I Fish, Therefore I Lie

OVERVIEW OF WORLD FISHERIESReporting and Measurement Issues

Major Fisheries - By Fish

Major Fisheries - By Nation

Major Fisheries - By Ocean

Possible Future Fisheries

Economic Values

I. Reporting and Measurement IssuesI Fish, Therefore I Lie

Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO

Organizational Reporting Policies in General

Chinese Reporting Policies in Particular

An Important Word: CREELWicker Basket used to hold a fishers catch

An Important Word: CREELWicker Basket used to hold a fishers catch

Fisheries Management term used to describe the mix of species in a fishing jurisdictions catch

Figure 3.1. Capture Fishery Production from 1993 to 2002.(Note that the y-axis does not begin at zero)

Figure 3.1. Capture Fishery Production from 1993 to 2002.(Note that the y-axis does not begin at zero)

II. Major Fisheries - by FishTHE FIRST TIER

Peruvian Anchovy

Alaskan Pollock

Skipjack Tuna

Capelin

Figure 3.2. Historical Catches of: (A) Peruvian Anchovy; (B) Alaska Pollock; (C) Skipjack Tuna; and (D) Capelin. Note the different scales on the y axes!

Peruvian AnchovyNot heavily fished until the 1950s Susceptible to disruptions by ENSOs By 1970, the largest fishery in the world Lessons may have been learned

Alaskan PollockNot heavily fished until the 1960s Overfishing a real concern Improvements in processing ability were important Monitoring and managing techniques may be improving

Skipjack TunaAnother recently developed fishery This resource may be underutilized Catches are trending upwards Monitoring and managing techniques are a challenge

CapelinYet another recently developed fishery An equlibrium may be being attained An early peak, a characteristic of some new fisheries This fishery is dominated by two relatively cooperative countries

The bulk of the capelin catch goes for reduction into meal and oil, which is mostly used for production of animal feed, including salmon feed. But a part of the catch finds a market outlet in Japan where capelin is a popular snack and capelin roe is sought-after in Japan for its alleged aphrodisiac properties. Capelin are members of the Osmeridae family of smelts. They are known as sparling in England. Capelin are slender translucent olive colored, small-scaled fish that grow to a maximum length of 25 cm (10 in). Capelin was once the primary food of cod in the North Atlantic. When the cod population diminished the capelin population increased dramatically. The species is found from the surface and down to depths of 300 metres.

During spawning, the male holds on tightly to the female with its pectoral and ventral fins and swims down towards the bottom. The majority die after spawning and only a few live to spawn a second time.

II. Major Fisheries - by FishTHE SECOND TIER

Atlantic Herring

Japanese Anchovy

Chilean Jack Mackerel

Blue Whiting

Figure 3.3. Historical Catches of: (A) Atlantic Herring; (B) Japanese Anchovy; (C) Chilean Jack Mackerel; and (D) Blue Whiting.

Atlantic HerringAn old fishery - based on gill netting Effective management may result in a stable fishery Introduction of purse seine technology resulted in increased but unsustainable yields

Japanese AnchovyA fishery with a long history of catch records Current high catch may not be sustainable Stable until the entry of the Chinese into the fishery

Japanese AnchovyA fishery with a long history of catch records Current high catch may not be sustainable Stable until the entry of the Chinese into the fishery Alternatively, current high catch may not be real

Chilean Jack MackerelThis fishery began with the collapse of the Peruvian Anchovy

It was subject to initial overexploitation

The current yield may be sustainable;Stable at 2 million tonnes from2002 through 2008

Blue WhitingA relatively recent fishery

Unregulated until recently

Recent increases in catch are recognized as unsustainable

Blue Whiting2005. EU, Faeroes, Iceland, Norway,agree on a management plan

A limit of 2 million tonnes set for 2006

Agreement on reduced limits, to540,000 tonnes by 2010

Blue WhitingUntil these multi-national agreements,Blue Whiting was exclusively usedfor reduction, to fish oil and animalfeed.

With the new, lower, catch limits, attempts are being made to add value to this fishery.

Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou). Length to 30-35 cm. Weight 150-300 grams.

