Chapter 3-Revolution Pt 2

7/31/2019 Chapter 3-Revolution Pt 2

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European/Continental Warfare The Age of Limited Warfare- 1700s Definite rules of conduct

Battles took place on open fields in goodweather Officers came from the aristocracy (ruling

class) They knew the rules of engagement

(gentlemans style of warfare) Best trained and most reliable soldiers were

hired mercenaries Weapons included single-shot muskets,

cannons, bayonets, and swords


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American Army- 1700s Heavily influenced by the guerrilla tactics of

the Native Americans (Indians)

Creation of militias Small, voluntary armies ranging in age from 16

to 60 No uniform Not much discipline

A home guard (defense) not an ImperialArmy Continental Army was made up of men who

had enlisted (volunteered) and they werepaid by Congress


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Two Phases of the Revolution

Critical Period- 1776 to 1778

Fighting took place in the North Greatest tasks were to organize an

army and then keep it in the field

and prevent it from beingdestroyed


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Two Phases of the Revolution

Second Phase- 1779 to 1781

Fighting moved to the South British believed that the greater

amounts of Loyalists (Tories) wouldaid them


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Battle of New YorkJuly & August 1776 Washington moved his army (23,000 men)

from Boston to New York in anticipation of

the next British attack General and Admiral Howe raised an

armada of 200 ships and 30,000 men andsailed to New York

Washingtons troops were defeated at StatenIsland (Brooklyn Heights)

Troops had to retreat by ferry across the EastRiver in a thick fog (aided in their escape)


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Battle of TrentonDecember & January 1776-77 British Army had chased Washington into

New Jersey/Pennsylvania along the

Delaware River Encamped across from the ContinentalArmy were several thousand Hessians

Washington had fewer than 8,000 men

First year soldiers were about tohave their tours of duty end onDecember 31

Washington needed something

miraculous to keep his armytogether


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Battle of TrentonDecember & January 1776-77Christmas night 1776-

Washington and his troopscross the icy Delaware andcatch the German soldiers

off guard early in themorning of the 26th anddefeat them


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Battle of PrincetonJanuary 1777Washingtons army caught the

British at Princeton unaware and

defeated them The British pulled out of New Jersey

and returned to New York Both armies retired for the winterWashington had saved the

Continental Army for at leastanother year


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Battle of SaratogaSummer 1777 (October) British plan was to capture New York and

split the colonies to defeat them

General Burgoyne was to march downfrom Canada and meet up with GeneralsClinton and Howe to carry out this plan

Burgoyne encountered great difficultiescoming south through the New York

wilderness Thick vegetation, hostile Indians,American resistance


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Philadelphia Falls to the English General William Howe became bored with

waiting for General Burgoyne and decided to

make a name for himself by capturingPhiladelphia

George Washington and the ContinentalArmy attempted to stop Howe fromcapturing Philadelphia at Brandywine andGermantown

Howe was able to capture Philadelphia in thefall of 1777 and caused the Congress toevacuate the town


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Battle of SaratogaSummer 1777 (October) Burgoyne arrived in Saratoga, NewYork tired, hungry, and with less

troops than he started out with(less than 5,000) Continental Army under Horatio

Gates defeats Burgoyne

Considered to be the turning pointof the Revolution Boosted American morale Caused the French to decide to enter

the war on the side of America


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Winter of 1777-78Valley ForgeAfter his losses at Brandywine and

Germantown, Washington settled his

army at Valley Forge for the winter Twenty miles outside of Philadelphia

Very difficult conditions due to weather,sickness, starvation, and death

Many troops went AWOL, but uponhearing news that the French had signedan alliance to join the Americans(February 1778) they were reinvigoratedand ready for the battles to come


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Euro Officers Arrive

Baron von Steuben (German) came

to train the troops at Valley Forge Marquis de Lafayette (French),

Baron de Kalb (German), Count

Casimir Pulaski (Polish),Rochambeau (French), andThaddeus Kosciusko (Polish) cameto lead American troops


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War in the WestAppalachian Mountains to the Mississippi

River George Rogers Clark- Kentucky

frontiersman who captured many Britishforts throughout the Ohio River Valley Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes

British remained a threat, but Clark hadthe situation under control


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War in the South British decided to take the war to the South

where they believed that the Loyalists

(Tories) would aid them to victory British, under General Clinton (nowthe commanding officer of the Britishtroops) abandoned Philadelphia andretreated to New York where he

would run the rest of the war British wanted to be closer to their

colonies in the West Indies to protectthem from the French


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War in the South British saw early victories under General

Cornwallis Savannah, Charleston, and Camden

American General Horatio Gates wasreplaced by General Nathanael Greene

Greene attacked and retreated towards

Virginia with the British chasing himthrough the southern wilderness


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War in the South

Greene was aided by militia

leaders like Francis Marion(the Swamp Fox) and ThomasSumter (the Fighting GameCock) who were successful atcutting supply lines andintercepting communicationsof the British army


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Battle of YorktownOctober 1781 Cornwallis had moved his troops to the

edge of the Chesapeake Bay at Yorktown,

VirginiaWashington and Rochambeau had them

pinned down with the sea to their back Cornwallis hoped that the English navywould come and rescue him and his troops

French Admiral de Grasse blockaded theentrance to the bay and cut offCornwalliss escape to the sea

Cornwallis surrendered and the war was

essentially over


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The Treaty of Paris, 1783

March 1782- a new governmentcame to power in England King George III wanted to continue the war

even after Cornwalliss surrender, but thenew government guaranteed Americasindependence


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The Treaty of Paris, 1783 Peace negotiations were held in Paris inApril 1782 Ben Franklin, John Adams and John Jaywere the American ambassadors

Treaty was finalized when France madepeace with England on September 3, 1783


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Treaty of Paris, 1783 3) Mississippi River would be open toAmerican and British shipping

4) America gained fishing rights off thecoast of Newfoundland, Canada

5) Congress would recommend that thestates return confiscated Loyalist (Tory)property Many of them ended up with money and

land in Canada- given to them by England


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How the British Lost Separated from their headquarters by a vast

ocean Lines of communication were long British government was badly informed of what

was happening Thought America was weaker than it was Expected help from the Loyalists (Tories) which

never materialized British had set themselves an impossible task

Did not possess an army big enough to subjugatean entire continent

British knew very little about the Americanpeople and their determination and character


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How America Won Perseverance

Keeping an army in the field throughout

the length of the war

Washingtons leadership and goodjudgment

New fighting techniquesAid from France and Spain

Documents

Chapter 3-Revolution Pt 2