Chapter 21Chapter 21

Absolute Monarchs in EuropeAbsolute Monarchs in Europe

Spain’s EmpireSpain’s Empire

Ruled by Philip IIRuled by Philip II

He was a defender of He was a defender of Catholicism, Europe was Catholicism, Europe was experiencing religious wars experiencing religious wars caused by the reformation. caused by the reformation.

Philip believed it was his duty to Philip believed it was his duty to defend Catholicism against the defend Catholicism against the Muslims and the protestants.Muslims and the protestants.

Spanish Art and LiteratureSpanish Art and Literature

ArtArt

El Greco- El Greco- ((1541-1614) – puzzling art, chose 1541-1614) – puzzling art, chose brilliant clashing colors, distorted human figures, brilliant clashing colors, distorted human figures, and expressed emotion symbolicallyand expressed emotion symbolically

Diego Velazquez- (1599-1660) – court painter to Diego Velazquez- (1599-1660) – court painter to Philip IV of Spain, best known for his portraits of Philip IV of Spain, best known for his portraits of the royal familythe royal family

Las Meninas - VelazquezLas Meninas - Velazquez

El Greco PaintingsEl Greco Paintings

LiteratureLiterature– Don Quixote - written by Don Quixote - written by

Miguel de CervantesMiguel de Cervantes– Often called birth of the Often called birth of the

modern European Novelmodern European Novel– About a Spanish nobleman About a Spanish nobleman

who went crazy after who went crazy after reading too many books reading too many books about heroic knights. about heroic knights. Hoping to “right every Hoping to “right every manner wrong” Don manner wrong” Don Quixote rode forth in a rusty Quixote rode forth in a rusty suit of armor, mounted on a suit of armor, mounted on a feeble horse. feeble horse.

– Some critics believe that Some critics believe that Cervantes was mocking Cervantes was mocking chivalry.chivalry.

Spanish Empire WeakensSpanish Empire Weakens

InflationInflation- population was growing so demand for food and goods - population was growing so demand for food and goods grew, this caused a rise in prices.grew, this caused a rise in prices.

TaxesTaxes- After the reconquista Spain expelled all Jews and Muslims, - After the reconquista Spain expelled all Jews and Muslims, with them went many artisans and businessmen. The noblemen did with them went many artisans and businessmen. The noblemen did not have to pay taxes therefore the burden went to the lower class not have to pay taxes therefore the burden went to the lower class who could not afford to pay the taxes and as a result could not who could not afford to pay the taxes and as a result could not afford to open new businesses.afford to open new businesses.

The Dutch Revolt- The Dutch Revolt- Spain controlled the Netherlands, who were Spain controlled the Netherlands, who were mostly Protestant, Philip tried to crush Protestantism here and the mostly Protestant, Philip tried to crush Protestantism here and the Dutch revolted against Philip and declared themselves independent.Dutch revolted against Philip and declared themselves independent.

AbsolutismAbsolutism

Absolute monarchs – Kings or Queens who held all of Absolute monarchs – Kings or Queens who held all of the power within their states’ boundaries.the power within their states’ boundaries.

There goal was to control every aspect of societyThere goal was to control every aspect of society

They believed in Divine Right, or the idea that God They believed in Divine Right, or the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth.God’s representative on Earth.

QuestionsQuestions

Name one painter from Spain.Name one painter from Spain.

Who was Spain’s ruler?Who was Spain’s ruler?

List one reason why Spain’s empire List one reason why Spain’s empire weakened.weakened.

What artistic limits might an artist such as What artistic limits might an artist such as Velazquez have faced ?Velazquez have faced ?

Religious WarsReligious Wars

Power struggle between Catholics and Huguenots Power struggle between Catholics and Huguenots (French Protestants)(French Protestants)

Edict of Nantes- Edict of Nantes- Henry IV declared that Huguenots Henry IV declared that Huguenots could live in peace in France and set up their own could live in peace in France and set up their own houses of worship.houses of worship.

Henry IV is stabbed to death and his son Louis XIII takes Henry IV is stabbed to death and his son Louis XIII takes over.over.

Louis XIVLouis XIV

Took the throne at the age of Took the throne at the age of fourfour

Cardinal Mazarin ran France Cardinal Mazarin ran France until his death, Louis was 23 at until his death, Louis was 23 at this time and decided it was this time and decided it was his time to take complete his time to take complete control of France.control of France.

He would become the most He would become the most powerful ruler in French powerful ruler in French history, and reign the longest history, and reign the longest (1643-1715).(1643-1715).

Was known as the “Sun King” Was known as the “Sun King” because as with the sun all because as with the sun all power radiated from him.power radiated from him.

Economic Growth and DeclineEconomic Growth and Decline

Jean Baptiste Colbert was minister of FinanceJean Baptiste Colbert was minister of Finance

To prevent wealth from leaving the country Colbert tried to make To prevent wealth from leaving the country Colbert tried to make France self-sufficient.France self-sufficient.

Gave tax incentives to French companies and placed high tariffs on Gave tax incentives to French companies and placed high tariffs on goods from other countries.goods from other countries.

After Colberts death Louis announced that the Edict of Nantes After Colberts death Louis announced that the Edict of Nantes would be canceled. would be canceled.

This forced Huguenots to leave the country, with them went many This forced Huguenots to leave the country, with them went many artisans and businessmen.artisans and businessmen.

Palace at VersaillesPalace at Versailles

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G93EhIhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G93EhIGlVS0GlVS0

Ferdinand IIFerdinand II

Frederick the Great -King of Frederick the Great -King of PrussiaPrussia

Maria Theresa- Queen of AustriaMaria Theresa- Queen of Austria

Ivan the Terrible- 1Ivan the Terrible- 1stst Czar of Russia Czar of Russia

Peter the GreatPeter the Great

Map of RussiaMap of Russia