III. Major Fisheries - by NationTHE FIRST TIER

China

Peru

United States

Indonesia

China From 1989 to 1998, 1 MT/yr increases were reported

From 1998 on, 0 MT/yr increases were reported Virtual Biology

PeruCatch dominated by a single species ENSO is not a manageable threat Overfishing is a manageable threat

United StatesStable since 200 mile EEZ established Inshore trawl catch isnt well identified Indonesia Offshore tuna catch is 75% of fishery

III. Major Fisheries - by NationTHE SECOND TIER

Japan

Chile

India

Russia

Japan and RussiaDeclines a consequence of the EEZ Decline a consequence of drops in catches of two heavily fished species Chile 21% of catch is from inland watersIndia The Bombay Duck

Also called bummalo, Bombay Duck is a marine lizardfish, Harpodon nehereus, from southern Asia, particularly abundant in the Ganges Delta and the Arabian Sea of western India. It is a narrow, usually 6 to 8 inches long, slimy fish. It is caught in November and December; the processing goes on from December until March.

IV. Major Fisheries - by OceanAtlanticPacificIndianOther25.6%62.6%10%1.7

Table 3.1 Percentages of global marine capture fishery production accounted by regions of the oceanFishing areaPercentage of global capture productionAtlantic25.6 Northwest2.4 West central2.1 Southwest2.7 Northeast12.7 East central4.1 Southeast1.6Pacific62.6 Northwest26.9 West central11.5 Southwest0.9 Northeast2.9 East central2.0 Southeast18.4Indian10.0 East5.5 West4.5Mediterranean and Black Seas1.7

V. WHATS THE WORLD COMING TO?

Possible Future Fisheries?Krill

Myctophids

Squid

Krill - What is it?Euphausia superba

Krill - the fisheryFirst harvested by USSR in the 1960s

Japan, South Korea, and Norway are now the main fishers

An average of 118,000 tonnes per yearharvested from 1999-2008

Krill - Some IssuesVery important harvester of primary productivity in the Southern Ocean - Phytoplankton and Ice Algae

Loss of Ice May Impact Stocks

Palatability and Processing Problems

If Problems are Solved, Overharvestingis Possible

Krill - Some IssuesManagement Put in Place in 1981

Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources(CCAMLR)

Stock Estimate: 37 Million Metric Tons

Total Allowable Catch: 3.47 MT

Harvest Average: 118,000 MT

Small Mesopelagics - What are they?

Myctophids, or, LanternfishMyctophum punctatum

Small Mesopelagics - the fishery100 million tonne potential, but -

Not much of a fishery because -

Wide horizontal dispersal within theecosystem.

Squid and Other CephalopodsLoligo vulgaris

Squid FisheriesNear-shore - a number of fisheries overcontinental shelves.

A vast world-wide pelagic fishery,~100 million tons per year. This fishery is dominated by Sperm Whales.

Pelagic fishery could probably withstanda human harvest of 25 million tonnes per year.

VI. Economic ValuesFish eaten by humans have high market valueFish used for reduction have low market value

Table 3.2. Ex-vessel value of important groups of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks in capture fisheriesSpecies groupEx-vessel value (dollars per kilogram)Sturgeons, paddlefishes$10.10Lobsters, spiny-rock lobsters$9.03Abalones, winkles, conchs$5.40Shrimps, prawns$3.30Sea urchins and other echinoderms$2.42Crabs, sea-spiders$2.35Flounders, halibuts, soles$2.25Salmon, trout, smelts$2.20Squids, cuttlefish, octopuses$1.58Tuna, bonitos, billfish$1.43Scallops$1.32Cods, hakes, haddocks$0.99Clams, cockles$0.93Sharks, rays, chimeras$0.89Oysters $0.75Mussels$0.40Herring, sardines, anchovies$0.27Fish used for reduction$0.10

Table 3.3. Contribution of various groups of organisms to capture landings (by weight) and to the economic value of capture productionSpecies group% of capture landings% of capture valueShrimp, prawns3.212.6Tunas, bonitos, billfishes6.511.1Cods, hakes, haddocks6.27.3Squid, cuttlefish, octopuses3.46.4Herring, sardines, anchovies11.63.7Crabs, sea-spiders1.23.4Lobsters, spiny-rock lobsters0.22.6Flounders, halibuts, soles1.02.6Bivalve mollusks2.22.5Salmon, trout, smelt0.92.3

I Fish, Therefore I Lie

15% from Northwest Atlantic, 85% from Northeast AtlanticPalatability - lots of algal compounds that dont taste good.

Processing - Small-mesh nets clog easily. Lots of crushing of product in the nets leads to the escape of nutritional value.Palatability - lots of algal compounds that dont taste good.

Processing - Small-mesh nets clog easily. Lots of crushing of product in the nets leads to the escape of nutritional value.Too small for hook and line fishing

Too dispersed for net or trawel fishing