Chapter 25: Southeast Asia

Chapter 25: Southeast AsiaTo learn more about the people and places of Southeast Asia, view The World and Its People Chapter 26 video.
706
Chapter
Asia
Chapter Overview Visit The World and Its People Web site at twip.glencoe.com and click on to preview information about Southeast Asia.
Social StudiesSocial StudiesSocial StudiesSocial Studies
Chapter 25—Chapter Overviews
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edge.
that creates four equal sections.
Ma inla
nd Co
unt rie
sOther Island
Countries
Indonesia
Step 1 Fold the paper from the top right corner down so the edges line up. Cut off the leftover piece.
Step 2 Fold the triangle in half. Unfold.
Step 3 Cut up one fold line and stop at the middle. This forms two triangular flaps.
Step 4 Draw an X on one tab and label the other three the following: Mainland Countries, Indonesia, and Other Island Countries.
Indonesia
three-sided pyramid.
Step 5 Fold the X flap under the other flap and glue together.
Identifying Main Ideas Make this foldable to help you identify key facts about the people and places of Southeast Asia.
Reading and Writing As you read, write main ideas inside the foldable under each appropriate pyramid wall.
A High Price for Prosperity Some Southeast Asian countries—
such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore—have become major economic centers. They manufacture goods and export natural resources. One possible negative impact of this economic prosperity might be the destruction of the region’s beautiful landscapes.
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South of China and east of India lies Southeast Asia. This region includes thousands of islands and a long arm of land called the Malay Peninsula. Several countries lie entirely on the mainland of Southeast Asia. They are Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
Myanmar Myanmar, also called Burma, is about the size of Texas. Rugged,
steep mountains sweep through its western and eastern borders. Two wide rivers—the Irrawaddy (IHR•ah•WAH•dee) and the Salween— flow through vast lowland plains between these mountain ranges. Monsoons, or seasonal winds that blow over a continent for months at a time, cause wet summers and dry winters in Myanmar.
About two-thirds of the country’s people farm. The main crops are rice, sugarcane, beans, and peanuts. Some farmers work their fields with tractors, but most rely on plows pulled by water buffalo.
708 CHAPTER 25
Country
fashion statements found in
stretch the woman’s
neck but actually push
Main Idea
The countries of mainland Southeast Asia rely on agriculture as a major source of wealth.
Terms to Know
Reading Strategy
Create a chart like this one for each of these countries: Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Fill in the right column on each chart with facts about the countries.
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Myanmar exports wood products, gas, and foods such as beans and rice. The country provides about 75 percent of the world’s teak- wood. Myanmar’s prized forests are decreasing, however, because of deforestation. This is the widespread cutting of trees. Fortunately, the country also exports precious gems. Precious gems are valuable stones such as rubies, sapphires, and jade.
Almost 75 percent of Myanmar’s 49.5 million people live in rural areas. The most densely populated part of the country is the fertile Irrawaddy River valley. Many rural dwellers build their homes on poles above the ground for protection from floods and wild animals.
The capital and largest city, Yangon (formerly called Rangoon), is famous for its modern university and its gold-covered Buddhist temples. Buddhism is the main religion in Myanmar. Most people are of Burman heritage, and Burmese is the main language.
Myanmar was part of British India for many years. It became an independent republic in 1948. Since then,military leaders have turned Myanmar into a socialist country. Socialism is an economic system in which most businesses are owned and run by the government. Some
TROPIC OF CANCER
140°E
90°E
20°N
10°N
10°S
THAILAND
SINGAPORE
P H I L I P P I N E S
BRUNEI
Sum atra
Borneo Celebes
1. What is the capital of Thailand?
2. Which countries lie entirely on the mainland of Southeast Asia?
Find NGS online map resources @ www.nationalgeographic.com/maps
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710 CHAPTER 25
people have tried to build a democracy in Myanmar. A woman named Aung San Suu Kyi (AWNG SAN SOO CHEE) has become a leader in this struggle. In 1991 she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her efforts but still faces opposition from the government today.
Where is Myanmar’s most densely populated area?
Thailand The map on page shows you that Thailand looks like a flower
on a stem. The “flower” is the northern part, located on the mainland. The “stem” is a narrow strip on the Malay Peninsula. The country’s main waterway—the Chao Phraya (chow PRY•uh) River—flows through a central plain. Like Myanmar, Thailand has wet summer monsoons and dry winter monsoons.
Once called Siam, Thailand means “land of the free.” It is the only Southeast Asian country that has never been a European colony. The Thai people trace their independence as a kingdom back to the A.D. 1200s. Thailand is a constitutional monarchy with a king.
One of Thailand’s agricultural products is rubber. The government has taken steps to limit deforestation to protect this industry. Thailand is also one of the world’s leading producers of tin and tungsten. Most manufacturing is located near Bangkok, the capital. Workers make cement, textiles, computers, and electrical appliances. Tourism is an important industry as well.
Most of Thailand’s 63.1 million people belong to the Thai ethnic group and practice Buddhism. Hundreds of Buddhist temples called wats dot the cities and countryside. Buddhist monks, or holy men, walk among the people to receive food offerings.
About 80 percent of Thais live in rural villages, although thousands look for jobs in Bangkok. This city has beautiful temples and royal palaces that are surrounded by modern skyscrapers and crowded streets. Bangkok has so many cars that daily traffic jams last for hours.
Thailand is a leading producer of what two elements?
Laos and Cambodia Landlocked Laos is covered by mountains. Southern Laos includes
a fertile area along the Mekong (MAY•KAWNG) River, Southeast Asia’s longest river. Once a French colony, Laos became independent more than fifty years ago.
Laos is an economically poor country. Its Communist government has only recently allowed tourism. About 80 percent of Laos’s 5.6 million people live in rural areas. Farmers grow rice, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, and corn along the Mekong’s fertile banks. Industry is largely undeveloped because of isolation and years of civil war. A civil war is a fight among different groups within a country. Laos lacks railroads and has electricity in only a few cities. Vientiane (vyehn•TYAHN) is the largest city and capital. The Communist government discourages religion, but most Laotians remain Buddhists.
