Crisis and Absolutism in Europe (1550 – 1715)

Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion• Spain’s Conflicts• Spain’s Militant Catholicism• By 1560 – Calvinism and Catholicism• Spain• King Phillip II• Son of Charles V • Ferdinand I

• Phillip will inherit - Milan, Naples, Sicily, the Netherlands, all of Spain • 1556 to 1598 • Spain had expelled all of its Jews and Muslims • “The Most Catholic” King Phillip • Resistance from the Netherlands• Spanish Netherlands • nobles of the Netherlands • Calvinism • Dutch – William the Silent, the Prince of Orange • United Provinces of the Netherlands

Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion

• Protestantism in England• Elizabeth Tudor 1558• Queen Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)• Repealed the laws favoring Catholics• New Act of Supremacy• Church of England

• Foreign Policy under Elizabeth• Moderate foreign policy

• Defeat of the Spanish Armada• 1588 – Phillip II - Spanish Armada • Spanish Empire

• Spain • Power had shifted to the French and the English

Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion• The French Wars of Religion (1562 – 1598) • Huguenots• The French kings • French Protestants influenced by John Calvin • Ultra-Catholics • Religion

• Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes• Catholics vs. Huguenots• 1589 – Henry of Navarre - Henry IV• Catholic France • 1594• Edict of Nantes

Social Crisis, War, and Revolution

Social Crisis, War, and Revolution• Crises in Europe• Economic and Social Crises• 1560 – 1650 • inflation • Growing population

• Spain• Italy• Population• Growth • 60 million in the 1500’s to 85 million in 1600

• The Witchcraft Trials• Village culture• The inquisition• Common people and women • 1650

Social Crisis, War, and Revolution• The Thirty Years’ War• Germany

• Peace of Augsburg in 1555 • Causes of the War

• Religion • Political and territorial• 1618 – in the Holy Roman Empire • Catholics• Protestants

• Denmark, Sweden, France and Spain • France, directed by Catholic Cardinal Richelieu

• Effects of the War• All European nations• The Peace of Westphalia

• 1648 • Sweden, France and their allies new territories • Sweden’s control of the Baltic Sea • Divided the Holy Roman Empire• The Holy Roman Empire

Social Crisis, War, and Revolution• Revolutions in England• English Revolution• Struggle between king and parliament

• The Stuarts and Divine Right• Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603 • The Stuart line • James I of England• The Devine Right of Kings • Parliament

• The Puritans (Protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas) • Many of England’s gentry, • Charles I• 1628 – Parliament passed the Petition of Right • Puritans

Social Crisis, War, and Revolution• Civil War and Commonwealth• 1642 – Civil War • Cavaliers or Royalists • Roundheads

• Oliver Cromwell • New Model Army • Independents • Cromwell will purge Parliament • Rump Parliament • Charles I executed on January 30, 1649 • Abolish the monarchy and the House of Lords• Commonwealth

• Cromwell set up a military dictatorship

Social Crisis, War, and Revolution• The Restoration

• Cromwell - 1658• George Monk • Charles II, son of Charles I• Restoration of the Stuart Monarchy • Restoration period • Parliament • Consent to taxation was accepted

• Charles II • Catholics – his brother James• Will suspend the laws • Charles II will convert to Catholicism

• Parliament • Strong anti-Catholic beliefs will pass: The Test Act

• James II• 1685• Catholic• Conflict between the king and Parliament • Parliament objected to these but stop short of a rebellion

• Mary and Anne• Parliament got nervous

Social Crisis, War, and Revolution• The Glorious Revolution

• William of Orange• Daughter of James II, Mary• Louis XIV – Catholic king of France• November of 1688 - Torbay

• “Bloodless revolution” • The Glorious Revolution

• 1689 – Parliament will offer the throne to William and Mary • The Bill of Rights

• make laws and to levy taxes/consent to raise an army/ the right to keep arms and trial by jury• governmental system based on the rule of law and freely elected parliament • Laid the foundation for a limited or constitutional monarchy

• Toleration Act of 1689• Divine-Right Theory• Parliament

Response to Crisis: Absolutism

Response to Crisis: Absolutism• France Under Louis XIV• Absolutism• Ruler holds total power• Divine-right of kings

