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Chapter 4: Perceiving Persons
Part 2: Feb. 14, 2012
Attribution Theories (cont.)• 2) Kelly’s Covariation theory:– Attribute behavior to internal (person) or external
(situation) based on 3 questions –• 1. Consensus
• 2. Distinctiveness
• 3. Consistency
• See fig 4.4
• If low distinctiveness & low consensus, but high consistency, which attribution? – Example?
• If high distinctiveness & high consensus, but low consistency, which attribution?– Example?
Biases: Attribution Biases• 1) Attribution Biases– What are heuristics?
• A) Availability heuristic
– i) Can lead to false consensus
– ii) Can lead to baserate fallacy
– iii) Linked to counterfactual thinking • Regret over what we might have done• Olympic results example:
• 2) Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE):– What is it?
– 2-step model:
Examples & Sources of the FAE• Example –
• Sources of FAE:– 1) Actor-observer difference. What is it?
– 2) Time perspective –
– 3) Cultural differences –
Biases: Motivational Biases
• 2) Motivational Biases– A) Self-serving biases
• Influence of need for self-esteem
• Belief in a just world
– B) Belief in a Just World• How does it work?
• Effects on how we view others, especially victims?
– Why might we ‘enhance’ victims?
Biases: Confirmation Biases• 3) Confirmation Biases– A) Belief Perseverance - search for confirming
evidence• “On Being Sane in Insane Places” example
• What do we do with disconfirming evidence?
• Remedy ?
• B) Self-fulfilling prophecy –– Expectations can lead to fulfillment• Pygmalion in the classroom – what are the results?
– Rosenthal’s (1968) study – automatic process» 4 ways ‘bloomers’ were treated differently:
– Differences between experiments on SFP and reality?