Life as a Monk After his grandfather
died, Nattawud Daoruang became a novice Buddhist monk. “You see,” he says, “Thai Buddhists believe they can get to paradise by holding on to a monk’s robe. So I became a monk for a month to help my grandfather get to paradise. The novice monks had to get up at 5:00 A.M. and meditate. After that, we had free time so we read comics and played games on the monks’ Play Station™. In the afternoons, we walked around the vil- lage with the monks to get food and drink.”
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Cambodia For many years, Cambodia was a rich farming country that exported rice and rubber. By the 1980s, its economy was in ruins because of years of civil war and harsh Communist rule. Cambodia’s few factories produce items such as wood products,textiles,and rubber.
Most of Cambodia’s 12.6 million people belong to the Khmer (kuh•MEHR) ethnic group. About 82 percent live in rural villages. The rest live in cities such as the capital, Phnom Penh (puh•NAWM PEHN). Buddhism is Cambodia’s main religion. About 1,000 years ago, Cambodia was the center of the vast Khmer Empire. During Khmer rule, huge temple complexes like Angkor Wat were built.
In modern times, Cambodia was under French rule, becoming independent in 1953. Since the 1960s, there has been almost constant war- fare among rival political groups. A Communist government led by the dictator Pol Pot took control in the mid-1970s. Pol Pot forced many city dwellers to move to rural areas and work as farmers.More than 1 million Cambodians died. Some fled to other countries. In 1993 Cambodia brought back its king, but rivalry among political groups continues.
Why is Cambodia’s economy in ruins?
Vietnam Vietnam’s long eastern coastline borders the Gulf of Tonkin, the
South China Sea, and the Gulf of Thailand. In the north lies the fertile delta of the Red River. A delta is an area of land formed by soil deposits at the mouth of a river. In the south you find the wide,swampy delta of the Mekong River. Monsoons bring wet and dry seasons.
Farmers grow large amounts of rice, sugarcane,cassava, sweet potatoes,corn,bananas,and coffee in river deltas.Vietnam’s mountain forests provide wood, and the South China Sea yields large catches of fish.
Architecture The temple of Angkor Wat in northwestern
Cambodia was built during the 1100s. Dedi- cated to the Hindu god Vishnu, much of the temple is covered with elaborately carved characters from Hindu legends. The Khmer people designed Angkor Wat to represent the Hindu view of the universe. The moat surrounding the temple stood for the oceans. The tall central tower symbolized Mount Meru, center of the universe and home of the various forms of the Hindu supreme being.
Looking Closer How does the design of Angkor Wat reflect the beliefs of the builders?
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With almost 80.8 million people, Vietnam has the largest population in mainland Southeast Asia.About 75 percent live in rural villages. The largest urban area is Ho Chi Minh (HOH CHEE MIHN) City, named for the country’s first Communist leader. Located in the south, it used to be called Saigon (sy•GAHN). Vietnam’s capital, Hanoi, is located in the north. Most people are Buddhists and belong to the Vietnamese ethnic group. The rest are Chinese, Cambodians, and other Asian ethnic groups.Vietnamese is the major language,but Chinese,English,and French are also spoken.
The ancestors of Vietnam’s people came from China more than 2,000 years ago. From the late 1800s to the mid-1950s, Vietnam was under French rule. Vietnamese Communists drove out the French in 1954. The Communist government controlled northern Vietnam, while an American-supported government ruled the south. In the 1960s, fighting between these two groups led to the Vietnam War. During this extended conflict, more than 2.5 million Americans helped fight against the Communists. The United States eventually withdrew its forces in 1973. Within two years, the Communists had captured the south. Many thousands of people fled Vietnam, settling in the United States and other countries.
In recent years, Vietnam’s Communist leaders have opened the country to Western ideas, businesses, and tourists. They have also loos- ened government controls on the economy. In these two ways, the Communist leaders hope to raise Vietnam’s standard of living.
What is the largest urban area in Vietnam?
AssessmentAssessment11
civil war.
Recalling Facts 2. Economics What does Myanmar export?
3. History What led to the Vietnam War?
4. Economics What has slowed the economies of Laos and Cambodia?
Graphic Organizer 5. Organizing Information Create a time
line like this one. Then list four events and their dates in Vietnam’s history.
Critical Thinking 6. Summarizing Information What makes
Thailand unique among the countries of Southeast Asia?
7. Making Predictions In recent years, the Communist leaders in Vietnam have tried to improve the country’s standard of living. How do they hope to do this? Do you think these actions will help? Why or why not?
Applying Social Studies Skills
8. Analyzing Maps Look at the political map on page . What city is located at 21°N, 106°E?709
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Contour intervals in meters200
A trail map would show the paths you could follow if you went hiking in the mountains. How would you know if the trail fol- lows an easy, flat route, though, or if it cuts steeply up a mountain? To find out, you need a contour map.
Learning the Skill Contour maps use lines to outline the
shape—or contour—of the landscape. Each contour line connects all points that are at the same elevation. This means that if you walked along one contour line, you would always be at the same height above sea level.
Where the contour lines are far apart, the land rises gradually. Where the lines are close together, the land rises steeply. For example, one contour line may be labeled 1,000 meters (3,281 ft.). Another contour line very close to the first one may be labeled 2,000 meters (6,562 ft.). This means that the land rises 1,000 meters (3,281 ft.) in just a short distance.
To read a contour map, follow these steps:
• Identify the area shown on the map. • Read the numbers on the contour lines to
determine how much the elevation increases or decreases with each line.
• Locate the highest and lowest numbers, which indicate the highest and lowest elevations.
• Notice the amount of space between the lines, which tells you whether the land is steep or flat.
Practicing the Skill Study the contour map above, and then
answer the following questions.
