CHAPTER 21: A NATION DIVIDED

21.1– Compromise over slavery worked for years.

But as the country expanded west, the question of slave

and free land/states increased, and the issue

couldn’t be ignored. It was a moral issue!

21.2: Confronting the issue about Slavery

States North of the Ohio River = free states

Alabama = slave state Missouri???? See map on page 404)

21.2: Questions about Missouri

What to do with lands west of the Mississippi River?

If a state west of the Mississippi River was slave, would slavery spread to all future states in the Louisiana Territory?

21.2: Tallmedge Amendment

New York Rep. Tallmedge proposed that Missouri be admitted to the Union as a free state

Southern reps said slave/free was for the people of that state to decide, not for Congress to decide

Southern states were fans of states’ rights

21.2: A Deadlocked Congress

Tall. Amendment passed in the HOR

Tall. Amendment failed in the Senate

21.3: The Missouri Compromise

• Made in 1820• The South talked of

secession• North said “bring it on!”• (see map on page 404)

21.3: The Compromised is Reached

Henry Clay of Kentucky Maine = free state Missouri = slave state 36 30 parallel line States above line = free States below line = slave Kept a balance of power in

Congress

21.3: Reactions to the Compromise

Northerners called their reps traitors for allowing Missouri to become a slave state

Southerners didn’t like the ban on slavery in unorganized territories

Sec. State John Quincy Adams agreed that slavery could dissolve/break up the union

Summary Sentence Debate continued over

free/slave states. Tallmedge Amendment failed, but the Missouri Compromised passed in 1820 with Maine as a free state and Missouri admitted as a slave state. Both sides still unhappy.

21.4: The Missouri Compromise Unravels

2nd Great Awakening causes people to rethink about slavery

More people join the abolitionist movement

21.4: The “Gag” Rule Congress votes to table all anti-

slavery petitions/ideas John Quincy Adams proposes that

no one can be born into slavery after 1845

His idea is not even considered by Congress

Gag = can’t talk about it…silenced!

21.4: Southern Fears Abolitionists continue to attack

slavery in the media and in meetings

Nat Turner led a huge slave rebellion in 1831

As a result of the rebellion, the south made stricter laws to control slaves

They were afraid of more rebellions

21.4: Fugitive Slaves Runaway slaves Slaveholders demanded

that Congress pass a Fugitive Slave law to help return their property

21.4: Slavery in the Territories

Wilmot Proviso proposed that no land gained from the war with Mexico (Mexican Cession) have slaves

Passed in the HOR but failed in the Senate (just like the Tallmedge Amendment)

21.4: Statehood of California

North wanted California to join the US as a free state Congress was deadlocked about

Cal. South threatened to secede again California was a huge piece of

land with valuable resources and a big population

21.5: The Compromise of 1850

Proposed by Henry Clay of Kentucky

Needed Webster of Massachusetts for support in the North

(see map on page 407)

21.5: Something for Everyone North liked California admitted as a

free state North liked that the slave trade was

stopped in the nation’s capital Washington DC

South liked the Fugitive Slave Act South liked that popular sovereignty

was to be used in the Utah and New Mexico Territories

21.5: The Compromise is Accepted

Debated in Congress for 9 months

Most were happy with the agreement

South still a bit nervous

21.6: The Compromise of 1850 Fails

Clay and Webster hoped the Compromise of 1850 would quiet things down

The debate intensified

21.6: The Fugitive Slave Act

Hard to enforce Slave hunters were hounded in

the North The north refused to do

something that was against their moral beliefs

The Underground Railroad was used instead

21.6: Uncle Tom’s Cabin Written by Harriet Beecher

Stowe Exposed the horrors of slavery Abolitionist movement gained

support This book did for the Civil War

what Common Sense did for the Revolutionary War

21.6: Ostend Manifesto and the Kansas Nebrska Act

An attempt by the south to make Cuba a southern state…didn’t work

Douglas wanted to build a railroad across the northern plains to California which would increase settlements and population in the North

Douglas made changes to please the South Popular sovereignty would be used in the

Kansas and Nebraska Territories to determine if states would be free or slave (map on page 410)

21.6: Bloodshed in Kansas After the Kansas Nebraska Act was

passed in 1854 both the North and the South sent people to Kansas to influence the vote

Kansas had 2 governments, one for slavery and one against slavery

Slavery supporters burned hotels, homes, etc. in Lawrence, KS (abolitionist base in KS)

Abolitionist John Brown retaliated by killing 5 men suspected of supporting slavery

21.6: Violence in Congress Senator, Charles Sumner of

Massachusetts strongly spoke out against violence in KS

Copies of his speech were distributed all over and the north gained more support

Sumner was later attacked by another Congressman

Both side became more dedicated to their cause

21.7: Dred Scott Decision A Missouri slave named Dred Scott traveled to

Wisconsin where he was free according to the Missouri Compromise

When he returned to Missouri he sued for his freedom thinking that his stay in Wisconsin made him a free man

Judge Roger Taney said that Scott could not sue for freedom because he was not a citizen, he was property

Taney also said that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional and therefore his stay in Wisconsin didn’t make him a free man

21.7: North’s View Hated it Taney’s ruling was a huge

step backward for the abolitionists because the Constitution was not on their side

21.7: South’s View

South rejoiced at the verdict

Hoped the issue of slavery in the territories had been settled

21.8: From Compromise to Crisis

The Dred Scott Case ruling made abolitionist realize that they needed a President to sway things in their favor

They started a new party, the Republican Party, with the purpose of putting an end to the spread of slavery

Lincoln ran for the Senate in Illinois Said a house divided against itself cannot

stand The US had to be all one thing, all slave

or all free

21.8: The Lincoln Douglas Debates

Ran against Stephen Douglas for the Illinois Senate seat

Douglas thought the US could be half free and half slave

Lincoln said slavery was a moral issue and could not be compromised

Lincoln lost the election His arguments for the morality of slavery

spread and made his quite popular

21.8: John Brown’s Raid Extreme abolitionist John

Brown organized a raid of an arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia in 1859

The raid failed and all of Brown’s men were killed

John Brown was hanged for treason

12.8: North’s View Praised John Brown Thought he was a hero A martyr who died for the

cause

21.8: South’s View Thought John Brown was a

crazy man Did not like the way the

North viewed him and did not want to be citizens of a country that would praise such a man

21.9: Election of 1860 and Secession

4 candidatesLincoln (Illinois) Republican PartyDouglas (Illinois) Northern

Democratic PartyBreckenridge (Kentucky) Southern

Democratic PartyBell Constitution (Tennessee)Union

Party

21.9: Lincoln is Elected President

The Democratic Party split between Douglas and Breckenridge

Lincoln won with only 40% of the vote

21.9: North’s View

Rejoiced that Lincoln won the presidency

21.9: South’s View View

South realized they were in the minority and that Congress would eventually outlaw slavery

21.9: The South Secedes from the Union

Lincoln made it clear that he would not compromise on slavery

Delegates met in Charleston, South Carolina and voted to secede from the Union

1861 secession began

21.9: Civil War Begins Lincoln said in his inaugural

address that secession was wrong and unconstitutional

April 12, 1861 the South fired on a federal Fort Sumter in South Carolina

North surrendered

Material to gather and study for Chapter 21 Quiz

Unit objective sheet A Nation Divided video guide 21.1-21.3 notes 21.4-21.6 notes 21.7-21.9 notes Election of 1860 graphic Cause graphic Causes chart Orange sheet on Missouri Compromise, Kansas

Nebraska Act and the Compromise of 1850 John Brown primary source analysis What else could you do to study?