs; njryhf;fj;jpd; cr;rpg;

Gs;spfs; vdg;gLk; (cUtpy; jbj;j Gs;spfspdhy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.)

xU Kf;Nfhzpapd; %d;W mff; Nfhzq;fspdJk; $l;Lj;njhif 180o

Mifahy;> cr;rpg; Gs;spfs; xt;nthd;iwAk; Rw;wp cs;s Nfhzq;fspd;

$l;Lj;njhif 360o MFk;.

nraw;ghL 31.3nraw;ghL 31.3nraw;ghL 31.3nraw;ghL 31.3nraw;ghL 31.3

NkNy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW Xu; ml;ilj;jhspy; xNu tbtpyhd rpy

Kf;Nfhzpfis ntl;bf; nfhs;f. mtw;iwf; nfhz;L cUtpy; fhzg;gLk;

njryhf;fj;ij mikf;f. cr;rpg; Gs;spiar; Rw;wp cs;s Nfhzq;fspd;

$l;Lj;njhif 360O vd;gij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;f.

gapw;rp 31.2 gapw;rp 31.2 gapw;rp 31.2 gapw;rp 31.2 gapw;rp 31.2

1. cUtpy; cs;s Kf;Nfhzpiag; gad;gLj;jp xU

njryhf;fj;ijr; rJuf;Nfhl;Lj; jhspy; mikf;f.

ve;jnthU Kf;NfhzpiaAk; nfhz;L njryhf;fk;

nra;ayhk;; vd;gij fhuzj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.

2. cUtpy; cs;s ehw;gf;fiyg; gad;gLj;jp xU

njryhf;fj;ij mikf;f. ve;jnthU ehw;gf;f-

iyAk; nfhz;L njryhf;fk; nra;ayhk;

vd;gij fhuzj;Jld; tpsf;Ff.

xU tif Kf;Nfhzpiag; gad;gLj;jpj; J}a njryhf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l

xU re;ju;g;gj;ijf; fUJNthk;. 1, 2, 3 Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; Kf;Nfhzpapd;

mff; Nfhzq;fs; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

' ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf " 129

xU gy;Nfhzpapd; mff; Nfhzq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; $l;Lj;njhifiaAk;

fUJtjd; %yk; mtw;iwj; njryhf;fk;; nra;a KbAkh vd;gijj;

Jzpayhk;.

Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fisf; nfhz;l njryhf;fj;jpd; tbtq;fspd;

cr;rpfs; re;jpf;Fk; Gs;spfs; cr;rpg; Gs;spfs; vdg;gLk; mNj

Ntis mt;Tr;rpg; Gs;spfisr; Rw;wpj; njryhf;fj;jpd; vy;yh

tbtq;fSk; ,Uf;Fk;.

rhuhk;rk;rhuhk;rk;rhuhk;rk;rhuhk;rk;rhuhk;rk;

v xU tbtj;ij my;yJ gy tbtq;fis ,ilntsp ,uhjthWk;

xd;wpd; kPJ xd;W gbahjthWk; xU Fwpj;j jsj;jpy; mikj;jy;;

njryhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

v xNu xOq;fhd tbtj;ij khj;jpuk; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gLk;

njryhf;fk; xOq;fhd njryhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

v xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l (NtWgl;l) tbtq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpr;

nra;ag;gLk; njryhf;fk; Fiwj; J}a njryhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

v njryhf;fj;jpd; tbtq;fspd; cr;rpfs; re;jpf;Fk; Gs;spfs; cr;rpg;

Gs;spfshFk;.

v Xu; cr;rpg; Gs;spiar; Rw;wp cs;s Nfhzq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif

360O MFk;.

gpd;tUk; ehw;gf;fiyg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gl;l njryhf;fj;jpd; cr;rpg;

Gs;spfisr; Rw;wp cs;s ehw;gf;fypd; mff; Nfhzq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif

fpilf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; vkJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;JNthk;.

Nkw;Fwpj;j njryhf;fj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l ehw;gf;fy; FtpTg;

gy;Nfhzpad;W. ,jw;Nfw;gf; FtpT my;yJ FopT ehw;gf;fiyg;

gad;gLj;jpj; njryhf;fj;ij mikf;fyhk;. vdpDk;> ,J 4 gf;fq;fSf;F

Nkw;gl;l gf;fq;fs; cs;s gy;NfhzpfSf;F cz;ikahdjd;W.

' ,ytrg; ghlE}y; tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf " 130

gpd;dpizg;G - I

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