1. What area is shown on the map? 2. What is the lowest elevation on the map? 3. What is the highest elevation on the map? 4. Where is the landscape flattest? How can
you tell? 5. How would you describe the physical
geography of this island?
Turn to page 10 in the Geography Handbook. Use the contour map of Sri Lanka to answer the five questions above.
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The island countries of Southeast Asia are Indonesia, East Timor, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei (bru•NY), and the Philippines. Indonesia is Southeast Asia’s largest country. It is an archipelago of more than 13,600 islands.
Indonesia and East Timor The map on page shows you the major islands of Indonesia—
Sumatra, Java, and Celebes (SEH•luh•BEEZ). Indonesia also shares two large islands with other countries. Most of the island of Borneo belongs to Indonesia. In addition, Indonesia controls the western half of the island of Timor. Another country—East Timor—lies on the eastern half.
Indonesia lies where two of the earth’s tectonic plates meet.Tectonic plates are huge slabs of rock that make up the earth’s crust. Indonesia’s location on top of these plates causes it to experience earthquakes.
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Main Idea
The island countries of Southeast Asia have a variety of cultures and economic activities.
Terms to Know
Reading Strategy
Create a chart like this one. As you read, list two facts in the right column about each country in the left column.
Villagers in Bali, Indonesia, carry
food and gifts to a local Hindu
temple. In Bali, it seems as
though there is an unend-
ing chain of religious
dedicated to such
Hindu goddess, wood-
carving, and learning.
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The volcanoes that formed Indonesia have left a rich covering of ash that makes the soil good for farming.Because Indonesia lies on the Equator, its climate is tropical. Monsoons bring a wet season and a dry season. The tropical climate, combined with fertile soil, has allowed dense rain forests to spread.
Economic Activities Foreign companies build factories on the island of Java because labor is inexpensive. Agriculture provides work for nearly half of the people of Indonesia. Farmers grow rice, coffee, cassava, tea, and peanuts. The country of East Timor also has agricultural products such as coffee, mangoes, and vanilla.
Indonesia has large reserves of oil and natural gas. Its mines yield tin, silver, nickel, copper, bauxite, and gold. Dense rain forests provide teak and other valuable woods. Some companies that own large tracts of land are cutting down the trees very quickly. The environment suf- fers from this deforestation. When the trees are cut down, rich soil runs off into the sea during heavy rains.
People of Indonesia and East Timor Indonesia has about 220.5 million people—the fourth-largest population in the world. It is also one of the world’s most densely populated countries. On Java you will find Jakarta (juh•KAHR•tuh), Indonesia’s capital and largest city. It has modern buildings and streets crowded with cars and bicycles.
Forty-five percent of Indonesians belong to the Javanese ethnic group. The official language, Bahasa Indonesia, is taught in schools. Indonesia has more followers of Islam than any other country. Other religions, such as Christianity and Buddhism, are also practiced. On the beautiful island of Bali, Hindu beliefs are held by most of the people.
Thousands of years ago, Hindus and Buddhists from India settled the islands that are today Indonesia. Their descendants set up kingdoms. These kingdoms grew wealthy by controlling the trade that passed through the waterways between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. In the A.D. 1100s, traders from Southwest Asia brought Islam to the region. Four hundred years later, Europeans arrived to acquire the valuable spices grown here. They brought Christianity to the islands. The Dutch eventually controlled most of the islands as a colony. Inde- pendence finally came to Indonesia in 1949.
In the late 1990s,severe economic problems led to unrest.Indonesia’s people forced their dictator to resign. Today the country has a democratic government. With so many different ethnic groups, many small political parties arise. As a result, Indonesia’s leaders find it difficult to form a government that is strong enough to deal with challenges.
Most recently, the people of East Timor, who are largely Roman Catholic and were once ruled by Portugal, voted for independence from Indonesia. In 2002 East Timor was internationally recognized as independent and the world’s newest democracy. About 800,000 people live here.
When did East Timor win its independence?
Exchange of Knowledge
met Portuguese, British, and
Dutch traders. These mer-
chants and traders were
responsible for the exchange
goods. Today, thanks to
of trade.
freedom—finally won on
difficult. Independence has
fields, however, may brighten
East Timor’s future.
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Malaysia Malaysia is located on the southern end of
the Malay Peninsula and also on the island of Borneo. Dense rain forests and rugged mountains make up the landscape. The Strait of Malacca lies to the west of the Malay Peninsula. A strait is a narrow body of water between two pieces of land. The Strait of Malacca is an important waterway for trade between the Indian Ocean and the Java Sea.
Malaysia is a world leader in exporting rubber and palm oil. The country also exports petroleum and natural gas.Malaysia is rich in tin, iron ore, copper, and bauxite. Consumer and high-technology goods, including microchips, are produced here. Malaysia’s ports are important centers of trade as well. Kuala Lumpur (KWAH•luh LUM•PUR) is the capital and largest city. The Petronas Towers—among the world’s tallest buildings—soar above this city. In con- trast, many rural villagers live in thatched-roof homes built on posts a few feet off the ground.
Most of Malaysia’s 25.1 million people belong to the Malay ethnic group. Their ancestors came
from southern China thousands of years ago. In the 1800s, the British—who then ruled Malaysia—brought in Chinese and South Asian workers to mine tin and to work on rubber plantations. As a result, in marketplaces today you can hear Malay, Chinese, Tamil, and English spoken. Most Malaysians are Muslims, but there are also large numbers of Buddhists, Christians, and Hindus.
Where are the Petronas Towers located?
Singapore, Brunei, and the Philippines
Singapore lies off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. It is made up of Singapore Island and 58 smaller islands. Singapore is one of the world’s smallest countries, yet it has one of the world’s most productive economies. The city of Singapore is the capital and takes up much of Singapore Island. Once covered by rain forests, Singapore Island now holds highways, factories, office buildings, and docks.