• Reign of Louis XIV • Best example of absolutism

• Richelieu and Mazarin• 50 years before Louis XIV • Louis XIII and Louis XIV • Cardinal Richelieu• Louis III chief minister • Huguenots • Network of spies

• Cardinal Mazarin• Louis XIV • Chief minister

Response to Crisis: Absolutism• Louis Comes to Power

• Mazarin dies in 1661• Louis XIV • The Bourbon Dynasty• Sun King

• Government and Religion• The royal court at Versailles 3 purposes:

• Household • Chief offices • Powerful people

• High nobles and royal princes • “ I had no intention of sharing my authority with them” • Local level

• Religion• Anti-Protestant policy

• The Economy and War• Finances were crucial to Louis XIV• Jean-Baptiste Colbert

• Controller-general of finances• mercantilism• Decrease imports and increase exports• Granted subsidies to new industries• Built roads and canals

• Louis built an army that numbered 400,000 during times of war• Four wars between 1667 – 1713

• Legacy of Louis XIV • 1715 – the Sun King dies• Left France with debt and a lot of enemies• Told his great-grandson

Response to Crisis: Absolutism• Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe• After the 30 Year’s War • Emergence of Prussia

• Fredrick William the Great Elector• 40,000 men – 4th largest in Europe• The War Commissariat • Junkers• 1701 – Fredrick Williams son Fredrick I becomes king

• The New Austrian Empire• Austrian Hapsburgs • Austria, Czech Republic and Hungary• Turks in Vienna in 1683• Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slavonia – Hapsburgs had a new empire• The archduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, and King of Hungary

Response to Crisis: Absolutism• Peter the Great• 15th century in Muscovy and its Grand Dukes• Ivan IV - Czar (Caesar)

• Boyars - Ivan the Terrible • 1598 • Time of Troubles

• Romanov Dynasty• National Assembly (Zemsky Sobor) • Michael Romanov• Romanov Dynasty will last until 1917• Peter the Great

• Czar in 1689 • Absolutist Monarch• Westernize or Europeanize Russia• 1725

• Cultural Changes and a New Capital • Western customs• Baltic Sea• St. Petersburg

• Military and Governmental Changes• Peter• To effectively govern Russia he will divide Russia into provinces

• “Police State”• “According to these orders act, act, act. I won’t write more, but you will pay with your head if you interpret orders again”

The World of European Culture

The World of European Culture• Art After the Renaissance • Mannerism • Religious tension and upheaval• The artistic Renaissance • The Reformation• Mannerism:• Balance, harmony and moderation• Rules of proportion were ignored • Italy

• El Greco “The Greek”• Books on art• Paintings

The World of European Culture• The Baroque Period

• Baroque• Adopted by the Catholic Reform movement • Classical ideas of the Renaissance and religious revival • Baroque = search for power• Gina Lorenzo Bernini

• Italian architect and sculptor• Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome • Throne of St. Peter

• Caravaggio • Baroque style artist

• Artemisia Gentileschi• Female artist• Florentine Academy of Design• Portrait painter• Old Testament heroines

• Peter Paul Rubens • Flanders – The Spanish Netherlands• Painted a variety of genres• Best known for painting the human form in action

The World of European Culture• Golden Age of Literature• England’s Shakespeare

• 1580 – 1640• The Elizabethan Period • Drama • William Shakespeare

• 1592• The Globe to the Blackfriars• Playwright, actor and leader of Lord Chamberlain’s Men

• Spain’s Cervantes and Vega • Miguel de Cervantes• Don Quixote• Don Quixote of La Mancha • Sancho Panza • value of both perspectives

• Theater• Lope de Vega• Spanish playwright• Witty, charming, action packed and realistic

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The World of European Culture• Political Thought• Thomas Hobbes

• Leviathan (1651• “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short” • Social contract and agreed to form a state• “ the great Leviathan to which we owe our peace and defense” • Absolute ruler• Absolute power was needed to preserve order in society

• John Locke• Two Treatises of Government – (1679-80) • He argues against the absolute rule of one person • Natural State - state of equality and freedom • Natural Rights - life, liberty and property• Problems did exist • Government • The contract

• Government would protect the rights of the people • The people would act reasonably towards the government• If the government broke the contract • People – landholding aristocracy – not the landless masses