The city of Singapore has one of the world’s busiest harbors. It is a free port. This is a place where goods can be unloaded, stored, and shipped again without payment of import taxes. Huge amounts of goods pass through this port. Singapore’s many factories make high- tech goods,machinery,chemicals,and paper products.Because of their productive trade economy, the people of Singapore enjoy a high standard of living.
Malaysia
•
A Malaysian worker taps a rubber tree to get the milky liquid called latex.
Economics What other products does Malaysia export?
On Location
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AssessmentAssessment22
Founded by the British in the early 1800s, Singapore became an independent republic in 1965. Most of the country’s 4.2 million people are Chinese, but Malaysians and Indians make up about 25 percent of the population.
Brunei On the northern coast of Borneo lies another small nation— Brunei. Oil and natural gas exports provide about half of the country’s income. Brunei’s citizens receive free education and medical care, as well as low-cost housing, fuel, and food. Today the government is investing in new industries to avoid reliance on income from fuels. All political and economic decisions are made by Brunei’s sultan, or ruler.
The Philippines The Philippines includes about 7,000 islands in the South China Sea. Volcanic mountains and forests dominate the landscape. About 40 percent of the people farm. They have built ter- races on the steep mountain slopes. Terraced fields are strips of land cut out of a hillside like stair steps.
Cities in the Philippines are busy and modern. Manila, the country’s capital, is a great commercial center. Factory workers here produce high-tech goods, food products, chemicals, clothing, and shoes.
Named after King Philip II of Spain,the Philippines spent more than 300 years as a Spanish colony.As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States controlled the islands from 1898 until World War II. In 1946 the Philippines became an independent democratic republic.
The Philippines is the only Christian country in Southeast Asia. About 90 percent of Filipinos follow the Roman Catholic religion, brought to the islands by Spanish missionaries. The culture today blends Malay, Spanish, and American influences.
For whom was the Philippines named and why?
Web Activity Visit The World and Its People Web site at twip.glencoe.com and click on Student Web Activities to learn more about the Philippines.
Defining Terms 1. Define plate, strait, free port, terraced field.
Recalling Facts 2. Location Which five islands are Indonesia’s
largest?
3. Economics Why do the people of Singapore enjoy a high standard of living?
4. Culture What religion do most Filipinos practice?
Critical Thinking 5. Making Inferences How does Brunei’s
government use its fuel income?
6. Drawing Conclusions Why is it difficult for government officials to rule Indonesia?
Graphic Organizer 7. Organizing Information Create a diagram
like this one. In the center, list similarities of the countries listed. In the outer ovals, write two ways that the country differs from the others.
Applying Social Studies Skills
8. Analyzing Maps Look at the map on page . What countries share the island of Borneo?
Similarities
Malaysia
Brunei
Singapore
Philippines
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718 CHAPTER 25
Late at night, long after dark has fallen on a small stage in Java, a shadow puppet show is about to begin. The glow of a lamp shines behind a wide linen screen. Puppets stand hidden from direct view. The “good” characters are on the right. The “bad” ones are placed on the left. The audience waits anxiously on the other side of the screen. Once the story begins, the performance will continue until dawn.
The Performance
Wayang kulit, the ancient Indonesian shadow puppet theater, dates back at least 1,000 years. Today there are several thousand puppeteers. This makes shadow puppets the strongest theater tradition in Southeast Asia.
Shadow puppets are flat leather puppets. Many have movable limbs and mouths that are operated by sticks. During the show, the puppets cast their shadows onto the screen. The dalang, or puppeteer, sits behind the screen and manipulates the figures. He brings each to life in one of the more than 200 traditional puppet stories.
The Stories
Although Islam is now the major religion of Indonesia, much of the traditional shadow puppet theater is based on stories from two ancient Hindu epics from India. At one time, the principal purpose of shadow puppetry was to provide moral and religious instruction in Hinduism. Now the stories combine Hindu themes with elements of Buddhism and Islam, as well as Indonesian history and folklore. Often the performance is given in celebration of public or religious holidays or to honor a wedding or birth.
The Puppeteer
The skill of the dalang is critical to the show’s success. The dalang operates all the puppets, narrates the story, provides sound effects, and directs the gong, drum, and flute orchestra that accompanies the puppet show. The puppeteer changes his voice to create an individual sound for each character. The dalang performs without a script or notes, adding jokes and making small changes to suit the crowd and the occa- sion. Because a shadow puppet show can last as long as nine hours, the dalang must have both a tremendous memory and great endurance.
Many dalangs carve their own puppets, hav- ing learned this art from earlier generations. Each figure must appear in a specific size, body build, and costume. Even the shape of the eyes tells about the figure’s character and mood.
h The dalang and his orchestra
1. How do shadow puppets move?
2. What kinds of stories do shadow puppet shows present?
3. Drawing Conclusions In what way is the dalang a master of many different art forms?
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Chapter
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Terms to Know precious gems deforestation socialism civil war
Main Idea The countries of mainland Southeast Asia rely on agriculture as a major source of wealth. Region Mainland Southeast Asia includes the countries of Myanmar, Thailand,
Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. Place These countries have highland areas and lowland river valleys with
fertile soil. Monsoons bring heavy rains in the summer. History Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia that is free of the
influence of colonial rule. Economics Conflict has hurt the economies of Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
Section 1 Life on the MainlandSection 1
Reading ReviewReading Review
Southeast Asia 719
Diverse Island Cultures Terms to Know plate strait free port terraced field
Main Idea The island countries of Southeast Asia have a variety of cultures and economic activities. Region The island countries of Southeast Asia include Indonesia, East Timor,
Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, and the Philippines. Place Indonesia—with the world’s fourth-largest population—is an
archipelago formed by volcanoes. Economics Indonesia has rich supplies of oil, natural gas, and minerals. Government Indonesia’s leaders face the challenge of creating a nation out
of a land with many different groups and political parties. Economics Malaysia produces palm oil and rubber, among other goods.
Its capital, Kuala Lumpur, is a commercial center. Economics The port of Singapore is one of the world’s busiest trading
centers. Culture The Philippines shows the influence of Malaysian, Spanish, and
American culture.
Section 2Section 2
People in Bangkok, Thailand, face traffic # snarls and pollution that are among the worst in the world.
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Chapter
2. South China Sea 7. Thailand
3. Gulf of Tonkin 8. Vietnam
4. Hanoi 9. Indian Ocean
5. Indonesia 10. Philippines
N
S
EW
Place Location Activity On a separate sheet of paper, match the let- ters on the map with the numbered places listed below.
Using Key Terms Match the terms in Part A with their definitions in Part B.
A. 1. free port
b. war fought between groups within a country
c. strip of land cut out of a hillside
d. economic system in which the government owns many businesses
e. stones such as rubies, sapphires, and jade
f. place where shipped goods are not taxed
g. slab of rock that makes up the earth’s crust
h. narrow body of water that runs between two land areas
Reviewing the Main Ideas Section 1 Life on the Mainland
9. Economics What products do workers in Thailand make?
10. Culture What are wats? 11. Economics What countries have poor
economies because of recent conflict? 12. Economics How is Vietnam trying to
improve its economy?
Section 2 Diverse Island Cultures 13. Economics How do nearly half of the
people of Indonesia make a living? 14. Location How does location make
Indonesia a center of trade? 15. Government Why does Indonesia have
many political parties? 16. Location Why is the Strait of Malacca
important? 17. Economics What economic activities are
important in Singapore in addition to its harbor industry?
18. Economics What resources have made Brunei wealthy?
19. Culture How does religion show Spanish influence in the Philippines?
Source: Minerals Yearbook.
80,000
Top Tin Producers
Directions: Study the graph below, and then answer the questions that follow.
721
Country Land Economy People
Test-Taking Tip: In order to understand any type of graph, look carefully around the graph for keys that show how it is organized. On this bar graph, the numbers along the left side represent the exact number shown. You do not have to multiply by millions or billions to find the number of metric tons.
Standardized Test Practice
Self-Check Quiz Visit The World and Its People Web site at twip.glencoe.com and click on —Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the Chapter Test.
H
Critical Thinking 20. Predicting Outcomes Experts believe that
Brunei has enough oil reserves to last until 2018. What might happen to the country’s economy and standard of living at that time?
21. Organizing Information Create a chart like this one. List three countries—Indonesia, a country from mainland Southeast Asia, and another from island Southeast Asia. Under the other columns, write two facts about each country you listed.
Comparing Regions Activity 22. Geography Compare the island countries
of Southeast Asia to the island countries in the Caribbean. What landforms are similar and different? How does geography affect the economies of these island countries? Write a paragraph using the information you find.
Mental Mapping Activity 23. Focusing on the Region Draw a map of
Southeast Asia, and then label the following:
• Borneo • Philippines • Irrawaddy River • South China Sea • Java • Strait of Malacca • Malay Peninsula • Thailand
Technology Skills Activity 24. Using the Internet Use the Internet to
learn about the foods in a Southeast Asian country. Find recipes and pictures. Prepare a display that shows a typical meal, or cook the meal yourself and share it with the class.
1. About how much tin does Indonesia produce each year? A 51,000,000 metric tons B 51,000 metric tons C 51.00 million metric tons D 51.00 billion metric tons
2. About how much tin does Bolivia produce each year? F 12,500 metric tons G 12,500,000 metric tons H 12.5 million metric tons J 12.5 billion metric tons
Chapter 25
Table of Contents
Correlation to the Core Content for Social Studies Assessment
Preparing for Standardized Tests
Reading for a Reason
Understanding What You Read
Thinking About Your Reading
How Do I Use Maps and Globes?
Understanding Latitude and Longitude
From Globes to Maps
Geographic Dictionary
Section 4: Landforms and Waterways
Chapter 1 Reading Review
Chapter 2: Water, Climate, and Vegetation
Section 1: The Water Planet
Section 2: Climate
Section 4: An Environmental Balance
Section 1: Understanding Culture
Section 2: Population Patterns
Unit 2: The United States and Canada
National Geographic Regional Atlas
Section 1: From Sea to Shining Sea
Section 2: An Economic Leader
Section 3: The Americans
Chapter 5: Canada
Section 2: The Canadians
Unit 3: Latin America
Section 2: Mexico’s History
Section 3: Mexico Today
Chapter 7: Central America and the Caribbean Islands
Section 1: Central America
Chapter 8: Brazil and Its Neighbors
Section 1: Brazil—Emerging Giant
Section 2: Argentina to Venezuela
Section 1: Colombia’s Cultures and Challenges
Section 2: Land and People of Peru and Ecuador
Section 3: The Bolivians and Chileans
Unit 4: Europe
Section 1: Classical Greece and Rome
Section 2: Medieval Europe
Section 1: The Modern Era Emerges
Section 2: A Divided Continent
Section 3: Moving Toward Unity
Section 2: France and the Benelux Countries
Section 3: Germany and the Alpine Countries
Section 4: The Nordic Nations
Section 5: Southern Europe
Chapter 13: The New Eastern Europe
Section 1: Poland and the Baltic Republics
Section 2: Hungarians, Czechs, and Slovaks
Section 3: Rebuilding the Balkan Countries
Section 4: Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova
Unit 5: Russia and the Eurasian Republics
Section 1: A Vast Land
Section 2: A Troubled History
Chapter 15: The New Russia and Independent Republics
Section 1: From Communism to Free Enterprise
Section 2: Russia’s People and Culture
Section 3: The Republics Emerge
Unit 6: North Africa and Southwest Asia
Section 1: Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
Section 2: Three World Religions
Section 1: Egypt
Chapter 18: Southwest Asia
Section 2: Israel and the Palestinian Territories
Section 3: The Arabian Peninsula
Section 4: Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan
Unit 7: Africa South of the Sahara
Chapter 19: West Africa
Section 2: The Sahel and Coastal West Africa
Chapter 20: Central and East Africa
Section 1: Central Africa
Section 3: Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi
Section 4: The Horn of Africa
Chapter 21: Southern Africa—A Varied Region
Section 1: The New South Africa
Section 2: Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana
Section 3: Coastal and Island Countries
Unit 8: Asia
Section 2: Pakistan and Bangladesh
Section 3: Mountain Kingdoms, Island Republics
Chapter 23: China and Its Neighbors
Section 1: China’s Land and New Economy
Section 2: Dynasties to Communism
Section 3: China’s Neighbors
Chapter 24: Japan and the Koreas
Section 1: Japan—Past and Present
Section 2: The Two Koreas
Chapter 25: Southeast Asia
Section 2: Diverse Island Cultures
Unit 9: Australia, Oceania, and Antarctica
Section 2: New Zealand
Section 1: Pacific Island Cultures and Economies
Section 2: The Frozen Continent
Appendix
Standardized Test Skills Handbook
National Geographic Geography & History
Maps
Section 4: Landforms and Waterways
Section 1: The Water Planet
Section 2: Climate
Section 4: An Environmental Balance
Chapter 3: The World's People
Section 1: Understanding Culture
Section 2: Population Patterns
Chapter 4: The United States
Section 1: From Sea to Shining Sea
Section 2: An Economic Leader
Section 3: The Americans
Section 2: The Canadians
Section 2: Mexico’s History
Section 3: Mexico Today
Section 1: Central America
Section 1: Brazil—Emerging Giant
Section 2: Argentina to Venezuela
Chapter 9: The Andean Countries
Section 1: Colombia’s Cultures and Challenges
Section 2: Land and People of Peru and Ecuador
Section 3: The Bolivians and Chileans
Chapter 10: Europe—Early History
Section 1: Classical Greece and Rome
Section 2: Medieval Europe
Chapter 11: Europe—Modern History
Section 1: The Modern Era Emerges
Section 2: A Divided Continent
Section 3: Moving Toward Unity
Chapter 12: Western Europe Today
Section 1: The British Isles
Section 2: France and the Benelux Countries
Section 3: Germany and the Alpine Countries
Section 4: The Nordic Nations
Section 5: Southern Europe
Section 1: Poland and the Baltic Republics
Section 2: Hungarians, Czechs, and Slovaks
Section 3: Rebuilding the Balkan Countries
Section 4: Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova
Chapter 14: Russia’s Landscape and History
Section 1: A Vast Land
Section 2: A Troubled History
Section 1: From Communism to Free Enterprise
Section 2: Russia’s People and Culture
Section 3: The Republics Emerge
Chapter 16: Birthplace of Civilization
Section 1: Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
Section 2: Three World Religions
Chapter 17: North Africa Today
Section 1: Egypt
Section 2: Israel and the Palestinian Territories
Section 3: The Arabian Peninsula
Section 4: Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan
Section 2: The Sahel and Coastal West Africa
Section 1: Central Africa
Section 3: Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi
Section 4: The Horn of Africa
Section 1: The New South Africa
Section 2: Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana
Section 3: Coastal and Island Countries
Chapter 22: South Asia
Section 2: Pakistan and Bangladesh
Section 3: Mountain Kingdoms, Island Republics
Section 1: China’s Land and New Economy
Section 2: Dynasties to Communism
Section 3: China’s Neighbors
Section 1: Japan—Past and Present
Section 2: The Two Koreas
Section 2: Diverse Island Cultures
Chapter 26: Australia and New Zealand
Section 1: Australia—Land Down Under
Section 2: New Zealand
Section 1: Pacific Island Cultures and Economies
Section 2: The Frozen Continent
Activity Workbook - Student Edition
Activity B: Identifying Landforms
Activity B: Charting Climate Characteristics
Activity A: Recognizing the Culture Regions
Activity B: Identifying Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
Activity A: Identifying Major Landforms in the United States
Activity B: Recognizing the Features of Your Region
Chapter 5: Canada
Chapter 6: Mexico
Activity B: Understanding Mexico's Native American Heritage
Activity A: Recognizing Central American Capitals
Activity B: Recognizing the Physical Characteristics of the Caribbean Islands
Activity A: Identifying Landforms in Brazil
Activity B: Identifying the History and Cultures of Caribbean South America
Activity: Recognizing the Mineral Resources of the Andean Countries
Activity A: Understanding the History of Early Europe
Activity B: Identifying Important Figures of the Renaissance and Reformation
Activity A: Analyzing Changes in European History
Activity B: Understanding the Cold War
Activity A: Charting the Economies of Western Europe
Activity B: Identifying the Geographic Characteristics of Western Europe
Activity C: Identifying the Populations of Countries in Northern Europe
Activity D: Recognizing the Physical Characteristics of Southern Europe
Activity A: Locating Eastern European Countries and Their Capital Cities
Activity B: Identifying Characteristics of Eastern Europe
Activity A: Identifying Major Geographic Features of Russia
Activity B: Appreciating the History of Russia
Activity A: Identifying Russia's Economic Regions
Activity B: Recognizing the Capitals of the Caucasus and Central Asia
Activity A: Recognizing Early Civilizations
Activity B: Identifying Religions of Southwest Asia
Activity A: Interpreting an Economic Activity Map of North Africa
Activity B: Creating and Interpreting a Pictograph
Activity B: The Cities and People of Southwest Asia
Activity A: Recognizing the Physical Characteristics of Central Africa
Activity B: Recognizing the History of East Africa
Activity: Recognizing the Resources in Southern Africa
Activity A: Identifying the Landforms of China
Activity B: Recognizing China's People and Culture
Activity C: Identifying China's Neighbors and New Territories
Activity A: Understanding Japan's History
Activity B: Recognizing the Location of Korea
Activity A: Recognizing the Varied Features of Southeast Asian Countries
Activity B: Locating the Capital of Southeast Asia
Activity: Understanding the Unique Characteristics of Australia and New Zealand
Chapter 27: Oceania and Antarctica
Activity A: Identifying the Geographic and Economic Characteristics of Oceania
Activity B: Recognizing the Unique Characteristics of Antarctica
Haitian Creole Summaries
Chapit 2: Dlo, Klima ak Vejetasyon
Chapit 3: Pèp Monn nan
Chapit 4: Lèzetazini
Chapit 5: Kanada
Chapit 6: Meksik
Chapit 8: Brezil ak Vwazen Li yo
Chapit 9: Peyi Zann yo
Chapit 10: Ewòp - Istwa Ansyen
Chapit 11: Ewòp - Istwa Modèn
Chapit 12: Ewòp De Lwès Jodi a
Chapit 13: Nouvo Ewòp de Lès la
Chapit 14: Peyizaj ak Istwa Larisi
Chapit 15: Nouvo Risi an ak Repiblik Endepandan yo
Chapit 16: Bèso Sivilizasyon an
Chapit 17: Afrik Dinè Jodi a
Chapit 18: Azi Di Sidwès
Chapit 19: Afrik De Lwès
Chapit 20: Afrik Sentral ak Afrik De Lès
Chapit 21: Sid Afrik la -Yon Rejyon Varye
Chapit 22: Lazi Disid
Chapit 24: Japon ak Kore yo
Chapit 25: Lazi di Sidès
Chapit 26: Ostrali ak Nouvèl Zelann
Chapit 27: Oseyani ak Antatik la
Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
Chapter 1: Looking at the Earth
Study Guide 1: Thinking Like a Geographer
Study Guide 2: The Earth in Space
Study Guide 3: Forces Shaping the Earth
Study Guide 4: Landforms and Waterways
Study Guide 1: The Water Planet
Study Guide 2: Climate
Study Guide 4: An Environmental Balance
Study Guide 1: Understanding Culture
Study Guide 2: Population Patterns
Study Guide 3: Resources and World Trade
Study Guide 4: Technology “Shrinks” the World
Study Guide 1: From Sea to Shining Sea
Study Guide 2: An Economic Leader
Study Guide 3: The Americans
Chapter 5: Canada
Study Guide 2: The Canadians
Chapter 6: Mexico
Study Guide 2: Mexico’s History
Study Guide 3: Mexico Today
Study Guide 1: Central America
Study Guide 2: Cultures of the Caribbean
Study Guide 1: Brazil—Emerging Giant
Study Guide 2: Argentina to Venezuela
Study Guide 1: Colombia’s Cultures and Challenges
Study Guide 2: Land and People of Peru and Ecuador
Study Guide 3: The Bolivians and Chileans
Study Guide 1: Classical Greece and Rome
Study Guide 2: Medieval Europe
Study Guide 3: From Renaissance to Revolution
Study Guide 1: The Modern Era Emerges
Study Guide 2: A Divided Continent
Study Guide 3: Moving Toward Unity
Study Guide 1: The British Isles
Study Guide 2: France and the Benelux Countries
Study Guide 3: Germany and the Alpine Countries
Study Guide 4: The Nordic Nations
Study Guide 5: Southern Europe
Study Guide 1: Poland and the Baltic Republics
Study Guide 2: Hungarians, Czechs, and Slovaks
Study Guide 3: Rebuilding the Balkan Countries
Study Guide 4: Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova
Study Guide 1: A Vast Land
Study Guide 2: A Troubled History
Study Guide 1: From Communism to Free Enterprise
Study Guide 2: Russia’s People and Culture
Study Guide 3: The Republics Emerge
Study Guide 1: Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt
Study Guide 2: Three World Religions
Study Guide 1: Egypt
Study Guide 2: Israel and the Palestinian Territories
Study Guide 3: The Arabian Peninsula
Study Guide 4: Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan
Study Guide 2: The Sahel and Coastal West Africa
Study Guide 1: Central Africa
Study Guide 2: People of Kenya and Tanzania
Study Guide 3: Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi
Study Guide 4: The Horn of Africa
Study Guide 1: The New South Africa
Study Guide 2: Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Botswana
Study Guide 3: Coastal and Island Countries
Study Guide 2: Pakistan and Bangladesh
Study Guide 3: Mountain Kingdoms, Island Republics
Study Guide 1: China’s Land and New Economy
Study Guide 2: Dynasties to Communism
Study Guide 3: China’s Neighbors
Study Guide 1: Japan—Past and Present
Study Guide 2: The Two Koreas
Study Guide 2: Diverse Island Cultures
Study Guide 1: Australia—Land Down Under
Study Guide 2: New Zealand
Chapter 27: Oceania and Antarctica
Study Guide 1: Pacific Island Cultures and Economies
Study Guide 2: The Frozen Continent
Spanish Reading Essentials and Study Guide - Student Edition
Capítulo 1: Mirar la Tierra
Guía de estudio 1: Pensar como un geógrafo
Guía de estudio 2: La Tierra en el espacio
Guía de estudio 3: Las fuerzas que dan forma a la Tierra
Guía de estudio 4: Accidentes geográficos y vías fluviales
Capítulo 2: Agua, clima y vegetación
Guía de estudio 1: El planeta del agua
Guía de estudio 2: Clima
Guía de estudio 3: Zonas climáticas y la vegetación
Guía de estudio 4: Un equilibrio ambiental
Capítulo 3: Los pueblos del mundo
Guía de estudio 1: Comprender la cultura
Guía de estudio 2: Los patrones de población
Guía de estudio 3: Recursos y comercio mundial
Guía de estudio 4: La tecnología “encoge”el mundo
Capítulo 4: Estados Unidos
Guía de estudio 3: Los estadounidenses
Capítulo 5: Canadá
Guía de estudio 2: Los habitantes de Canadá
Capítulo 6: México
Guía de estudio 1: Geografía física y economía de México
Guía de estudio 2: Historia de México
Guía de estudio 3: México hoy
Capítulo 7: América Central y las islas del Caribe
Guía de estudio 1: América Central
Guía de estudio 2: Las culturas del Caribe
Capítulo 8: Brasil y sus vecinos
Guía de estudio 1: Un gigante que emerge
Guía de estudio 2: De Argentina a Venezuela
Capítulo 9: Los países Andinos
Guía de estudio 1: La cultura y los desafíos de Colombia
Guía de estudio 2: Los territorios y pueblos de Perú y Ecuador
Guía de estudio 3: Los bolivianos y los chilenos
Capítulo 10: Europa: historia antigua
Guía de estudio 1: Grecia y Roma clásicas
Guía de estudio 2: Europa medieval
Guía de estudio 3: Del Renacimiento a la revolución
Capítulo 11: Europa, su historia moderna
Guía de estudio 1: Comienzo de la era moderna
Guía de estudio 2: Un continente dividido
Guía de estudio 3: Hacia la unidad
Capítulo 12: Europa occidental en la actualidad
Guía de estudio 1: Las islas británicas
Guía de estudio 2: Francia y los países del Benelux
Guía de estudio 3: Alemania y los países alpinos
Guía de estudio 4: Los países nórdicos
Guía de estudio 5: Sur de Europa
Capítulo 13: La nueva Europa del este
Guía de estudio 1: Polonia y las repúblicas bálticas
Guía de estudio 2: Húngaros, checos y eslovacos
Guía de estudio 3: La reconstrucción de los países balcánicos
Guía de estudio 4: Ucrania, Bielorrusia y Moldavia
Capítulo 14: La geografía y la historia de Rusia
Guía de estudio 1: Una vasta tierra
Guía de estudio 2: Una historia de conflictos
Capítulo 15: La nueva Rusia y las repúblicas independientes
Guía de estudio 1: Del comunismo a la libre empresa
Guía de estudio 2: El pueblo y la cultura de Rusia
Guía de estudio 3: Las repúblicas emergen
Capítulo 16: Nacimiento de la civilización
Guía de estudio 1: Mesopotamia y Egipto antiguo
Guía de estudio 2: Tres religiones mundiales
Capítulo 17: África del norte en la actualidad
Guía de estudio 1: Egipto
Guía de estudio 2: Libia y el Magreb
Capítulo 18: Sudoeste de asia
Guía de estudio 1: Turquía, Siria, Líbano y Jordania
Guía de estudio 2: Israel y los territorios palestinos
Guía de estudio 3: La Península Arábiga
Guía de estudio 4: Irak, Irán y Afganistán
Capítulo 19: África Occidental
Guía de estudio 1: Nigeria: El gigante africanoe
Guía de estudio 2: El Sahel y la costa de África occidental
Capítulo 20: África central y del este
Guía de estudio 1: África central
Guía de estudio 2: Los habitantes de Kenia y Tanzania
Guía de estudio 3: Uganda, Ruanda y Burundi
Guía de estudio 4: El cuerno de África
Capítulo 21: África meridional: Una región variada
Guía de estudio 1: La nueva Sudáfrica
Guía de estudio 2: Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe y Botswana
Guía de estudio 3: Los países de la costa y de las islas
Capítulo 22: El sur de Asia
Guía de estudio 1: India: Pasado y presente
Guía de estudio 2: Paquistán y Bangladesh
Guía de estudio 3: Reinos en las montañas y repúblicas en las islas
Capítulo 23: China y países vecinos
Guía de estudio 1: El territorio de China y la nueva economía
Guía de estudio 2: De las dinastías al comunismo
Guía de estudio 3: Los países vecinos de China
Capítulo 24: Japón y las Coreas
Guía de estudio 1: Japón: pasado y presente
Guía de estudio 2: Las dos Coreas
Capítulo 25: El sudeste Asiático
Guía de estudio 1: La vida en el continente
Guía de estudio 2: La diversidad de las culturas isleñas
Capítulo 26: Australia y Nueva Zelanda
Guía de estudio 1: Australia: “La tierra del sur”
Guía de estudio 2: Nueva Zelanda
Capítulo 27: Oceanía y la Antártida
Guía de estudio 1: Culturas y economía de las islas del Pacífico
Guía de estudio 2: El continente helado
Spanish Summaries
Capítulo 2: El agua, el clima y la vegetación
Capítulo 3: La población mundial
Capítulo 4: Los Estados Unidos
Capítulo 5: Canadá
Capítulo 6: México
Capítulo 8: Brasil y sus vecinos
Capítulo 9: Los países andinos
Capítulo 10: Europa: historia antigua
Capítulo 11: Europa: historia moderna
Capítulo 12: Europa occidental hoy en día
Capítulo 13: Europa oriental hoy en día
Capítulo 14: Relieve e historia de Rusia
Capítulo 15: La nueva Rusia y las repúblicas independientes
Capítulo 16: La Cuna de la civilization
Capítulo 17: África del norte
Capítulo 18: El sudoeste asiático
Capítulo 19: África Occidental
Capítulo 21: África del sur: una región variada
Capítulo 22: El sureste asiático
Capítulo 23: China y sus vecinos
Capítulo 24: Japón y las Coreas
Capítulo 25: El sudeste asiático
Capítulo 26: Australia y Nueva Zelanda
Capítulo 27: Oceanía y la Antártida
Standardized Test Skills Practice Workbook - Student Edition
Objectives Addressed in the Activities
Workbook Overview
Activity: Interpreting Diagrams
Activity: Making Inferences
Activity: Using a Bar Graph to Interpret Data
Activity: Analyzing a Political Cartoon
Activity: Recognizing a Point of View
Activity: Analyzing Graphs and Tables
Activity: Comparing and Contrasting
Activity: Using Time Lines
Activity: Perceiving Cause-and-Effect Relationships
Activity: Solving a Problem
Activity: Identifying and Evaluating Sources
Activity: Making Decisions
Activity: Interpreting Graphs
Activity: Persuasive Writing About an Issue
Activity: Classifying Facts and Details
Activity: Forming Hypotheses
Activity: Drawing Conclusions
Activity: Detecting Bias
Activity: Predicting Outcomes
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